Standalone Hybrid Power Generation Research Articles

Optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid solar/wind/fuel cell power generation for green islands: Application to Koh Samui, southern Thailand

This paper presents the optimization of stand-alone and grid-connected hybrid power generation systems for green islands, with application to Koh Samui in southern Thailand. A techno-economic optimization analysis is applied using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) Pro simulation tool. Four scenarios are identified to select the most suitable solution for a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) integrating solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine generator (WTG), fuel cell (FC), and battery energy storage (Li-Ion), with backup diesel generation or grid connection with the mainland as options. The NASA-SSE and MERRA databases are used as inputs to analyze the solar and wind energy potentials, respectively. The results show that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the HRES with a grid connection to the mainland (Scenario 3) has the lowest LCOE (0.132 US$/kWh), but at large greenhouse gas (GHG) emission costs (20.5 ktonnes/year) due to the high carbon intensity of Thailand’s power portfolio. A stand-alone, 100% renewable energy system (Scenario 4) includes a PV capacity of 182 MW, a wind power capacity of 8 MW, a fuel cell system of 10 MW, a 17.9 MW power converter, and 211 MWh of battery storage. The net present cost (NPC) of this system is 542 MUS$ and the LCOE is 0.309 US$/kWh, with 89% of the energy generated by the solar PV system. Therefore, a 100% renewable energy-based microgrid system is possible on Koh Samui as it can provide a more suitable and reliable solution when considering a HRES system for the total load demand (104 MW of peak load) of the island. Finally, the economic analysis also reveals that the investment in a HRES system is feasible as the payback period is 9 years under an internal rate of return (IRR) of 10% and an appropriate Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) of 0.385 US$/kWh.

An optimized off-grid hybrid system for power generation in rural areas

Stand-alone hybrid power generation system for a cow farm in Jordan is economically and technically optimized to meet the daily electrical load of the farm. A combination of photovoltaics, biogas generators, diesel generators, wind turbines, and batteries are used to determine the best scenario for the farm's power generation. In accordance with the price and technical data of the components, the systems were first studied technically and economically, and then simulated using hybrid optimization model for multiple energy resources (HOMER) software to identify the best configuration. Several options were analyzed to determine the best configuration. The optimized hybrid system includes photovoltaics, a biogas generator, batteries, and a diesel generator. The optimum configuration had a levelized cost of energy of $0.06 per kWh and a net present cost of $2,100,000. The renewable fraction of the total system electrical yearly production was 94%. Furthermore, the results showed that the optimized hybrid system could reduce the emitted gasses by about 92%.

Feasibility Analysis and Development of Stand-Alone Hybrid Power Generation System for Remote Areas: A Case Study of Ethiopian Rural Area

This paper proposed a standalone solar/wind/micro-hydro hybrid power generation system to electrify Ethiopian remote areas that are far from the national utility grid. The aim is that it will lead to the development of renewable energy sources, using a hybrid optimization model for energy renewables (HOMER) as an optimization and sensitivity tool and MATLAB as a design tool. The system uses 100% renewable energy. This system incorporated solar photo-voltaic (PV), wind turbines, micro-hydro systems, and battery systems. The net present cost of the system is $4,377,731, incorporating capital depreciation and levelized operation and maintenance costs. During the hybrid energy system’s lifetime, the cost of a grid extension power supply is $22.185 million, which is nearly $17,808,000 more than the cost of the proposed standalone system. So, developing solar/wind/micro-hydro hybrid power generation will save $17,808,000 versus extending the national utility grid. As a result of a thorough examination of renewable energy resources, standalone solar, wind, and micro-hydro hybrid power generation is a technically and economically viable option for the case study area of Maji town.

Standalone Hybrid Minigrid for Empowering Every Families in Rural Areas without Dependency to Grid Electricity

A standalone hybrid power generation system has been designed for rural areaswhich comprises PV cell, wind, pedal generator and rice husk electricity generatorto produce electricity for 30 families.They will produce energy by them own and also consume themselves. The problem of load shedding will be resolved by the system and they need not to pay anymore other than the installation cost and very low maintenance cost. The system will be totally environment friendly without pollution. For performance analysis the simulation is done in HOMER energy simulation software.

Supervisory control and data acquisition for Standalone Hybrid Power Generation Systems

Recently, the development of renewable energy resources has increased significantly. In particular, hybrid power combines multiple renewable resources and the next generation of systems with diverse micro-controllers and sensors has become a common trend. Since the hybrid electric power generation systems are usually located remotely and have various micro-controllers and sensors to be acquired and processed, a SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) system is required to monitor them remotely and control the data from the various sensors. The SCADA system collects data from distributed sensors to provide real time information for controlling micro-controllers of single or multiple turbines.In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the SCADA which is an integral part of energy operation for a standalone offshore wave-wind hybrid power generation system. The hybrid power generation system has four 2MW-class wind turbines and twenty-four 100KW-class wave force generators. The SCADA system is designed based on IEC61850 which is an international standard for vendor-agnostic engineering of the configuration of Intelligent Electronic Devices for electrical substation automation systems for communicating with each generator. We also show that the designed SCADA system is executed properly according to the command of the transmission system's operator in a simulation-based testing environment.

Enabling CCS via Low-temperature Geothermal Energy Integration for Fossil-fired Power Generation

Among the key barriers to commercial scale deployment is the cost associated with CO2 capture. This is particularly true for existing large, fossil-fired assets that account for a large fraction of the electricity generation fleet in developed nations, including the U.S. Fitting conventional combustion technologies with CO2 capture systems can carry an energy penalty of thirty percent or more, resulting in an increased price of power to the grid, as well as an overall decrease in net plant output. Taken together with the positive growth in demand for electricity, this implies a need for accelerated capital build-out in the power generation markets to accommodate both demand growth and decreased output at retrofitted plants. In this paper, the authors present the results of a study to assess the potential to use geothermal energy to provide boiler feedwater preheating, capturing efficiency improvements designed to offset the losses associated with CO2 capture. Based on NETL benchmark cases and subsequent analysis of the application using site-specific data from the North Valmy power plant, several cases for CO2 capture were evaluated. These included geothermally assisted MEA capture, CO2BOLs capture, and stand-alone hybrid power generation, compared with a baseline, no-geothermal case. Based on Case 10, and assuming 2.7 MMlb/h of geothermally sourced 150°C water, the parasitic power load associated with MEA capture could be offset by roughly seven percent, resulting in a small (∼1 percent) overall loss to net power generation, but at levelized costs of electricity similar to the no-geothermal CCS case. For the CO2BOLs case, the availability of 150 ˚C geothermal fluid could allow the facility to not only offset the net power decrease associated with CO2BOLs capture alone, but could increase nameplate capacity by two percent. The geothermally coupled CO2BOLs case also decreases LCOE by 0.75 ¢/kWh relative to the non-hybrid CO2BOLs case, with the improved performance over the MEA case driven by the lower regeneration temperature and associated duty for CO2BOLs relative to MEA.

A techno-economic feasibility of a stand-alone hybrid power generation for remote area application in Bangladesh

A techno-economic feasibility of a stand-alone hybrid power generation for a remote community in Bangladesh is carried out in this study. The proposed system integrates a combination of biogas generator, PV modules, diesel generators, wind turbines, and lead acid battery to meet the electric load requirements using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software tool. The designated system would satisfy the energy requirements of 248 kWh/day primary load with 44.41 kW peak load. The optimized hybrid system consists of a biogas generator (9 kW), PV modules (10 kW), 2 diesel generators (10 kW each), 72 batteries (390Ah each), and 15 kW inverters. This configuration gives the COE of $0.28/kWh and total Net Present Cost (NPC) of $612280 with a renewable fraction of 60%. Additionally, the system has potential benefit to reduce CO2 emission by nearly 59.6% per year as compared to a diesel-based system and by 40.5% compared to the grid electricity. Furthermore, the results also indicate that it is fairly impossible to reach grid electricity price parity even with full government support for the project capital cost. However, the proposed system is found as an economical option than supplying electricity to the remote community with solar home systems (SHSs).

Techno-economic feasibility of photovoltaic, wind, diesel and hybrid electrification systems for off-grid rural electrification in Colombia

Electrification to rural and remote areas with limited or no access to grid connection is one of the most challenging issues in developing countries like Colombia. Due to the recent concerns about the global climatic change and diminishing fuel prices, searching for reliable, environmental friendly and renewable energy sources to satisfy the rising electrical energy demand has become vital. This study aims at analyzing the application of photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines and diesel generators in a stand-alone hybrid power generation system for rural electrification in three off-grid villages in Colombia with different climatic characteristics. The areas have been selected according to the “Colombia’s development plan 2011–2030 for non-conventional sources of energy”. First, different combinations of wind turbine, PV, and diesel generator are modeled and optimized to determine the most energy-efficient and cost-effective configuration for each location. HOMER software has been used to perform a techno-economic feasibility of the proposed hybrid systems, taking into account net present cost, initial capital cost, and cost of energy as economic indicators.

Optimal load sharing strategy for a wind/diesel/battery hybrid power system based on imperialist competitive neural network algorithm

In this study, optimal load sharing strategy for a stand-alone hybrid power generation system that consists of wind turbine, diesel generator and battery banks is presented. The diesel generator is used to complement the intermittent output of the wind source whereas the battery is used to compensate for part of the temporary peak demand, which the wind and diesel generator cannot meet thus avoiding oversizing of the diesel generator. To optimise the performance of the system, imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), ant colony optimisation (ACO) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) are used to optimal load sharing. These algorithms are used to select the best available energy source so that the system has the best performance.To verify the system performance simulation studies have been carried out using forecasted data (load demand and wind speed). Accordingly, ICA, ACO and PSO are used to train a three-layer feed forward neural network. This trained artificial neural network is applied to short-term wind speed and load demand forecasting on a specific day in the Qazvin. The results show that the proposed control methods can reduce fuel consumption and increase the battery lifetime and battery ability to respond to real-time load turbulences simultaneously.

An ANFIS Based Advanced MPPT Control of a Wind-Solar Hybrid Power Generation System

This paper deals with Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for standalone hybrid power generation system. Because of the instantaneous changing nature of solar temperature and insolation level, it is necessary to determine the optimal voltage that ensures the yielding of maximum energy. The optimization of photovoltaic energy generation can be performed by integrating the MPPT in the inverter control design. Perturb & Observe (P&O) and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) are applied. The comparison shows the effectiveness of the ANFIS controller in terms of controlling the voltage level as well as the minimization of harmonic level. The hardware design for the hybrid wind/photovoltaic system has been developed and the software model has been designed using MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Advanced Power Control Technique for Hybrid Wind-Solar Power GenerationSystem Used in Standalone Application

This paper proposes a unique standalone hybrid power generation system, applying advanced power control tech- niques, fed by four power sources: wind power, solar power, storage battery, and diesel engine generator, and which is not connected to a commercial power system. Considerable effort was put into the development of active-reactive power and dump power controls. The result of laboratory experiments revealed that amplitudes and phases of ac output voltage were well regulated in the proposed hybrid system. Different power sources can be interconnected anywhere on the same power line, leading to flex- ible system expansion. It is anticipated that this hybrid power generation system, into which natural energy is incorporated, will contribute to global environmental protection on isolated islands and in rural locations without any dependence on commercial power systems.

Modeling, design and analysis of a stand-alone hybrid power generation system using solar/urine

The urine turned to hydrogen as an energy conversion process is integrated into a stand-alone hybrid (PV/FC/battery) power generation system. The optimization and simulation of a new urine-to-hydrogen processor is evaluated in Aspen Plus environment. In our approach, the PV generator aims to reduce urine consumption and the lithium-ion battery can compensate the power gap due to the fuel processing delay. Based on prescribed patterns of solar irradiation and the daily load demand of a 30-persons classroom, scenario analyses of the hybrid power dispatching and operational feasibility is addressed.

Optimal Sizing, Economic Analysis and Dynamic Behaviour of an Isolated Integrated Wind Turbine, Microturbine, and Battery Storage

In this paper dynamic modelling, simulation and synthetic operation of adaptive control, supervisory control and space vector control are considered in a stand-alone hybrid power generation system of wind turbine, microturbine and battery storage. Due to efficient and economical utilisation of the renewable energy resources, optimal sizing of the hybrid system is fulfilled based on economic analysis using genetic algorithms. For extraction of maximum energy from a variable speed wind turbine, a developed Lyapunov model reference adaptive feedback linearisation method accompanied by an indirect space vector control is applied. Because of more reliability, more fuel flexibility, less environmental pollution, less noise generation and less power fluctuation in comparison with a diesel generator, a hydrogen based microturbine integrated with battery storage is suggested as a backup for this system

Optimal Design of Hydrogen Based/Wind/Microhydro Using Genetic Algorithm

The target of stand-alone hybrid power generation system was to supply the load demand with high reliability and economically as possible. To design these criteria the optimal design of the proposed configuration should be done by using intelligent optimization technique. This study utilized Genetic Algorithm method to determine the optimal capacities of hydrogen, wind turbines and micro hydro unit according to the minimum cost objective functions that relate to these two factors. In this study, the cost objective function included the annual capital cost, annual operation maintenance cost, annual replacement cost and annual customer damage cost. The proposed method had been tested in the hybrid power generation system located in Leuwijawa village in Central Java of Indonesia. Simulation results showed that the optimum configuration can be achieved using 19.85 ton of hydrogen tanks, 21 x 100 kW wind turbines and 610 kW of micro hydro unit respectively.

Optimal Design of Fuel-cell, Wind and Micro-hydro Hybrid System using Genetic Algorithm

The target of stand-alone hybrid power generation system was to supply the load demand with high reliability and economically as possible. An intelligent optimization technique using Genetic Algorithm is required to design the system.This study utilized Genetic Algorithm method to determine the optimal capacities of hydrogen, wind turbines and micro-hydro unit according to the minimum cost objective functions.The minimum cost valutes to these two factors. In this study, the cost objective function included the annual capital cost, annual operation maintenance cost, annual replacement cost and annual customer damage cost. The proposed method will be used to optimize the hybrid power generation system located in Leuwijawa village in Central Java of Indonesia. Simulation results showed that the optimum configuration can be achieved using 19.85 ton of hydrogen tanks, 21x100 kW wind turbines and 610 kW of micro-hydro unit respectively

Optimal Design of Hydrogen Based Wind-Microhydro Using Genetic Algorithm

The target of stand-alone hybrid power generation system was to supply the load demand with high reliability and economically as possible. To design these criteria the optimal design of the proposed configuration should be done by using intelligent optimization technique. This study utilized Genetic Algorithm method to determine the optimal capacities of hydrogen, wind turbines and micro hydro unit according to the minimum cost objective functions that relate to these two factors. In this study, the cost objective function included the annual capital cost, annual operation maintenance cost, annual replacement cost and annual customer damage cost. The proposed method had been tested in the hybrid power generation system located in Leuwijawa village in Central Java of Indonesia. Simulation results showed that the optimum configuration can be achieved using 19.85 ton of hydrogen tanks, 21 x 100 kW wind turbines and 610 kW of micro hydro unit respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v10i6.1326 Full Text: PDF

Standalone Hybrid Wind-Solar Power Generation System Applying Dump Power Control Without Dump Load

This paper proposes a unique standalone hybrid power generation system, applying advanced power control techniques, fed by four power sources: wind power, solar power, storage battery, and diesel engine generator, and which is not connected to a commercial power system. Considerable effort was put into the development of active-reactive power and dump power controls. The result of laboratory experiments revealed that amplitudes and phases of ac output voltage were well regulated in the proposed hybrid system. Different power sources can be interconnected anywhere on the same power line, leading to flexible system expansion. It is anticipated that this hybrid power generation system, into which natural energy is incorporated, will contribute to global environmental protection on isolated islands and in rural locations without any dependence on commercial power systems.

Optimization and sensitivity analysis of a PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid system for a rural community in the pacific

This work looks at the feasibility of a standalone hybrid power generation system for providing power to a rural community in the Pacific Islands. The optimization and sensitivity analysis of a proposed PV/Wind/Diesel hybrid System is performed together with economic analysis. We have used HOMER, a sizing and optimization tool for distributed power system, developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for our analysis. The sensitivity analysis was done using wind speed data and diesel price as variables. An Ice storage facility having a corrected mean daily load of 60 kWh/day was considered as the stand-alone load. The life cycle cost analysis was done for a number of scenarios with different renewable energy contribution to the total electricity produced.

Dynamic behavior of a stand-alone hybrid power generation system of wind turbine, microturbine, solar array and battery storage

This paper presents dynamic behavior and simulation results in a stand-alone hybrid power generation system of wind turbine, microturbine, solar array and battery storage. The hybrid system consists of a 195 kW wind turbine, an 85 kW solar array; a 230 kW microturbine and a 2.14 kAh lead acid battery pack optimized based on economic analysis using genetic algorithm (GA). At first, a developed Lyapunov model reference adaptive feedback linearization method accompanied by an indirect space vector control is applied for extraction of maximum energy from a variable speed wind power generation system. Then, a fuzzy logic controller is designed for the mentioned purpose and its performance is compared with the proposed adaptive controller. For meeting more load demands, the solar array is integrated with the wind turbine. In addition, the microturbine and the battery storage are combined with the wind and solar power generation system as a backup to satisfy the load demand under all conditions. A supervisory controller is designed in order to manage energy between the maximum energy captured from the wind turbine/solar arrays, and consumed energies of the load, dump load, battery state of charge (SOC), and generated energy by the microturbine. Dynamic modeling and simulation are accomplished using MATLAB Simulink™ 7.2.