Stages Of Operation Research Articles

Research on Transformation and Upgrading of Equipment Manufacturing Industry and Optimization of Tax Policy Discrepancy: Case of Hebei Province

Operating income of Hebei equipment manufacturing industry exceeded one trillion yuan. In order to further promote the transformation and upgrading, in recent years, the Hebei Provincial Tax Bureau of the State Administration of Taxation has implemented and continued a series of national tax support policies and achieved phased results. However, due to some objective and realistic factors, Hebei equipment manufacturing industry is still lacking. This research takes different stages of enterprise operation as nodes, and gradually sorts out, studies and analyzes the current tax policies according to the links. The results highlight the effectiveness mechanism of the current tax policies for the development of equipment manufacturing industry based on the research. Moreover, based on a variety of real data found in this paper, the data of Hebei equipment manufacturing industry is compared in multiple dimensions to objectively present problems and shortcomings. This paper focuses on the transformation and upgrading of Hebei equipment manufacturing industry and tax policy in a small-cut view and makes policy optimization suggestions based on the tax policy gap, in order to provide reference for the better development of Hebei equipment manufacturing industry.

Preliminary Study of Nuclear Reactor Component Vendor Inspection

To welcome the first nuclear power plant in Indonesia, BAPETEN must prepare regulatory infrastructure at all stages of development and operation of the nuclear power plant. Nuclear power plant regulatory infrastructure during construction has yet to be made available. Manufacturing inspection of NPP component vendors is one form of supervision that must be carried out at the construction stage. Inspection of manufacturing activities is very important because the quality of NPP components produced, especially safety-related components, will affect the safety performance of NPP operations. Therefore, a preliminary study of vendor inspection is needed to support the inspection work unit at BAPETEN in preparing manufacturing inspection capabilities. This study was conducted through a literature study regarding regulations and practices for holding vendor inspections in other countries. The study focuses on vendor inspections' goals/objectives, mechanisms, and inspection check items. The study results show that vendor inspection is substantially quality assurance inspection, which aims to ensure vendors have adequate quality assurance arrangements and implement them to guarantee the quality of products (goods or services) used at the NPP. The main inspection check items are the adequacy of the vendor's Quality Assurance Program and the suitability of its implementation. BAPETEN can prepare a list of inspection check items by referring to practices in other countries, for example, America and Türkiye. BAPETEN also needs to prepare inspection procedures, starting with the planning, preparation (pre-inspection), implementation, and post-inspection stages. Regulations and guidelines that support the implementation of vendor inspections in Indonesia also need to be prepared. Keywords: manufacture, inspection, vendor, NPP component, quality assurance.

Plant Translocations in France: Identifying Gaps between Knowledge, Practice and Perception by Conservation Actors.

In the current context of global changes, threatened flora is declining and homogenising at the expense of rare and protected species. Among conservation biology and ecological restoration techniques, plant translocation is one of the recommendations increasingly used. However, translocation remains risky and is recommended as a last resort to conserve protected flora in land use planning. Furthermore, it raises ethical questions partly linked to genetic processes. In this context, we studied how plant translocations are perceived by conservation actors in France, including their genetic aspects. The analysis of translocation perception complements that of feedback on concrete translocation operations and allows us to provide a qualitative assessment of current practices. We have adopted an interdisciplinary approach to survey different types of actors in nature conservation, involved or not in at least one stage of translocation operations (preparation, implementation and monitoring). Three main types of translocation perception divide our sample quite strongly (50% favourable/ 45% unfavourable/ 5% undecided). Surprisingly, their professional activity or the level of involvement in such an operation have no influence on their opinion on translocation, nor on the proposals of alternative measures. Only 15% of the actors involved in translocations used genetic data at least once. To conclude, it would be necessary to promote the sharing of feedback from past experiences. This would allow an up-to-date list of species unacceptable for translocation. Comparing the results of different protocols and implementation conditions for the same species or group should improve overall translocation success rates.

Numerical Simulation on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Single-loop Oscillating Heat Pipe with Variable Pipe Diameter Ratios

A three-dimensional numerical model, employing the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, was developed for a single-loop oscillating heat pipe (OHP) with variable diameters. The investigation explored the impact of varying pipe diameter ratios on flow and heat transfer characteristics at different operational stages under a 40W heat power. The results reveal that the diameter ratio significantly affects the spatial arrangement of the evaporation, adiabatic, and condensation sections in the OHP. In the initial stage, the condensation section displays 15 liquid slugs when the diameter ratio is 1, but this number decreases to fewer than 10 in the same area when the diameter ratio exceeds 1. Comparative to a straight-pipe OHP, configurations with varying diameter ratios exhibit a marginal reduction in the average fluid velocity during the circulation of the working fluid inside the pipe, with the most pronounced velocity decrease occurring at a diameter ratio of 0.8. As the diameter ratio increases to 1.25 and 1.5, the turbulent disturbances in the region where the working fluid flows from the adiabatic section to the evaporation or condensation section intensify, facilitating the temperature exchange within the OHP. During stable operation of the OHP, the frequency of temperature oscillations increases with an increasing diameter ratio, while the amplitude decreases. Among all the cases, the OHP with a diameter ratio of 1.25 has the optimal heat resistance, 1.50K/W. The heat transfer performance of the OHP with a pipe diameter ratio of 0.8 deteriorated, and the thermal resistance increased by 27.6% compared with the straight-pipe OHP.

Developing a Desktop-Based OSI Model Interactive Learning Application Using VB.NET

This research focuses on developing a desktop-based learning application to help students understand the concept of OSI Model using VB.NET. The purpose of this application is to provide interactive learning media that can facilitate understanding of the seven layers of OSI and the process of data transmission in the network. This research applies the Waterfall method, starting from requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing, to the operation and maintenance stage. The development results show that this application is equipped with structured learning material features, evaluation quizzes, and user-friendly navigation. The application trial shows performance in accordance with the design, where the quiz evaluation feature is able to provide an accurate assessment of student understanding. In conclusion, this learning application can be an innovative solution in the delivery of OSI Model material, with further development opportunities that include the addition of interactive simulations and support for mobile devices.

An AI-Based Deep Learning with K-Mean Approach for Enhancing Altitude Estimation Accuracy in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In the rapidly evolving domain of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), precise altitude estimation remains a significant challenge, particularly for lightweight UAVs. This research presents an innovative approach to enhance altitude estimation accuracy for UAVs weighing under 2 kg without cameras, utilizing advanced AI Deep Learning algorithms. The primary novelty of this study lies in its unique integration of unsupervised and supervised learning techniques. By synergistically combining K-Means Clustering with a multiple-input deep learning regression-based model (DL-KMA), we have achieved substantial improvements in altitude estimation accuracy. This methodology represents a significant advancement over conventional approaches in UAV technology. Our experimental design involved comprehensive field data collection across two distinct altitude environments, employing a high-precision Digital Laser Distance Meter as the reference standard (Class II). This rigorous approach facilitated a thorough evaluation of our model’s performance across varied terrains, ensuring robust and reliable results. The outcomes of our study are particularly noteworthy, with the model demonstrating remarkably low Mean Squared Error (MSE) values across all data clusters, ranging from 0.011 to 0.072. These results not only indicate significant improvements over traditional methods, but also establish a new benchmark in UAVs altitude estimation accuracy. A key innovation in our approach is the elimination of costly additional hardware such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), offering a cost-effective, software-based solution. This advancement has broad implications, enhancing the accessibility of advanced UAVs technology and expanding its potential applications across diverse sectors including precision agriculture, urban planning, and emergency response. This research represents a significant contribution to the integration of AI and UAVs technology, potentially unlocking new possibilities in UAVs applications. By enhancing the capabilities of lightweight UAVs, we are not merely improving a technical aspect, but revolutionizing the potential applications of UAVs across industries. Our work sets the stage for safer, more reliable, and precise UAVs operations, marking a pivotal moment in the evolution of aerial technology in an increasingly UAV-dependent world.

On the use of modal works of cutting forces to optimize machining conditions in the presence of vibrations

The use of Virtual Machining models may be a valuable approach in the designing stage of a machining operation as long as the models are sufficiently accurate. When vibration risks are suspected, stability analysis approaches to predict regenerative chatter phenomena are generally used. However, although these approaches, when applicable, allow efficient numerical optimization of the process around an operating point, they often require other strong assumptions such as neglecting transient phenomena or oversimplifying kinematics. On the other hand, time domain approaches with detailed matter removal modelling allow to monitor the continuous evolution of cutting conditions and represent various phenomena that the models can reproduce (regenerative chatter, forced vibrations, non-linear behaviours). The amount of data produced is, however, considerable and often costly to analyse. It may therefore be interesting to deduce, from these data, scalar indicators allowing easier and more relevant analysis of the simulation results.In this work, the modal work of the cutting forces upon the workpiece vibratory displacements is proposed as an indicator to discriminate different tool paths. A one degree of freedom theoretical problem and a face milling operation on extruded aluminum profiles extracted from automotive structural part are used to explain and show the relevance of such indicator.

“Energy‒environment” life cycle assessment and comparison of a nuclear-based hydrogen production system

The use of fossil fuels has caused a global environmental catastrophe. To determine whether low-emission hydrogen to replace fossil fuels can successfully reduce environmental pollution, a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the product's whole industrial chain is necessary. This study proposes evaluating the environmental impacts of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear-based hydrogen production system using SimaPro and its database based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The system covers fuel (uranium mine) production and use, equipment manufacturing and operation, factory construction and operation, and vehicle production and operation in hydrogen transportation. The emissions of 10 kinds of pollutants in the above four stages are calculated and classified into 6 environmental impact indicators for comprehensive analysis. The results show that the comprehensive energy recovery ratio of existing feasible high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) technology is 17.65%, which is 68% higher than the efficiency of conventional electrolysis (CE) technology. The global warming potential (GWP) of 1 kg H2 produced by PWR-HTE is 2.18 kg CO2 eq, of which the construction, operation, and transportation stages account for 9.6%, 30.7%, and 58.7%, respectively. Except for GWP, the operation stage contributes the highest environmental impact. Energy transition and hydrogen transportation distance are the key parameters with great environmental impacts on the system. Based on the above LCA quantitative research and assessment results, policy development recommendations are proposed for the clean nuclear-hydrogen industry.

Study on the Effect of Temperature on the Alignment of a Long-Span Steel–Concrete Composite Beam Track Cable-Stayed Bridge

In order to study the effect of temperature on the alignment of a long-span special track bridge, this paper provides a theoretical basis and technical support for bridge design, construction and later operation. This research established the section model of the steel-hybrid beam by COMSOL, and the internal temperature field, transverse temperature, and vertical temperature gradient were analyzed. The Midas Civil bridge model analysis system was established to investigate the influence of temperature difference and temperature gradient on the vertical deformation of the whole bridge. Based on the temperature and displacement monitoring system of the Chongqing Nanjimen track bridge, the temperature and displacement data in 2023 were obtained for comparative analysis. The results show that the temperature field inside the composite beam presents a nonlinear distribution, the daily temperature difference can reach 26.0 °C, and there is a significant temperature gradient between the steel beam and the concrete. The highest temperature is 60.3 °C at 15:00 when the temperature difference between the upper and lower edges of the concrete slab is 11.1 °C, and the daily transverse temperature gradient is 3.2 °C, 5.3 °C and 7.4 °C, respectively. Under the temperature difference in the system, the maximum displacement of the main beam is 92.3 mm, and the mid-span displacement is 132.1 mm under the positive temperature difference. Based on the measured data for the whole year, it is found that the displacement of the main beam under the combined action of ambient temperature and solar radiation significantly exceeds the influence of a single temperature. The research shows that temperature change has an important impact on the stability and durability of the bridge, and temperature monitoring and management should be strengthened in the design and operation stage to ensure the bridge’s safety and smooth operation of the train.

Design of a quick-connection device for installing pre-assembled offshore wind turbines

Higher wind velocities and lower wind shear are two motivations driving the development of floating offshore wind turbines (OWTs). However, such designs suffer from high expenses and complicated installation scenarios. Installation of offshore wind turbines is challenging due to the unpredictable nature of the environment and the technical complexities, especially at offshore sites. Mating of OWT on top of the pre-installed substructure is one of the critical stages of the installation operation. Grouted, welded, and bolted connections are utilized conventionally, but all have shortcomings. Welded and grouted connections suffer from fatigue forces, while a bolted connection requires minimal installation tolerances and sensitivity to impact forces. The design of a quick connection device (QCD) is expected to reduce the installation time, expand the operational weather window, and overcome the limitations of the earlier connection devices.The QCD described here comprises conic cross-sections, circular plates, and stiffeners connected to the floating substructure and OWT. This research uses a global model to estimate the relative velocities and displacements between the OWT and spar buoy. Furthermore, a local finite element model is developed to assess the influence of the impact forces and the design of the connection device. Implementing the hydrostatic stiffness of the floating spar within the impact simulations improved the simulation fidelity and reduced the impact damage. Different impact scenarios are performed, and the sensitivity of impact damage concerning the distribution of impact initiation points is assessed. Furthermore, an active control mechanism is used to reduce the relative motions between the installation vessel and the floating substructure. It is concluded that utilizing the anti-swing active control system minimizes the impact velocity and impact damage. This research can be extended by optimizing the design of the quick connection device.

A Review of Carbon Emission Reduction During the Operation Stage of Substations

As an important part of the power industry, carbon reduction technology in substations plays a key role in supporting the implementation of national policy of carbon peak and reduction. In recent years, a series of carbon emission reduction measures have been developed in the operation phase of substations and promoted beneficial carbon emission reduction. This article summarizes the progress of related technologies and applications from the aspects of substation composition, carbon emission sources, carbon emission reduction technologies, and their effects. Firstly, the composition of carbon emissions from substations during operation is described. Secondly, various measures for carbon emission reduction are reviewed, including the selection of substation equipment types, the intelligent management of substation equipment, and the use of renewable energy. Finally, future technological directions for carbon reduction in substations are discussed, providing technical references and guidance for the sustainable construction and development of low-carbon substations.

A Visco-Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Law for Deformation Prediction of High Concrete Face Rockfill Dams

Deformation predictions in high Concrete Face Rockfill Dams tend to underestimate observed settlements due to scale effect and breakage phenomena that cannot be adequately captured by laboratory tests. This paper presents a Visco-Elasto-Perfectly Plastic (VEPP) model for predicting deformations in high Concrete Face Rockfill Dams (CFRDs) that addresses these challenges incorporating explicitly key rockfill parameters like grain size and post-compaction porosity, which influence both the non-linear elastic and plastic behaviors of rockfill. The VEPP model enables deformation prediction while using standard laboratory test results. The model’s effectiveness was demonstrated through its application to the 233 m high Shuibuya Dam, the tallest CFRD in the world. The VEPP model predictions closely align with observed deformations throughout the dam’s construction, impoundment, and early operational stages. By using physically meaningful parameters, the model reduces the uncertainty associated with the empirical assessment of model parameters using back-analysis from similar projects. While the VEPP model offers improved predictive accuracy, particularly during early design phases, further advancements could be achieved by refining the creep formulation and accounting for grain size evolution during construction. This approach has the potential to optimize the design and construction of future high CFRD construction.

Investigation of the effect of repeated variable loads on the life cycle of transport structures using polymer composite materials

The problem of the life cycle of transport structures using polymer composite materials (PCM) is touched upon. It is noted that in the life cycle of transport structures, at the stage of operation, the endurance of structural materials plays a key role. The results of experimental studies of PCM depending on the magnitude of the coefficients of reinforcement with fiberglass reinforcement (SPA) are presented. The influence of the degree of prestress of the SPA on the life cycle of the structural element has been established. It is emphasized that in the study of the life cycle of structures, the coefficient of asymmetry of the external load application cycle is of no small importance. As a result of the study, it was found that with an increase in the coefficient of asymmetry of the application of an external load with a simultaneous increase in the prestress in the SPA, the coefficient of endurance, and, consequently, the life cycle of the element, increases.

OGC O01 - Stomach Cancer Elective Surgery Morbidity and Mortality at 90-Days (HOLD Study): A Prospective, International Collaborative Cohort Study

Abstract Background Data on multinational 90-day mortality and morbidity rates after surgery for gastric cancer is limited in the literature. This study aimed to understand the 90-day mortality and morbidity outcomes according to GASTRODATA Registry for elective gastric cancer surgery patients and identify risk factors. Method We conducted an international prospective study on ≥18 years patients undergoing elective surgery for gastric cancer with curative intent from 01 April 2022 to 30 September 2022. Known metastatic disease, concurrent secondary cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) and Siewert type I/II oesophagogastric junction malignancies were excluded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify variables associated to 90-day outcome. Results 380 collaborators from 47 countries submitted data on 1538 patients. Mean age was 64.2 years and 58.5% were males. 90-day morbidity rate was 38.2% (n=587) and mortality rate was 2.9% (n=45). Pre-operative higher CCI or ASA score, pre-operative weight loss >10%, and surgical determinants such as type of gastric resection, positive specimen margin, number of harvested lymph nodes, longer surgery duration and post operative pathological IV staging (p value<0.05) were identified as predictors of postoperative severe complications and mortality. Conclusion Elective gastric cancer surgery has a 90-day morbidity of 38.2% and 90-day mortality of 2.9%, globally. This study identified several factors associated with higher morbidity and exemplified the importance of a unified language on surgical morbidity, pre-habilitation and ongoing audits to enhance patient outcomes.

Human errors analysis for remotely controlled ships during collision avoidance

To address human errors in collision avoidance tasks of remotely controlled ships, this study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for human error analysis within the context of autonomous ships. Firstly, the Hierarchical Task Analysis method is utilized to identify crew collision avoidance tasks associated with the traditional ship, and these tasks are then dissected into different operational stages using the Information Decision Action in a Crew cognitive model. Secondly, a combination of the fault hypothesis method and expert opinions are used to identify potential human error that may occur during collision avoidance operations of remotely controlled ships. Thirdly, an integrated approach is proposed to build a quantitative risk assessment model, which combines Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, Evidential Reasoning, and Belief rules-based Bayesian Network. Then, axiomatic analysis is used to verify the robustness and applicability of the risk assessment model. Finally, based on the results of quantitative risk assessment, specific measures are proposed for enhancing the safety of collision avoidance process of remotely controlled ships. The findings show that uncoordinated interactions of human-computer systems during the decision-making stage are a pivotal factor in the collision avoidance process. Therefore, future design efforts for remote-control centre should prioritize improving the clarity of human-computer interaction interfaces.

Cause Analysis and Preventive Measures for Deterioration of Steam Turbine Lubricating Oil

Lubricating the oil system of the steam turbine in the power plant is an important part of maintaining the normal operation of a steam turbine. The quality of oil directly affects the safe and stable operation of steam turbines. If the oil quality deteriorates, it is very easy to cause major accidents such as wear of steam turbine bearings, jamming of the speed control system, and even burning of bearings, failure of steam turbine speed control system leading to overspeed. This research method uses a literature review. In the operation of the power plant, it is common for lubricating oil to exceed the standard particle size and water content, and there are many reasons for this. This article analyzes the causes of lubricating oil deterioration and explains more specific preventive measures. Conclusion Deterioration in oil quality and excessive particle size can easily lead to serious consequences. Therefore, it must be controlled from the inspection of new oil entering the factory, sampling and testing, and monitoring of the operation stage, to improve the maintenance process.

Study of the effectiveness factors of microsurgical treatment of cerebral arterial aneurysms

BACKGROUND: Despite improvements in diagnostic methods and microsurgical techniques for treating arterial aneurysms of the cerebral vessels, there remains a high probability of mortality and persistent disability among the working population. AIM: To determine the factors influencing the effectiveness of surgical interventions in patients with cerebral arterial aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This scientific work presents the results of examination and surgical treatment of 86 patients operated on from 2017 to 2023 y. at the Neurosurgery Clinic of the National Hospital. The age of the patients ranged from 23 to 78 years (average age - 47±1.7 years), among them there were 48 (55.8%) men, 38 (44.2%) women. All patients underwent MRI or CT angiography of cerebral vessels; in 47 (54.6%) patients, cerebral aneurysm was confirmed by selective cerebral angiography. The size of the aneurysms ranged from miliary (3.0 mm to giant sizes 25.0-30.0 mm). RESULTS: The clinical picture of patients with ruptured arterial aneurysms was associated with the prevalence of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the location and volume of formed intracerebral hematomas in patients in the pre-hemorrhagic period with unruptured aneurysms - with the location and size of arterial aneurysms. One of the serious complications that arose during operations was intraoperative rupture (15.1%) of the aneurysmal sac at different stages of operations. The worst results with mortality up to 4.17% were observed in patients with ruptured arterial aneurysms, on the HH scale III, IV and 7-8, 9-10 points on the Glasgow scale. In cases where direct access to the aneurysm is difficult, it is advisable to perform subpial microresection of the altered medulla around the aneurysm. This allows you to avoid traumatic damage to the walls of the aneurysm and the development of spasm of arterial vessels. In order to avoid aneurysm rupture when isolating the aneurysm neck, it is advisable to temporarily apply special removable (temporary) clips to the proximal and distal segments of the supporting vessel of the aneurysm. After it was possible to isolate the neck of the aneurysm, a special clip was applied and, if possible, the patency and integrity of the vessel carrying the aneurysm and its branches were preserved. To determine the absence of blood flow in the aneurysm and assess the patency of arterial vessels, it is recommended to use intraoperative microvascular doplefography. CONCLUSION: The results of surgical treatment for ruptured aneurysms depended on the preoperative condition of the patients. Microsurgical clipping of arterial aneurysms effectively prevents the risk of recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage. The absence of complications in patients during surgery and the early postoperative period does not guarantee the possibility of developing delayed complications that may require repeated operations.

Examining mobile medical supplies in supply chain: Exploring the impact of intention to use mobile medical apps

All sectors have an increasing interest in smart phone applications based on their many advantages that support business, especially the medical sector, which is constantly competing to develop the medical services provided, and accordingly in this research study we industrialized a mobile medical supplies and equipment ordering application (mobile medical app) classic and make an effort to authenticate it factually. When clients (hospitals doctors) create consumptions on the application, three dimensions can be identified: platform emotion stage, fear effect, and familiarity with product. This research designed to reinforce and brighten the most important magnitudes that improve a physician’s judgment of mobile medical app and the purpose to usage. Furthermore, this study inspected the availability of the model between hospital physicians in UAE. The classic ideal was observed by means of a model of 340 UAE clinic physicians and their personal assistant who utilize mobiles facilities in overall. The review technique, a calculable method, was applied; the fractional smallest cubes organizational calculation exhibiting systems was owned to inspect the planned agenda. The platform emotion dimension, especially fear and resistance to change, and the familiarity with the products were evaluated, and it was discovered that these factors positively influenced the objective to use the application. And the other side, the first dimension of emotion, fear, manifested as “apparent threat”, had no outcome on the purpose to using. These discoveries recommended that scholars should emphasis more on the facilities, merchandises, and the key task of the mobile medical app to control their inspirations on clients’ ordering purpose. This will progress the purchasing ways associated to acquiring medicinal materials utilizing mobile medical app and/or on other operational stages in unambiguously in UAE and the Central East at great.

External environmental costs of electricity generation using a life cycle approach: A case study of Spain

Electricity generation produces impacts on the natural and human environment that need to be measured and properly managed. This investigation describes the potential of integrating LCA with monetary valuation to quantify the magnitude of these impacts in economic terms (€). Fourteen power generation technologies (5 fossil, 8 renewable and nuclear, based in Spain) were evaluated using LCA on 18 midpoint and 3 endpoint categories, as listed in ReCiPe2016. The results showed very high external costs in fossil technologies (from 435 to 636 €/MWh for coal-based to 109–154 €/MWh for natural gas) and significantly lower for renewables (5–77 €/MWh) and nuclear (3.3 €/MWh), with higher values corresponding to biomass and lowest to wind power and nuclear. External costs from fossil technologies were dominated by damage to human health caused by climate change, particulate emissions and exhaustion of fossil resources generated during the operation stage. External costs from renewables were dominated by the same categories plus exhaustion of mineral resources, in this case produced during the extraction of raw materials stage. These results demonstrate the profound unsustainability of fossil, whose external costs largely exceed wholesale market prices.

Operational stage evaluation of urban roads in achieving carbon neutrality

Operational stage evaluation of urban roads in achieving carbon neutrality