Stakeholder Model Research Articles

Prescribing a Healthy Lifestyle Polypill With High Therapeutic Efficacy in Many Shapes and Sizes.

The paradigm allowing for a lifestyle immersed in unhealthy behaviors to perpetuate to a point where a non-communicable disease (NCD) is eminent or manifests, and then initiating health care interventions, is deeply flawed, results in poor outcomes, and is unsustainable. This paradigm describes the current predominant healthcare model in many countries around the world and has resulted in the continual increase in unhealthy lifestyle patterns that have led to the global NCD epidemic. It is now broadly recognized that rapid integration of a new healthcare model, one heavily focused on primordial and primary NCD prevention, is needed. Being physically active, eating healthy and nutritious foods, not smoking and minimizing second-hand exposure, and maintaining an appropriate body weight are central to this new prevention model. Combined, these four characteristics can be viewed as the key ingredients for the "healthy lifestyle polypill". Recently, the American Heart Association (AHA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR), and American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) came together to publish, in both the Mayo Clinic Proceedings and European Heart Journal, a policy statement entitled "Healthy Lifestyle Interventions to Combat Non-Communicable Disease: A Novel Non-Hierarchical Connectivity Model for Key Stakeholders". We hope the AHA-ESC-EACPR-ACPM healthy lifestyle policy statement prompts a massive increase in production of the healthy lifestyle polypill. Regulatory approval is not needed to start manufacturing and distributing this medication. The polypill can take many forms and have differing ingredients and dosages while still maintaining high therapeutic efficacy.

Divergence or convergence: paradoxes in corporate governance?

Purpose– This review paper aims to compare the various dimensions in the finance literature pertaining to the Anglo-Saxon Model (Stockholder Model) prevalent in the USA and the UK with the German Model (Stakeholder Model) of corporate governance prevalent in Germany and continental Europe. The present study identifies different strands of research on the various dimensions of these models, along with aspects of governance in emerging economies and the phenomenon of the convergence of these governance mechanisms.Design/methodology/approach– The literature review on corporate governance models has been carried out on the themes of internal and external governance mechanisms. The review considers agency theory along with principal–principal (PP) conflicts as the fundamental blocks explaining the need for governance structures.Findings– The traditional models of governance, along with the incorporation of PP conflicts, will result in a hybrid model inculcating the best of both the traditional models. However, convergence in the true sense may not be possible owing to fundamental differences pertaining to cultural, economic, legal and socio-economic aspects of the firm.Originality/value– This paper proposes a framework incorporating the interplay of managerial talent and controlling shareholders to understand the governance system that may be applicable for firms in emerging economies.

Predicting corporate failure: a systematic literature review of methodological issues

Purpose– This paper aims to review the existing literature systematically so as to contribute towards a better understanding of methodological problems of the classical statistical techniques, artificially intelligent expert systems and theoretical approaches to solve the corporate failure syndrome.Design/methodology/approach– This paper presented a systematic review of 83 articles reporting 137 prediction failure models published within 1966-2012 in scholarly reviewed journals in four main disciplines, namely, accounting, finance, banking and economics. The authors performed the systematic literature review with five main sources, namely, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Wiley Interscience, Metalib, Web of Science and Business Source Complete of the Social Sciences. The review modified the approaches used by Aziz and Dar (2006), Ravi and Ravi (2007) and Balcaen and Ooghe (2006).Findings– The results indicate significant body of prior literature on prediction of corporate failure, but a theoretically sound, highly accurate, simple and widely used corporate failure prediction model for stakeholders has yet to be developed.Originality/value– This paper contributes towards a systematic understanding of the methodological problems associated with the statistical, artificially intelligent expert systems and theoretical approaches to solve the corporate failure prediction problems faced by firms in 11 countries.

Financial Regulation and Supervision in Corporate Governance of Banks

This Essay discusses and analyzes the role of financial regulation and the state’s interference through financial supervision with corporate governance of banks from economic and political perspectives. It suggests that the limits of corporate law and financial regulation cause the state to use financial supervision as the effective tool for such interference. This Essay also argues that the stakeholder model cannot legitimize the state’s intrusion into the corporate governance of private banks through such non-legal measures as financial supervision. It looks into the alternative mechanisms in corporate law and financial regulation for the enhancement of corporate governance of banks from a comparative perspective.

NAS TRAMAS E FALÁCIAS DO PLANEJAMENTO URBANO ESTRATÉGICO: MARKETING URBANO, MODELO BARCELONA E MEGAEVENTOS

Mega-events are often considered to be catalysts of urban transformation. They are perceived as a great opportunity to advertise the host cities globally. Therefore, focusing on the Barcelona model, the strategic urban planning and urban regeneration built upon the 1992 Olympic Games have become a model for several stakeholders. This paper intends to critically examine the strategies and implications of the Barcelona model, urban development, and renewal schemes in the Catalan capital. More specifically, it aims to provide a critical geographic analysis of the impacts of such schemes on the residents. Furthermore, it could give us clues about the extent to which the urban renewal changes taken place in Barcelona affected the core of what constitutes public governance practices and urban entrepreneurialism.Key words: Barcelona model, mega-events and evictions, urban marketing, strategic urban planning.

New Approach to Transportation Service Pricing Based on the Stakeholder Model of Corporate Governance

Efficient pricing is the key to success in business, which significantly affects the company’s sales, profit and value. The article describes the new margin-value-based approach to transportation services pricing, which is based on the ideas of stakeholder management, integrated management systems, cost-volume profit analysis methodology. Unlike traditional approaches to the operation analysis, the new model provides for constant financial cost of the invested capital, income tax and building the target economic value added (EVA) in order to maintain growth of the company’s value. The authors introduce the ‘modified marginal coverage’, which includes (in addition to operating costs) all the above components. Break-even graph (where the company’s EVA is equal to zero) is presented. In terms of the margin-value-based pricing, the authors structured the estimated price of transportation services, which allows to apply differentiated approach to cost management at a certain level and EVA generation, controlling and balancing between the interests of various stakeholders. Unlike traditional pricing models, in which the lower limit of the price may ruin the value, application of the new model allows to set the company’s target growth rates by estimating minimum sales and the lower level of the transportation service price, which determine the value creation frontier for various scenarios of the development strategy implementation. The authors suggest specific indicators for transactions efficiency, operations of revenue generating units, customer performance, which allow not just to conduct factor analysis, but also to affect motivation of the company's employees. Application of the suggested pricing method will contribute to increase in the company’s value and maintain long-term economic growth. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s4p299

SAICA's academic traineeship programme: would guidelines facilitate focused skills development?

The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) developed the Academic Traineeship Programme (ATP) to give trainee chartered accountants (CAs) the opportunity to complete one of their three training years in an academic environment. The structure and guidelines of the ATP should be reconsidered given changes in the overall CA (SA) Training Programme (e.g. increased focus on the development of the prescribed competencies, especially pervasive skills) and in the academic environment (e.g. increased emphasis on research). This article presents the findings of a study that surveyed current academic trainees and found that they spend most of their time on the presentation of tutorials, marking of assessments and student consultation. The surveyed academic trainees believe that stricter guidelines for how they spend their time would be beneficial; also, they would prefer to do more lecturing and research. Guidelines are proposed based on an inclusive stakeholder model and on SAICA’s Competency Framework, which shows increased focus on research and the setting of assessments.

Healthy lifestyle interventions to combat noncommunicable disease-a novel nonhierarchical connectivity model for key stakeholders: a policy statement from the American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology, European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, and American College of Preventive Medicine.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have become the primary health concern for most countries around the world. Currently, more than 36 million people worldwide die from NCDs each year, accounting for 63% of annual global deaths; most are preventable. The global financial burden of NCDs is staggering, with an estimated 2010 global cost of $6.3 trillion (US dollars) that is projected to increase to $13 trillion by 2030. A number of NCDs share one or more common predisposing risk factors, all related to lifestyle to some degree: (1) cigarette smoking, (2) hypertension, (3) hyperglycemia, (4) dyslipidemia, (5) obesity, (6) physical inactivity, and (7) poor nutrition. In large part, prevention, control, or even reversal of the aforementioned modifiable risk factors are realized through leading a healthy lifestyle (HL). The challenge is how to initiate the global change, not toward increasing documentation of the scope of the problem but toward true action-creating, implementing, and sustaining HL initiatives that will result in positive, measurable changes in the previously defined poor health metrics. To achieve this task, a paradigm shift in how we approach NCD prevention and treatment is required. The goal of this American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation/American College of Preventive Medicine policy statement is to define key stakeholders and highlight their connectivity with respect to HL initiatives. This policy encourages integrated action by all stakeholders to create the needed paradigm shift and achieve broad adoption of HL behaviors on a global scale.

Stakeholder Capitalism and Convergent Technologies

Technologies such as artificial-general-intelligence, nanotechnology and synthetic-biology are often considered to be emergent, but they are also convergent. Accordingly, one might expect that the principles of ethical governance would be essentially the same for all of them. It is duly argued in this paper that (i) those ethical principles are already embodied in the global stakeholder model (or variant of capitalism), and (ii) scientists and technologists who are employed by private corporations are in a good position to influence a wider transition towards stakeholder capitalism. More generally, there is a pressing need to inject scientific habits-of-thought into global governance and co-production processes.

Development of an Interactive Learning Management System for Malaysian Distance Learning Institutions

Several types of learning management systems (LMSs) are used in distance learning courses to facilitate the learning process by delivering the course content and opening new paths of communication between instructors and learners. The LMSs used in most institutions have generally been developed based on e-learning requirements or for training purposes but not based on the user needs of distance learners. User needs change as technology developments, but not all LMSs are suitable for all users and all environments because of the differences in users' needs and the varying functionalities and features of LMSs. Thus, there is a need for more system enhancements and a better understanding of the requirements that must be met to satisfy user needs. The prototype proposed in this paper is called the DLMS because it is an LMS based on the needs of the distance learning institution. This paper discusses a structural model for the DLMS stakeholders (administrators, instructors and students) in the DLMS process and features are designed that are considered important for the DLMS user, such as a Short Message Service (SMS) and plagiarism detection. Finally, a heuristic evaluation was used to evaluate the prototype. The usability of the DLMS was tested by six participants who reported having a good experience with the prototype. From the evaluation results obtained, it is obvious that the DLMS is usable and suitable for delivering, measuring and managing the distance learning process for academic staff, technicians and students. A prototype was constructed to provide distance learning users a usable and effective DLMS and to illustrate to developers how to build future DLMSs.

Corporate Ownership Structure and Top Executives’ Prosocial Preferences: The Role Of Relational and External Blockholders

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: The relationships between corporations and their stakeholders are often based on incomplete contracts, which are difficult to enforce in courts. Corporate managers play a key role in safeguarding incomplete contracts with stakeholders. This role requires a strong prosocial motivational orientation. Although the managers’ motivational orientation is invisible, stakeholders can make inferences about it from managers’ choices and behavior. Based on these ideas, this paper asks whether the managers’ motivational orientations vary according to the firms’ ownership structures, i.e., ownership by relational and external blockholders. Research Findings/Insight: Results show that ownership by relational blockholders is associated with more prosocially oriented managers, whereas ownership by external blockholders is related to more self-interested managers. This study adopts an unobtrusive measure to infer the managers’ motivational orientation. This measure reflects the managers’ willingness to pay taxes and can be assessed systematically in the Swiss empirical context. The results are corroborated using multivariate regression analysis and profile deviation analysis. Theoretical/Academic Implications: This paper joins incomplete contract theory and behavioral economics to analyze how the shareholder primacy model and the stakeholder model fit with different types of managers. Based on the idea of profile deviation, we suggest that corporate ownership structure is an important factor influencing the degree to which firms approximate these two corporate governance models, and thereby their fit with the respective manager type. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The theoretical arguments and the empirical evidence suggest that the fit between corporate ownership structure and managerial motivation merits consideration. When selecting managers, boards need to pay attention not only to their skills and competencies, but also to their motivational orientation in order to capitalize on the strengths of alternative corporate governance models.

Stakeholder Analyses of Firm-Related Web Forums

In this study, we present stakeholder analyses of firm-related web forums. Prior analyses of firm-related forums have considered all participants in the aggregate, failing to recognize the potential for diversity within the populations. However, distinctive groups of forum participants may represent various interests and stakes in a firm worthy of consideration. To perform the stakeholder analyses, the Stakeholder Analyzer system for firm-related web forums is developed following the design science paradigm of information systems research. The design of the system and its approach to stakeholder analysis is guided by two kernel theories, the stakeholder theory of the firm and the systemic functional linguistic theory. A stakeholder analysis identifies distinctive groups of forum participants with shared characteristics expressed in discussion and evaluates their specific opinions and interests in the firm. Stakeholder analyses are performed in six major firm-related forums hosted on Yahoo Finance over a 3-month period. The relationships between measures extracted from the forums and subsequent daily firm stock returns are examined using multiple linear regression models, revealing statistically significant indicators of firm stock returns in the discussions of the stakeholder groups of each firm with stakeholder-model-adjusted R 2 values reaching 0.83. Daily stock return prediction is also performed for 31 trading days, and stakeholder models correctly predicted the direction of return on 67% of trading days and generated an impressive 17% return in simulated trading of the six firm stocks. These evaluations demonstrate that the stakeholder analyses provided more refined assessments of the firm-related forums, yielding measures at the stakeholder group level that better explain and predict daily firm stock returns than aggregate forum-level information.

The evolution of stakeholders' perceptions of disaster: A model of information flow

This paper proposes a diffusion model to measure the evolution of stakeholders' disaster perceptions by integrating a disaster message model, a stakeholder model, and a stakeholder memory model, which collectively describe the process of information flow. Simulation results show that the rate of forgetting has a significantly negative effect on stakeholders' perceptions and the incremental increase in the number of affected individuals has a positive effect on the maximum level of stakeholders' perceptions, but negative effect on the duration of stakeholders' perceptions. Additionally, a delay effect, a stagnation effect, and a cumulative effect exist in the evolution of stakeholders' perceptions. There is a spike at the beginning of the profile of stakeholders' perceptions in the Damped Exponential Model. An empirical test supports the validity of this model of stakeholders' disaster perceptions.

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Recently, organizational challenges and the need to achieve sustainable
 development make it more important to engage with all the necessary and
 relevant participants of the economic and social processes.
 Furthermore, the imperatives of sustainable development reinforce the
 need to engage with stakeholders to realize specific organizational goals,
 as well as to meet broader social, environmental and economic changes.
 A company has many stakeholders, each with distinct types and levels of
 involvement, and often with diverse and sometimes conflicting interests
 and concerns. Like any other business function, stakeholder engagement
 needs to be managed. Stakeholder engagement has always been crucial
 to a company�s performance and recently has become an important tool
 to transfer responsibility to management practice and corporate strategy.
 The academic literature includes many attempts at classifying stakeholders
 using various criteria and definitions. The ambiguity and the vagueness
 of the stakeholder concept are discussed from the different scientific approaches.
 The criticisms of stakeholder theory have already been thoroughly
 analyzed and widely commented on in the scientific literature.
 The stakeholder model has been constantly expanding and now includes
 more than two dozen groups. However, over the years, the uncontrolled
 broadening of its scope and applications, the multiplication of the numerous
 stakeholder definitions, have created confusion. A strong need for clarification
 and a clear delimitation of the stakeholders was thus urgently needed.
 Moreover businesses should scale their stakeholder engagement strategies
 relative to the risks. The company should identify and map stakeholders in
 regard to all of its activities, products, services and projects
 There is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to stakeholder engagement.
 The type of relationship the private sector should try to develop with
 its stakeholders, and the resources and level of effort that it should invest,
 will differ according to the nature, location, and scale of the project; the
 phase of its development; and the interests of the stakeholders themselves.
 In this article the authors present a review of different methods and scientific
 approaches to the stakeholder engagement theory and make an attempt to
 establish the significance of stakeholder engagement tools and modes in
 the process of project management.

HRD Programs in the United Kingdom

The Problem Very little research has examined the current state of human resource development (HRD) education in the United Kingdom, or the factors influencing its genesis and development. The Solution We analyze historical and contemporary factors influencing HRD education in the United Kingdom, identify different levels and providers of HRD qualifications, and outline curriculum content of HRD programs. Our aim is to clarify the current situation, by proposing a tripartite model of stakeholders in HRD education based on the United Kingdom but which might assist in the analysis of HRD education in other geographic areas. The Stakeholders HRD education in the United Kingdom is largely influenced by three key stakeholders: the U.K. government, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (the professional body for human resources), and the academy. Our analysis reveals complex and dynamic interactions between these stakeholders, which have implications for them as well as learners, practitioners, and researchers.

Sticking the Landing: Making the Most of the “Stakeholder Moment”

This paper illustrates that the shareholder primacy model is still the prevailing model especially as the proponents of the stakeholder model have not come up with a theoretically sound alternative. It is argued that all corporations' principal stakeholders should be protected by the imposition of fiduciary duties on managerial decision makers. Homogeneity on corporate boards can reinforce thinking that leads to bad decision making. The findings of various researchers into behavioural economics are considered. It is pointed out that the interests of the shareholders are rarely, if ever, the same as those of other stakeholders. This supports the idea that a shift away from shareholder primacy is needed. The trade-offs that are often made in managerial decision making are represented graphically and discussed as an analytical tool supporting the central thesis that fiduciary duties with a broader range are the way to ensure that decisions take account of all relevant interests.

The new institutional governance of Italian state universities: what role for the new governing bodies?

In 2010, a comprehensive reform required Italian state universities to restructure their institutional governance by revising their statutes. This interpretative paper aims to evaluate whether the Italian reform is congruent with its declarations, examine the variations in the implementation within the same country of a unitary national regulation and assess whether Italian state universities have incorporated the principles of the new law coherently with its political aims. Our analysis shows gaps both in the decision stage, wherein state regulation is in contrast with the declared intent to increase autonomy, and in the implementation stage. In our view, Law 240 aimed to change the administrative board role from a democratic to a partnership model, while the dominant board model is now the stakeholder model (or, in several cases, quasi-democratic).

How Stakeholder Co-management Reproduces Conservation Conflicts: Revealing Rationality Problems in Swedish Wolf Conservation

'Stakeholder' has become the primary category of political actor in decision-making, not least within nature conservation. Drawing from Habermas' theory on communicative action, this article argues that there are democratic deficits to the stakeholder model that promote citizens to remain locked in predetermined, polarized positions. It contends that the stakeholder model must, hence, be scrutinized with respect to its potential role in perpetuating conservation conflicts in modernity. Using the case study of stakeholder-based game management delegations (GMDs) in Sweden, our research identifies four barriers, which tie to the instrumental basis and liberal democratic legacy of the stakeholder approach: 1) strong sense of accountability; 2) overly purposive atmosphere; 3) overemphasis on decision as final outcome; and 4) perceived inability on the part of the delegates to influence science-led decision-making. The article suggests that these democratic deficits preclude the deliberation and contestation necessary to legitimate conservation policy. Indeed, stakeholder rationality causes citizens to become inert, instrumental agents who approach discussion with strategic rather than communicative rationality. We conclude that the deficits of the stakeholder model currently: 1) restrict democratic freedom for citizens; 2) engender a crisis of legitimacy of management; and 3) reproduce the conflict, which in Sweden relates to the conservation of wolves.

Stakeholders o cómo aplicar la teoría de los grupos de interés en las bibliotecas públicas

Stakeholder theory is directly related to disciplines such as marketing and to trends such as citizen participation, both vital to the current situation of the public libraries of the XXI century. Our aim has been to define a relationship model showing the leading stakeholders for these institutions. Having established the theoretical framework, the stakeholder concept is defined and its applicability to the library environment is described. Afterwards the three phases that constitute the model are detailed: identification, prioritization and relationship with stakeholders. Finally, a series of practical examples is presented. The conclusion is that stakeholder models must be based on scientific research, and must adapt and apply interest group techniques and principles that truly build relationships between stakeholders and the library.

Stakeholders of Voluntary Forest Carbon Offset Projects in China: An Empirical Analysis

Climate change is one of the defining challenges facing the planet. Voluntary forest carbon offset project which has the potential to boost forest carbon storage and mitigate global warming has aroused the global concern. The objective of this paper is to model the game situation and analyze the game behaviors of stakeholders of voluntary forest carbon offset projects in China. A stakeholder model and a Power-Benefit Matrix are constructed to analyze the roles, behaviors, and conflicts of stakeholders including farmers, planting entities, communities, government, and China Green Carbon Foundation. The empirical analysis results show that although the stakeholders have diverse interests and different goals, a win-win solution is still possible through their joint participation and compromise in the voluntary forest carbon offset project. A wide governance structure laying emphasis on benefit balance, equality, and information exchanges and being regulated by all stakeholders has been constructed. It facilitates the agreement among the stakeholders with conflicting or different interests. The joint participation of stakeholders in voluntary forest carbon offset projects might change the government-dominated afforestation/reforestation into a market, where all participators including government are encouraged to cooperate with each other to improve the condition of fund shortage and low efficiency.