Stages Of Embryo Growth Research Articles

Termitariophily: expanding the concept of termitophily in a physogastric rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

1. Termitophily in some rove beetles is commonly attributed to the striking termite worker resemblance that is provided by the beetles' hypertrophic (‘physogastric’) abdomen. However, a termite nest may offer to a termitophile additional benefits, such as a continuously repaired shelter.2. This could apply to Corotoca melantho (Aleocharinae: Corotocini), a viviparous obligatory termitophile staphylinid beetle species. While conferring morphological congruence to its host worker termites, its physogastry may impair mobility, leading to vulnerability and the need for a secure environment. It seems plausible to hypothesise that physogastry in C. melantho would imply in interactions between this termitophile and its host termites as well as its host termitarium.3. This study provides evidence to build such a hypothesis by inspecting the morpho‐anatomical reproductive traits of this termitophile. It was found that a gradient of growth stages of embryos and larvae in the oviduct explains physogastry in females while pointing to iteroparity. The asynchronous development of oocytes in females, combined with a full developing sequence of sperm cells indicative of continuous spermatogenesis in males, suggests frequent matings.4. While improving guest–host similarity, physogastry and flightlessness should confer vulnerability to pregnant females, forcing C. melantho to seek close and sheltered environments. These could facilitate the frequent male–female contacts demanded by iteroparity. It is possible, therefore, that physogastry in C. melantho is not only associated with the termites themselves but also with the physical structure of the termitarium. Thus, C. melantho can be hypothesised to be a termitariophile in addition to being a termitophile.

Staging Embryos

The founding of the Carnegie Institute’s Department of Embryology in 1913, alongside its systematization of embryo staging, contributed to the mechanization of developmental stages of embryo growth in the early 20th century. For a brief period in the middle of the century, attention to the detailed interrelation between embryo development and time made pre-existing ideas about pregnancy ends less determinative of ideas about that developmental course. However, the turn to the genetic scale led to the disappearance of this attention, replaced by a sense of biological life as seamlessly scripted. This study examines the history of what I refer to as temporal attention: attention to the live, unfolding potentialities within vital matter. The reintroduction of temporal attention to discussions of development allows us to more fully consider non-human vitality and the experiences of beings that house or otherwise intimately intersect with that vital tissue, regardless of outcomes.

Integrated Management Strategies Increase Cottonseed, Oil and Protein Production: The Key Role of Carbohydrate Metabolism.

Cottonseed, oil, and protein, as the by-products of cotton production, have the potential to provide commodities to meet the increasing demand of renewable bio-fuels and ruminant feed. An increase in crop yield per unit area requires high-yielding cultivar management with an economic nitrogen (N) rate, an optimal N application schedule, high-yielding plant populations and strong seedlings. Whether the integration of these agronomic practices into a coherent management system can increase the productivity of cotton fiber, embryo oil and protein requires experimental elucidation. In this 2-year study, conventional management practices (CM) were used as a control, and two integrated management strategies (IMS1 and IMS2) were considered at two soil fertility levels (high soil fertility and low soil fertility) to analyze the metabolic and biochemical traits of cotton embryos. The results illustrate that the cottonseed, oil, and protein yields for IMS1 and IMS2 were significantly higher than those under CM at both soil fertility levels and the fiber yield increased as well. The IMS regulated the maternal photo thermal environment by delaying the flowering date, resulting in increases in the seed weight. In developing cotton embryos, the IMS increased the embryo weight accumulation rate and biomass partitioning into oil and protein, which were associated with high activities of H+-ATPase, H+-PPase, sucrose synthase (SuSy), and cell wall invertase (C-INV) and low activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and vacuole invertase (V-INV). Increased hexoses (D-fructose, D-glucose) content contributed to the oil and protein contents. These results suggest that increased sucrose/H+ symport, sucrose hydrolysis, hexoses synthesis, and cumulative photo-thermal product (PTP), especially in the early stage of embryo growth, play a dominant role in the high productivity of cotton oil and protein.

Germination ecology of the endemic Iberian daffodil Narcissus radinganorum (Amaryllidaceae). Dormancy induction by cold stratification or desiccation in late stages of embryo growth

Aim of study: We studied the germination ecology of a threatened daffodil in order to develop a protocol to produce plants ex-situ from seeds, a key tool for population reinforcement.Area of study: Experiments were carried out both outdoors and in the laboratory in Albacete (Spain).Material and methods: Embryo length, radicle and shoot emergence were analyzed to determine the level of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). Effects on germination of cold stratification or desiccation in late stages of embryo growth were also studied.Main results: Mean embryo length in fresh seeds was 1.36 mm, needing to grow up to 2.20 mm to be able to germinate. In the laboratory, embryo growth occurred during warm stratification (28/14, 25/10ºC), and then radicle emerged when temperatures went down (15/4ºC in darkness). Phenology study in outdoors conditions revealed that embryo grew during summer-early autumn, short time after seed dispersal in nature (i.e., May); radicle emerged in autumn. The shoot however did not emerge until late winter-early spring, because it was physiologically dormant and required a cold (5ºC) period of 30 days to break dormancy. Early cold temperatures interrupted the embryo growth and induced dormancy in seeds whose embryo had grown 30% with respect to the initial length. Desiccation in seeds whose embryo had grown 30% did not induce dormancy, but did it when the embryo growth reached 70%.Research highlights: Seeds of Narcissus radinganorum have deep simple epicotyl MPD.Key words: dormancy break; radicle emergence; shoot emergence; epicotyl MPD; phenology; secondary dormancy.

Abscisic Acid Regulates Early Seed Development in Arabidopsis by ABI5-Mediated Transcription of SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1

Seed development includes an early stage of endosperm proliferation and a late stage of embryo growth at the expense of the endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana. Abscisic acid (ABA) has known functions during late seed development, but its roles in early seed development remain elusive. In this study, we report that ABA-deficient mutants produced seeds with increased size, mass, and embryo cell number but delayed endosperm cellularization. ABSCISIC ACID DEFICIENT2 (ABA2) encodes a unique short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase that functions in ABA biosynthesis, and its expression pattern overlaps that of SHORT HYPOCOTYL UNDER BLUE1 (SHB1) during seed development. SHB1 RNA accumulation was significantly upregulated in the aba2-1 mutant and was downregulated by the application of exogenous ABA. Furthermore, RNA accumulation of the basic/region leucine zipper transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), involved in ABA signaling, was decreased in aba2-1. Consistent with this, seed size was also increased in abi5. We further show that ABI5 directly binds to two discrete regions in the SHB1 promoter. Our results suggest that ABA negatively regulates SHB1 expression, at least in part, through the action of its downstream signaling component ABI5. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which ABA regulates early seed development.

Embryonic development of the pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (Gadidae)

Incubation of pacific cod eggs was divided into eight series, in which temperatures were set at −0.04°C to +4.03°C and warm and cold conditions alternated. The morphological changes that took place during the embryogenesis were described in detail using the results of the incubation. Twenty-two morphological characters that could be identified easily and that characterized the morphogenesis were defined in the course of development. The results of the incubation and data from the literature showed that the duration of the embryonic period in the Pacific cod’s lifecycle grew exponentially as water temperature decreased. It was found during the experiment that developing cod eggs survived low water temperatures up to freezing, as well as abrupt warming or cooling (over 3°C). According to the widely accepted Rass scale, the first stage of the Pacific cod embryogenesis takes 21% of its total duration, the second stage 23%, the third, 17%, and the fourth, 39%. However, at a temperature below 0°C, the relative duration of the stages of cleavage and embryonic shield was slightly shortened, whereas the mature embryo stage extended to almost half of the embryogenesis period. A more comprehensive analysis of temperature effects on embryogenesis revealed that the reduction of the rate of embryogenesis upon a temperature decrease occurred mostly at later stages of embryo growth. Modeling of development using defined morphological characters showed that the duration of embryogenesis grew linearly as the incubation temperature dropped in the first half of the embryogenesis and exponentially in the second half. A function was selected that described the obtained results most satisfactorily and that could be used for estimating the duration of the entire embryogenesis or any its stages within the range of water temperatures typical for Pacific cod.

Metabolomic assessment of day 2 (D2) embryos based on pregnancy outcome after single embryo transfer (SET)

To assess status of metabolic activity and viability of D2 embryos selected for SET using non-invasive metabolomic profiling of biomarkers of oxidative metabolism (OM). Prospective, blinded study. A “mild” ovarian stimulation protocol using 50 mg clomiphene citrate daily combined with 50IU hMG on day 8 was used until GnRHa administration prior to OPU. Fertilized zygotes were cultured individually in 20ul of cleavage medium (SAGE) with 12 mg/ml SPS. Discarded media samples were collected, frozen and stored in liquid N2 on D2. Control media samples (CMS) were obtained for each embryo media specimen collected. Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIR) measurements of blinded, randomized samples were conducted using an InGaAs spectrometer; sample volume = 7 ul. CMS were used to compensate for signal drift. Sample properties were quantified from resulting mean centered NIR spectra by determining discrete variables in selected wavelength (WL) domains using genetic algorithm optimization. Selected WL regions were weighted by a coefficients calculated by inverse least-squares regression. Each sample's pregnancy viability was estimated by a leave-one-out cross validation method. Notch box plots were used to plot resulting viability indices; t-tests were applied to determine statistical significance. 159 D2 media specimens and 159 CMS were analyzed. NIR spectral analysis reproducibly defined 5 to 6 OM biomarker regions associated with changes in ROM, C=C, -SH, -CH and -NH functional groups that were used to distinguish between FCA+ vs. FCA- using proprietary bioinformatics. The FCA+/FCA− groups were statistically different at P≤.05. Morphology scores of embryos between FCA+ and FCA− groups were not statistically different indicating no correlation with prediction of reproductive potential or metabolomic activity. Studies implicate OM as a factor affecting embryo development and viability. D2 is a crucial stage of embryo growth and development involving activation of new metabolic pathways. Unlike metabolomic data obtained by NIR, morphological criteria were not correlated with embryo competency. Variations in drugs and dosages used in different stimulation protocols may affect metabolomic activity and quality in developing (D2) embryos (data on file). Metabolomic profiling appears to be a reliable indicator of metabolic activity and embryo viability as early as D2, whereas morphology was not predictive of either parameter.

ESTÁDIOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EMBRIÕES NA OBTENÇÃO DE PLANTAS EM CRUZAMENTOS ENTRE GENITORES APIRENOS DE VIDEIRA

Pesquisou-se o efeito do estádio de desenvolvimento de embriões resgatados na obtenção de plantas em cruzamentos entre genitores apirenos de videira, utilizando dois métodos de cultivo in vitro de sementes-traço. No método 1 (M1), as sementes-traço foram cultivadas 60 dias em meio-de-cultura ER e no método 2 (M2) 60 dias em ER, mais 30 dias em meio-de-cultura MS. O estádio de desenvolvimento do embrião foi identificado no final destes períodos, quando do resgate e transferência para meio-de-cultura WP. Quatro tipos de embriões foram identificados: globular, cordiforme, torpedo e indefinido. O estádio globular foi encontrado com maior freqüência, levando à obtenção de maior número de plantas, mesmo tendo apresentado menor capacidade de gerar plantas. A maior eficiência em gerar plantas foi obtida com o estádio torpedo. No M2, ocorreu maior número de embriões germinados e de plantas desenvolvidas. Como o estádio de desenvolvimento do embrião influencia na obtenção de plantas, o resgate de embriões em estádio mais avançado do seu desenvolvimento leva a tem maior capacidade de gerar plantas. Portanto, uso de técnicas que favoreçam o resgate de embriões mais desenvolvidos pode aumentar o número de plantas obtidas.

Distribution of Abscisic Acid in Maize Kernel during Grain Filling

The distribution of abscisic acid (ABA) within maize (Zea mays L.) kernels was studied in kernels from nontreated plants, from plants in which assimilate supply had been altered by source/sink manipulations, and in kernels cultured in vitro on ABA-free media. Prior to growth of the embryo, both the pedicel/placento-chalazal complex and the endosperm contained high concentration of ABA; however, the quantity of ABA in these tissues declined as the concentration in the embryo increased during the early stages of embryo growth. Peaks in the levels of ABA appeared to occur prior to and not concurrent with physiological events during grain filling. During most of the grain filling period, ABA concentration in the embryo was higher than that found in other kernel components. Altering assimilate supply by partial defoliation at two stages of development resulted in variable and transient effects on the relative distribution and concentration of ABA in kernel components. The concentration and distribution of ABA among components of kernels grown in vitro was similar to that observed for field-grown kernels. On the basis of these findings, in situ synthesis of ABA by kernel components is implicated and the putative role of ABA in the regulation of kernel development is discussed.

The developmental morphology of Torpedo marmorata: electric organ--myogenic phase.

The early development of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata has been examined by light and electron microscopy to the 40-mm stage of embryo growth. The myogenic nature of this tissue is confirmed ultrastructurally by the presence of myoblasts and myotubes both containing myofibrils cross striated with Z,A and I bands. Fusion between these cells is also found taking place. A scheme is presented to explain the development of the overall structural plan of the organ and specifically the formation of the future electrocyte columns. AT 40 mm, a series of morphological transformations signals the onset of a divergent developmental pattern ultimately leading to the establishment of mature electrocyte columns. These features include rounding up of myotubes, dissolution of myofibrils and the appearance of intermediate size filaments (11 nm) and perhaps a non-muscular actin (5.5 nm). This early myogenic phase of development occurs in the absence of any specific nervous contact even though electromotor nerves are always in close proximity.

Germination Inhibitors in Developing Seeds of Phaseol1ls vulgaris L.

Summary The acidic ether-soluble fraction of extracts of immature French bean seeds ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Masterpiece) contained appreciable amounts of a growth regulator with chromatographic and physiological properties similar to abscisic acid. The compound was absent from 15-d old seed and increased in concentration with seed age until shortly before pod maturity (35 to 40 d after pollination) when its level fell abruptly. The changes in concentration of the inhibitor were closely correlated with the ability of the isolated embryos to germinate precociously on an agar-based medium containing sucrose, minerals and vitamins but lacking growth substances. Embryos isolated from 20 to 30 d after pollination remained dormant on this medium but germinated normally if removed and leached in water; the leachate was found to contain the inhibitor. Younger (15-d old) and mature (35- to 40-d old) embryos germinated readily on the basal medium. The addition of 5 mg . 1 -1 kinetin to the medium reversed the effects of the inhibitor on germination of isolated bean embryos. Kinetin was also found to reverse the inhibition of lettuce seed germination by the partially purified bean inhibitor. It is suggested that the inhibitor is part of the natural hormonal system regulating embryo development and functions to prevent premature embryo axis elongation during the later stages of embryo growth when the cotyledonary storage tissues are being laid down.