Stages Of Hypnosis Research Articles

Multi-Scale Entropy and Neural Networks for Detection of Depth of Anaesthesia within EEG Signals

In recent years, multi-scale sample entropy (MSSE) is rapidly gaining popularity as an interesting tool for exploring neurophysiological mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a new method based on MSSE for on-line monitoring of the depth of anaesthesia (DoA) to quantify the anaesthetic effect with real-time electroencephalography by using MSSE. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was used successfully to filter EEG recordings of artefacts before the imitation of the recognition phases. Artificial neural networks were used to classify three scales of the MSSE into three stages of hypnosis. Results showed 95% accuracy of the tested clinical anaesthesia EEG recordings obtained for 20 patients.

Complex integrated method of improvement of sports ballroom dance performance

Purpose: to elaborate complex integrated method of psychological influence upon sport ballroom dancers for their quick response to assumed mistakes by executing other steps in training mode in place of given compositions. Material: 20 senior sport ballroom dancers: 10 - experimental group, 10 - control group. At the I stage dancers for participation in the experimental group with regard to their hypnosis ability for facilitation teaching dynamic meditation were selected. Sportsmen with the 2 nd -3 rd stage of hypnosis were enrolled to the experimental group. At the II stage the experimental group was trained in the method of dynamic meditation. For this, the static meditation was performed first, after this the test persons opened their eyes and without leaving the achieved result with help of the static state of meditation, practiced in dynamic meditation. At the III stage training in sports ballroom dances with introduction new steps changing the composition program sequence to composition was held. The coach evaluated response of the test persons in the state of the dynamic meditation. Results: at the II stage of the research on training in dynamic meditation the dancers of the experimental group needed 3-7 repetitions. At the III stage of the research 8 test persons had trained to response adequately to changes in the compositions within 10-15 repetitions. In the control group if a partner changed steps during performance of the composition it led to stop of the dancing couple. For 8 test persons in the experimental group steps replacement didn’t affect adversely the quality of the dance. The senior group of dancers studied new steps with great difficulty, their motion stereotype was formed badly, they preferred to dance compositions trained earlier. The seniors having insufficient technical background (2 persons) showed low abilities, they had bad memory, they spent 3 months for mastering new compositions. Conclusions: The methods elaborated by us providing for inclusion in the training process stand-alone dance steps in place of compensation steps, provided development of the dancers’ ability to respond quickly to assumed mistakes during dance performance. Mastering dynamic meditation depended on typological features of the nervous system: the higher hypnosis ability degree the better mastering. Women-partners of the experimental group who had high hypnosis ability degree and mastered dynamic meditation could quickly adequately response to the rapid changes in the composition performed by dance partner during dance. Consideration of possible errors trains a woman-partner’s ability to switch timely from one step to another. Using this method, improvement of professional skills of dancers accelerates greatly.

Mirtazapine premedication: Effect on preoperative anxiety and propofol dose requirements at different stages of hypnosis

BackgroundMirtazapine is an antidepressant drug that blocks central 5-HT2 receptors with anxiolytic and sleep-promoting effects and theoretically can be used as a premedication.MethodsSixty ASA I-II patients aged 25–50 yr were randomly allocated according to the premedication received 2 h before induction of anesthesia into two equal groups: group M patients received mirtazapine 30 mg tablet mixed with 20 ml of water and group P patients received 20 ml of plain water. Anxiety level was measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) and bispectral index (BIS) electrodes were connected before induction of anesthesia. Intravenous (i.v) infusion of propofol 1% at a rate of 300 ml h−1 was started to induce hypnosis till a target BIS value of 45 (BIS45) is reached, and then endotracheal intubation is performed after fentanyl and cis-atracuruim being administered. Propofol dose requirements to achieve loss of response to verbal contact (RVC), loss of eyelash reflex (ELR), and a target BIS45 were recorded. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane titrated to BIS value of 40–50 and oxygen/air mixture. Recovery time was recorded. In postanaesthesia care unit (PACU), VAS for pain and Ramsay sedation score were recorded. Patients were discharged from PACU when two consecutive Aldrete scores of 9 or 10 are obtained, and time of PACU stay was recorded.ResultsPreoperative anxiety by VAS and propofol doses required achieving loss of RVC and ELR, and target BIS45 were significantly lower in mirtazapine group. The two groups were comparable with regard to recovery and PACU stay times as well as postoperative pain and anxiety.ConclusionMirtazapine 30 mg oral tablets can be used as a premedication as it reduces preoperative anxiety and hypnotic dose requirements of propofol, and does not prolong recovery time.

Hypnosis modelling in neural networks.

In the framework of the neural network theory effects similar to hypnotic displays are constructed. They are based on the associative paradigm involving non-linear interaction of excitatory and inhibitory channels with synaptic memory. The non-linearity of long-term memorizing processes may cause effects exhibited by blind spots, which are interpreted as the first stage of hypnosis. More complicated phenomena are discussed in terms of a two-layer network.

The possibility of creativity in the active stage of hypnosis

The possibility of creativity in the active stage of hypnosis

Clinical Studies on the Hypnotic Properties of Propazone (5,5-Di-n-propyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione)

ConclusionsPropazone (5,5-dipropyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione) has been given intravenously and by mouth to a group of patients. All stages of hypnosis and anesthesia have been produced without ill effects. The absence of side reactions, the striking degree of relaxation which comes on in even the early stages of hypnosis and its long duration of action indicate that this substance might be of therapeutic value. Its use in epilepsy is being investigated.