Staining Characteristics Research Articles

YKL-40 levels in cerebrospinal fluid serve as a diagnostic biomarker for post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis in patients with stroke.

Previous studies have reported that YKL-40 can serve as a biomarker of infectious diseases and different stroke types. However, evidence supporting its role in diagnosing post-neurosurgical bacterial meningitis (PNBM) remains lacking METHODS: A total of 110 patients with stroke who underwent neurosurgical treatment were recruited. Among these, 36 were diagnosed with PNBM based on the results of bacterial culture/Gram staining or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics. CSF levels of YKL-40 and other biomarkers with potential diagnostic utility for PNBM were statistically analysed using univariate and logistic regression models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to investigate diagnostic efficiency. According to univariate analysis, CSF levels of glucose, total protein, white blood cells, polymorphocytes, and YKL-40, as well as the CSF-to-blood glucose ratio, were significantly different between the PNBM and non-PNBM groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that glucose (p = 0.026), total protein (p = 0.028), and YKL-40 (p = 0.006) levels in the CSF may have independent diagnostic utility for PNBM. Among the three biomarkers, CSF-to-blood glucose (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.9208) and YKL-40 (AUC 0.9587) demonstrated strong diagnostic utility. CSF levels of YKL-40, glucose, and total protein played independent roles in the diagnosis of PNBM in patients with stroke.

Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma Is HPV-42-Associated and BRAFV600E Negative: Perspectives for Diagnostic Practice

Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPAC) is a rare, low-grade sweat gland carcinoma primarily found on the hands, fingers, or toes and predominantly affecting males. Distinguishing DPAC from benign sweat gland tumors can be challenging. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient with a progressive tumor on the finger initially misdiagnosed as a viral wart. Histological examination revealed a cytologically basophilic sweat gland tumor with tubular structures, papillary protrusions, and a characteristic immunohistochemical staining pattern for CK 7 and Actin. HPV-42 positivity and molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis of DPAC. HPV-42 has been strongly associated with DPAC. Additionally, p16 positivity and BRAFV600E negativity were observed. These findings aid in the differential diagnosis of acral sweat gland tumors and guide clinical management, including with respect to the potential for recurrence and metastasis.

Orbital and eyelid inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors: a clinicopathological analysis of 13 cases

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of orbital and eyelid inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted among 13 patients with IMTs treated at Tianjin Eye Hospital between January 2000 and October 2023. The clinicopathological data, immunohistochemical staining characteristics, molecular phenotypes, and follow-up outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results: The study cohort comprised 7 males and 6 females. The median age was 44 (22, 68) years. The tumor was observed in the left eye in 6 cases and the right eye in 7 cases. The age at onset ranged from 5 to 76 years, with a disease course of 1 month to 2 years before tumor excision. The tumor was located within the orbit in 10 cases (including one case of a systemic multifocal lesion) and in the eyelid in 3 cases. Pathological characteristics of the tumors were mainly proliferation of spindle or ovoid fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, with varying degrees of mucoid degeneration or collagenization of the mesenchyme, and varying amounts of lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrated in the background. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Vimentin and α-SMA were positive in all cases (13/13, 13/13), ALK1 was positive in 5 cases (5/11), CK was positive in 1 case (1/1), and Desmin was positive in 1 case (1/6). ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization was positive in 2 out of 3 cases, and EBER in situ hybridization was negative in 6 cases. Nine patients were available for the follow-up of 7 to 139 months. Seven patients remained tumor-free, 2 experienced relapses, and no deaths or metastases were reported. Conclusions: Orbital and eyelid IMTs predominantly occurred in adults, with localized lesions in most cases and favorable prognoses. The disease was histopathologically characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. The accurate diagnosis depended on a comprehensive assessment of the morphological features of the tumor histopathology as well as immunohistochemical markers such as ALK and α-SMA, and molecular detection.

Cross-sectional study to evaluate the utility of elastic tissue staining in primary cicatricial alopecia

Background and aimsDiagnosing end-stage primary cicatricial alopecia (PCA) on routine histology is challenging since the major diagnostic feature (inflammatory infiltrate) may be minimal or absent. This study aimed to assess...

Histochemical Analysis of DNA and RNA Identified by Methyl Green - Pyronin ‘Y’ Method and Feulgen’s Reaction Staining in Liver of Channa Punctatus

The light microscopy was to identify cells, storage products, tissue deposits, and microbial pathogens. The Assessment of surrounding tissue with special stains may reveal aspects of interest for the tissue. We illustrate the expected staining characteristics of control Channa punctatus liver tissue with Methyl Green -Pyronin ‘Y’ and Feulgen’s Reaction stains. The aim of this study was to characterize the normal structure of the liver of Channa punctatus, a carnivorous freshwater fish found in Hasanparthy Lake, using gross anatomy, histology and histochemistry. Anatomically, the liver presents C-shaped and only two lobes smaller right and bigger left. The gallbladder is located in right lobe and shows elongated shaped. Histological analysis demonstrated that the hepatic parenchyma is made of two hepatocytes plates surrounded by sinusoids. The fish moreover pancreatic tissue was observed in visceral portion of liver, formed by exocrine pancreatic tissue and islet organ, constituting an extrahepatic pancreas. The nucleic acids content in different tissues in the freshwater fish of Channa punctatus. The fish were scarified and the tissues such as liver and Pancreas removed and processed for determination of nucleic acids. The results obtained in the present study may provide a contribution to the knowledge of the characteristics of nucleic acid as parameters of estimation of DNA and RNA levels in Liver of the fish.

Association between the use of prostaglandin analogues and ocular surface disease: a systematic review.

Patients with glaucoma often experience chronic ocular surface diseases, potentially underestimated in frequency and severity. To provide updated estimates of ocular surface diseases linked to prostaglandin analogue antiglaucoma eye medication, a systematic review was conducted. Twenty-seven publications were selected from databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, following a search strategy targeting glaucoma and prostaglandins while excluding certain medications '(Glaucoma AND prostaglandins OR 'prostaglandin analogues')('eye drops' OR 'artificial tears' OR 'ocular surface' OR 'dry eye' OR 'dry eye syndrome' OR 'ocular surface disease' OR 'tear film') NOT ('beta blockers' OR 'alpha adrenergic agonists' OR 'carbonic anhydrase inhibitors' OR 'rho-quinase')'. The review revealed a correlation between prostaglandin analogue use and ocular surface damage, assessing parameters such as tear break-up time, Schirmer test value, ocular surface staining, hyperaemia score, and meibomian gland characteristics. Some studies explored switching patients to alternative glaucoma medications, noting varied effects on ocular surface parameters. Comparisons suggested better tolerance and outcomes with preservative-free options over prostaglandins. Additionally, the impact of treatment duration and diquafosol on ocular health, including meibomian gland loss, was examined across different formulations. Although a link between prostaglandin analogues (with or without preservatives) and ocular surface damage was established, inconsistencies in methodologies and assessment across studies were noted. This comprehensive review, spanning a decade of glaucoma research, underscores the need for re-evaluation of treatment strategies in ophthalmology. It stresses the significance of informed decision-making for enhanced glaucoma care, taking into account the observed effects of various medications on eye health.

Epithelioid Trophoblastic Tumor Predominant Mixed Germ Cell Tumor of the Testis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

An epithelioid trophoblastic tumor is a rare form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia that mostly affects the uterus and endocervix in female patients of the reproductive age group. The tumor is believed to arise from chorion leave-type intermediate trophoblast. The epithelioid trophoblastic tumor in men is extremely rare and mostly described in association with mixed germ cell tumors of the testis. It is more commonly identified at the metastatic sites than in the testis. The epithelioid trophoblastic tumor should be differentiated from placental site trophoblastic tumor and squamous cell carcinoma. The distinctive morphology and characteristic immunohistochemical staining pattern help differentiate epithelioid trophoblastic tumors from other neoplasms. Only 7 male patients with epithelioid trophoblastic tumors have been described to date. Of these 7 patients, 4 were in metastatic sites, 2 in the testis, and 1 in the lung without the involvement of the testis or retroperitoneum. The proportion of epithelioid trophoblastic tumors was only 5% in the 2 patients with testis involvement. Here, we report the third patient with a primary testicular epithelioid trophoblastic tumor in a young man. Further, this is the first report to document epithelioid trophoblastic tumor as dominant histology in a testicular germ cell tumor.

Distinguishing Traditional and Internal Craze Lines in Human Enamel

Objectives: This study aims to introduce and differentiate between traditional craze lines and a newly identified type of line in enamel, termed an “internal craze line.” This novel classification enhances diagnostic precision and carries significant clinical implications for treatment strategies. The goal is to provide a clear description of these two types of lines, discuss their unique clinical implications, and highlight their differing appearances and staining characteristics, contributing to improved understanding and management of enamel anomalies. Method and materials: Four extracted teeth exhibiting visible and internal craze lines were selected and examined using a stereo microscope to observe the structural characteristics of the lines. Cross-sections of the coronal parts of the teeth were prepared to document the differences between traditional craze lines (extending from the dentin-enamel junction [DEJ] to the enamel surface) and internal craze lines (originating at the DEJ but terminating midway through the enamel). Additionally, intraoral observations were conducted under high magnification to identify the visual differences between the two types of lines, noting that traditional craze lines can be stained while internal craze lines cannot. Results: Microscopic examination revealed two distinct types of lines: traditional craze lines extending from the DEJ to the enamel surface and internal craze lines terminating within the enamel. Intraoral observations confirmed that these lines could be distinguished under high magnification. Traditional craze lines appear as continuous lines reaching the enamel surface and can be stained, whereas internal craze lines are shorter, do not extend to the surface, and cannot be stained. Conclusion: The identification of internal craze lines presents significant clinical implications. Differentiating between traditional and internal craze lines can enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform treatment decisions. Recognizing internal craze lines might indicate different etiologies or risk profiles compared to traditional craze lines, influencing preventive and therapeutic strategies in dental practice. Further research is needed to explore the prevalence, causes, and long-term impacts of internal craze lines.

Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken Eggs

Total 150 chicken eggs were randomly collected from farms, households, and markets of Rajshahi and Naogaon districts. Isolation and identification of E. coli was done by using cultural and staining characteristics, and biochemical properties. Antibiotic sensitivity assay was also performed for the isolated E. coli by using disc diffusion method. Characterization and detection of antibiotic resistance genes in E. coli isolates were done through PCR analysis. Prevalence of E. coli was 30.00% in chicken eggs in Rajshahi and Naogaon districts. Results of antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated E. coli showed 57.78%, 33.33%, 31.11%, 28.89%, 26.67%, 17.78%, 15.56%, 13.33%, 13.33%, and 11.11% resistance to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamycin, and neomycin, respectively. The isolates also showed 94.44%, 82.22%, 80.00%, 77.78%, 66.67%, 60.00%, 55.56%, 48.89%, 46.67%, and 33.33% sensitive to neomycin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, gentamycin, ceftriaxone, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. All 45 phenotypic identified isolates were confirmed as E. coli by PCR analysis. Genotypic identified isolates of E. coli were further characterized by PCR to detect antibiotic resistance genes. Out of 45 E. coli isolates 37 (82.22%) showed tetracycline resistance (tetA) gene, 32 (71.11%) showed tetracycline resistance (tetB) gene, and interestingly all 45 (100%) isolates showed quinolone group resistance (gyrA) gene by PCR analysis. J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 5(1): 135-142, 2023

Autosomal-dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease with a novel UMOD mutation, overlapping with Sjogren's syndrome: a case report.

Autosomal-dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease caused by UMOD (encoding uromodulin) mutation (ADTKD-UMOD) is a rare hereditary disease. A strong family history of hyperuricemia or gout and inherited kidney disease raises the suspicion of ADTKD-UMOD. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis without a kidney biopsy. However, when complicated by other diseases that can cause tubulointerstitial disease, renal biopsy is indispensable for the diagnosis and decisions on treatment strategy. We report the case of a 44-year-old woman referred for evaluation of kidney dysfunction. She had an attack of gout 1month before referral and a family history of hyperuricemia. She was diagnosed with primary Sjogren's syndrome through an immune workup and ophthalmological examination. However, a kidney biopsy revealed histological features suggesting ADTKD rather than gouty kidney or tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with Sjogren's syndrome, and immunostaining revealed a characteristic staining pattern with UMOD. Comprehensive genetic testing of 93 genes responsible for polycystic kidney disease revealed a novel heterozygous missense variant (c.649T > A:p. Cys217Ser) in UMOD, and the patient was diagnosed with ADTKD-UMOD. In this case, kidney biopsy contributed to the correct diagnosis of tubulointerstitial kidney disease. This case emphasizes the importance of suspecting ADTKD-UMOD based on family history and careful evaluation of kidney biopsy findings.

Extra-digital glomus tumour of the forehead: a case report of a solitary solid histopathologic subtype

Background: Glomus tumours (GT) are benign neoplasms that develop from neuro-myoarterial structures known as “glomus bodies” involved in temperature and blood pressure control. GT rarely occur in the head and neck region, and the specific location of the glomus tumour on the forehead is even more uncommon. Case presentation: We report the case of a 36-year-old female who presented with painless swelling on the forehead of one year duration with a progressive increase in size. Physical examination showed a small forehead swelling with an initial clinical diagnosis of a sebaceous cyst. The patient had local excision of forehead swelling which was submitted for histopathologic examination. Discussion: The initial histological differential diagnosis included glomus tumour, benign skin adnexal tumour and PEComa. The formalin-fixed-paraffin embedded tissue blocks of the lesion were then subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. The tumour cells were negative for cytokeratin and positive for SMA and S100. Based on the morphology and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of the tumour cells, a diagnosis of glomus tumour was made. Conclusion: Glomus tumour occurring on the forehead is uncommon. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed for diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other close differential diagnoses.

Contact point marking with the OccluSense system-an invitro study on reliability and validity.

Occlusal contacts can be stained and thereby visualised employing occlusal indicators. Qualitative and quantitative indicators are differentiated. The hybrid system OccluSense supposedly combines analogue contact marking and digital registration of contacts. The reliability and validity of its contact marking have not yet been validated. The aim of this controlled randomised in-vitro study was to examine the reliability and validity of analogue contact staining with OccluSense compared to Arti-Fol and the reference standard Gnatho-Film. An experimental apparatus was designed to simulate static occlusion. The occlusal contacts were stained 50 times with Gnatho-Film to determine the average number and location of contacts registered. For comparison, the contacts were pre-stained with Gnatho-Film and then registered with Arti-Fol or OccluSense 50 times each. Every staining was statistically evaluated and compared to Gnatho-Film alone, regarding the number and location of contacts. Based on the observed characteristic staining behaviour of OccluSense, a modified evaluation strategy was developed for its colour markings (OccluSense (mod.)). Both evaluations of OccluSense determine that the same number of contacts was registered in over 94% of all cases. Neither OccluSense nor Arti-Fol stain the exact same number of contacts as Gnatho-Film, but the modified evaluation OccluSense (mod.) did improve the results for validity. When employing the modified evaluation strategy, OccluSense staining achieves similar reliability and validity as the reference standard. Pre-colouring of occlusal contacts with Gnatho-Film and the modified evaluation strategy, might become standard for analysing occlusal contacts stained by OccluSense in the future.

MAIT cell-MR1 reactivity is highly conserved across multiple divergent species

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that recognize small molecule metabolites presented by MHC-I related protein 1 (MR1), via an αβ T cell receptor (TCR). MAIT TCRs feature an essentially invariant TCR α-chain, which is highly conserved between mammals. Similarly, MR1 is the most highly conserved MHC-I like molecule. This extreme conservation, including the mode of interaction between the MAIT TCR and MR1, has been shown to allow for species-mismatched reactivities unique in T cell biology thereby allowing the use of selected species-mismatched MR1–antigen (MR1–Ag) tetramers in comparative immunology studies. However, the pattern of cross-reactivity of species-mismatched MR1–Ag tetramers in identifying MAIT cells in diverse species has not been formally assessed. We developed novel cattle and pig MR1–Ag tetramers and utilized these alongside previously developed human, mouse and pig-tailed macaque MR1–Ag tetramers to characterize cross-species tetramer reactivities. MR1–Ag tetramers from each species identified T cell populations in distantly related species with specificity that was comparable to species-matched MR1–Ag tetramers. However, there were subtle differences in staining characteristics with practical implications for the accurate identification of MAIT cells. Pig MR1 is sufficiently conserved across species that pig MR1–Ag tetramers identified MAIT cells from the other species. However, MAIT cells in pigs were at the limits of phenotypic detection. In the absence of sheep MR1–Ag tetramers, a MAIT cell population in sheep blood was identified phenotypically, utilizing species-mismatched MR1–Ag tetramers. Collectively, our results validate the use and limitations of species-mismatched MR1–Ag tetramers in comparative immunology studies.

POU2F3-positive small cell carcinoma of the bladder: A clinicopathologic analysis of 4 cases and literature review

POU class 2 homeobox 3 (POU2F3)-positive small cell bladder carcinoma (SCBC) is an extremely rare entity, and its clinicopathologic features have not been fully described. Here, we investigated the clinicopathologic features of 4 cases of POU2F3-positive small cell bladder carcinoma (SCBC) and reviewed the literature. We collected 12 cases of SCBC from our departmental archives and detected the expression of POU2F3 by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Selected cases with or without POU2F3 expression were subjected to gene expression analysis between two different groups using DESeq2 software. We identified 4 POU2F3-positive SCBC patients, 2 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 77 years. Three patients had hematuria, and 1 patient had dysuria. Radiologic findings showed a bladder mass. Pathologic diagnosis showed that 3 cases were pure SCBC and 1 was mixed urothelial cancer (UC). Histopathologically, four POU2F3-positive SCBC tumors were composed of small round cells with sparse cytoplasm, the nuclei were salt-and-pepper-like or finely granular. Tumor cells showed characteristic cytoplasmic staining with punctate positive signals for cytokeratin. Syn and CD56 were diffusely positive in all the 4 patients. CgA was positive in only one patient. POU2F3-positive SCBC showed higher expression levels of POU2F3, HMGA2 and PLCG2 genes by RNA-Seq. Our data showed the specific clinicopathologic features of 4 rare POU2F3-positive SCBC cases, and the distinct molecular feature was observed between POU2F3-positive and negative SCBC in the limited number of cases.

Antimicrobial Resistance among neonates with neonatal Sepsis Morogoro Tanzania

Background: Neonatal sepsis increases neonatal morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income nations. however, the prevalence of neonatal sepsis, the etiological agents, and antimicrobial resistance patterns have not been documented in areas with the highest neonatal mortality rates in Tanzania.
 Aim: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of neonatal sepsis, identify the primary causative agents, and understand their resistance patterns at Morogoro Regional Hospital.
 Methods: The study involved 252 admitted neonates at Morogoro Regional Hospital and was carried out between March and June 2019. Clinical and demographic information for each neonate was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained from all 252 neonates, and 50 swabs were randomly taken from neonates with umbilical pus discharge. The samples were then cultured using aseptic techniques on blood agar, chocolate agar, and MacConkey agar. The identification of the causative agents relied on the characteristics of colony morphology, gram staining, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined using the disc diffusion method with Muller Hinton agar against Ampiclox, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Kanamycin,Co-trimoxazole, Cephalexin, Ceftriaxone, and Amikacin.
 Results: The prevalence of neonatal sepsis, as determined through blood culture, was 40 % (102 /252). The predominant bacteria isolated from blood cultures were E. coli 31 %, Staphylococcus aureus 23 %, and Citrobacter spp 16%. Around 50% of the gram-negative bacteria showed resistance to Ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin. Both gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus displayed resistance to Ampiclox.
 Conclusion: E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Citrobacter spp. were shown to be the most frequent bacteria in neonatal sepsis in Morogoro. Many isolates were Ampiclox-resistant. Neonatal sepsis is common in Morogoro, highlighting the need for innovative neonatal care and preventative techniques.

Preliminary Identification of Bacterial Species Contaminating Okra Fruits in Some Selected Markets in Owo, Nigeria

In spite of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cultivation relevance in the society, management of its post-harvest disease has stand out as major issue to plant pathologists. This study therefore reports findings on the spoilage bacteria associated with Okra fruit during post-harvest storage. Okra sample was purchased from three (3) local markets (Ogwagbe market, Areghona market and Oba market) in Owo local government and taken to the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Department of Crops Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure. About 2g of deteriorated Okra fruit sample was sterilized and aseptically transfer into the sterile 20cm2 beaker. The bacteria isolated were incubated at 37+ 20c for 24hours in a Nutrient Agar (NA) plate. At the end of incubation period the Colonies forming units from violet bacteria cells were counted and recorded appropriately per gram of each of the deteriorating Okra sample. Pure culture of individual isolates was kept at 40c for biochemical test and isolates were identified. A total of 26 bacteria were isolated and identified from the Okra sample from the 3 local markets on the basis of colony morphology and the staining characteristics. Location A has the highest population of bacteria isolate while location B and C had lowest bacterial population. The highest occurring genera can be found in Micrococcus, Bacillus and Staphylococcus followed by Alcaligenes, Pediococcus, and Erwinia. Alcaligenes odorans and Bacillus pumilus are the most occurring species of bacteria isolated from the market. Total viable counts ranges from 1.20 X 10-8 (cfu/g) to 1.72 X 10-8 (cfu/g). The highest average coliform forming unit occurs in Location A (1.52 X 10-8 (cfu/g)) while the least average coliform forming unit occurred in Location B (1.23 X 10-8 (cfu/g)). Alcaligenes odorans Bacillus pumilus and Micrococcus spp. had the highest frequency of occurrence (67 %). The presence of these bacteria on Okra fruit are potential threat to its production most importantly coliforms, pose a serious threat to consumers' health as the bacteria could produce toxins, which are poisonous when consumed. Proper handling methods should be adopted by both farmer and consumers to minimize the bacterial deterioration of okra fruit in the study area.

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome with juvenile fibrous nodules and lobular breast tumors: a case report and review of the literature

BackgroundBeckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a genomic imprinting disorder caused by diverse genetic and/or epigenetic disorders of chromosome 11p15.5. BWS presents with a variety of clinical features, including overgrowth and an increased risk of embryonal tumors. Notably however, reports of patients with BWS and breast tumors are rare, and the association between these conditions is still unclear. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) expression is known to be associated with the development of various cancers, including breast cancer, and patients with BWS with specific subtypes of molecular defects are known to show characteristic clinical features and IGF2 overexpression.Case presentationA 17-year-old girl who had been diagnosed with BWS based on an umbilical hernia, hyperinsulinemia, and left hemihypertrophy at birth, visited our department with a gradually swelling left breast. Her left breast was markedly larger than her right breast on visual examination. Imaging examinations showed two tumors measuring about 10 cm each in the left breast, and she was diagnosed with juvenile fibroadenoma following core needle biopsy. The two breast tumors were removed surgically and the patient remained alive with no recurrence. The final diagnosis was juvenile fibroadenoma without malignant findings. Immunohistochemical staining using IGF2 antibody revealed overexpression of IGF2 in the cytoplasm of ductal epithelial cells. Because of her clinical features and IGF2 overexpression, molecular defects of 11p15.5 including a possible genetic background of paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 11 or hypermethylation of imprinting center 1 was suspected.ConclusionsIn this case, overexpression of IGF2 suggested a possible relationship between BWS and breast tumors. Moreover, the characteristic clinical features and IGF2 staining predicted the subtype of 11p15.5 molecular defects in this patient.

Segmentation of Variants of Nuclei on Whole Slide Images by Using Radiomic Features.

The histopathological segmentation of nuclear types is a challenging task because nuclei exhibit distinct morphologies, textures, and staining characteristics. Accurate segmentation is critical because it affects the diagnostic workflow for patient assessment. In this study, a framework was proposed for segmenting various types of nuclei from different organs of the body. The proposed framework improved the segmentation performance for each nuclear type using radiomics. First, we used distinct radiomic features to extract and analyze quantitative information about each type of nucleus and subsequently trained various classifiers based on the best input sub-features of each radiomic feature selected by a LASSO operator. Second, we inputted the outputs of the best classifier to various segmentation models to learn the variants of nuclei. Using the MoNuSAC2020 dataset, we achieved state-of-the-art segmentation performance for each category of nuclei type despite the complexity, overlapping, and obscure regions. The generalized adaptability of the proposed framework was verified by the consistent performance obtained in whole slide images of different organs of the body and radiomic features.

Optimizing Ideal Thickness of Sections for Epidermis in Intra-Operative Frozen Sections.

To estimate and evaluate the optimal thickness of tissue section for skin and dermal appendages intra-operatively and to compare the morphology and architecture of the epidermis and its appendages at 7 and 10 microns. After obtaining clearance from the institutional human ethical committee, 101 skin margins were prospectively analyzed using a two-step embedding technique. After multiple trials and errors, 7- and 10-micron thicknesses were selected for the present study. Artefacts, staining characteristics, cellular morphology, cellular outline, and nuclear outline were assessed and scored as unacceptable or acceptable. The data were entered in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS software. There was a statistically significant difference between the sections obtained at 7 microns and 10 microns (p-value: <0.001), the latter were better in all the parameters analyzed. However, no difference was noted in the characteristics of the dermal appendages (p-value: >0.05). While mucosal margins can be obtained at the usual 5-7 microns, the same thickness is not optimal for skin margins intra-operatively. Frozen sections for the skin margins may be set at 10 microns, to save time, minimize artefacts, and for better readability.

Ever Expanding Morphologic Patterns of Mesonephric-like Adenocarcinomas of the Uterine Corpus: A Report of Two Tumors and a Brief Review of the Literature.

Mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma (MLA) of the endometrium shows a variety of morphologic appearances, including small glands, tubules with eosinophilic materials in the lumen, prominent papillary patterns, spindled cells, solid formations, and corded and hyalinized patterns. Unique morphology, characteristic immunohistochemical staining patterns, molecular alterations, and awareness of the pathologists make it possible to identify this tumor accurately. This report of two additional morphologic patterns, intestinal goblet cells mimicking intestinal-type mucinous carcinoma and squamous differentiation with spindle and epithelioid cells mimicking carcinosarcoma of the endometrium will expand the literature on MLA.