Stage Of Withdrawal Research Articles

Relevance of Inclusive Finance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Perspective of Maqashid Sharia

This research aims to find out the right financing scheme so that the implementation of SDGs is more optimal and beneficial for small communities. inclusive financial contributions (zakat, infak and alms) in realizing SDGs and their relevance in realizing SDGs from a sharia maqashid perspective. This study uses a combination of qualitative-quantitative methods and approaches. Quantitative data analysis used is a method of tabulation, composing coding and score of variables. While qualitative data analysis includes the stage of data reduction, presentation and withdrawal of conclusions The results of this study show that the implementation of SDGs is carried out by a joint financing scheme through government and non-government budgets, one of which is through the distribution of zakat. The contribution of zakat in the implementation of SDGs has been carried out by the National Zakat Agency (Baznas) in the form of independence programs, religious education, health and social care. The relevance of zakat in realizing SDGs with Sharia Maqashid is shown in aid programs organized by Baznas such as the Program (1) eliminating poverty, (2) ending hunger, (3) good health and well-being, (4) quality education, and (5) clean water and sanitation relevant to the SDGs Program.

Florfenicol can inhibit chick growth and lead to immunosuppression1

Florfenicol (FLO) is a chemically synthesized broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent of amide alcohols for animals, which is one of the most widely used antimicrobials in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture. With the use of FLO, more and more attention has been paid to its hematopoietic toxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. In this study, SPF chicks at the age of 3 d began to drink water with the FLO at a dose of 100 mg L-1 for six consecutive days, and the growth performance of chicks was monitored, the effect of FLO on immune organs was detected by pathological examination and TUNEL apoptosis staining. In order to evaluate the level of organism immunity, the level of Newcastle disease virus antibody in serum was detected by hemagglutination inhibition test, the content of cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) in serum was detected by ELISA, and the transcription of interferon-related genes (IRF-7, 2’-5’OAS, Mx1) and cytokine genes (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) in immune organs were detected by real time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that the early application of FLO could inhibit the growth and development of chicks, and the body weight and immune organ index of the treatment group were lower than those of the control group. Histopathological examination showed that there was a decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius in the treatment group in the early stage of drug withdrawal, and the results of TUNEL apoptosis staining in the bursa of Fabricius showed that obvious lymphocyte apoptosis occurred in the FLO treatment group. Compared with the control group, the transcription levels of interferon-related genes IRF-7, 2’-5’OAS, and cytokine genes IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in FLO treatment group decreased to a certain extent, while the transcription level of Mx1 gene had no significant difference at all time points. The level of serum NDV antibody and the contents of cytokines IL-1, IL-2 and IFN-γ in the FLO treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group in the early stage of drug withdrawal, but recovered gradually in the later stage. This study showed that FLO has a certain degree of effect on the immune function of chicks, and the results of the study laid the foundation for further research on the mechanism of FLO-induced immunotoxicity.

A Comparison of Medication-Assisted Treatment Options for Opioid Addiction: A Review of the Literature.

In individuals in the United States with opioid addiction, what is the effect of a medication-assisted treatment (MAT) in reducing the relapse and harm reduction when comparing the use of buprenorphine, methadone, and naltrexone? In 2017, it was estimated that 1.7 million individuals suffer from overuse of prescription opiates, 652,000 individuals suffer from heroin use disorder, and greater than 130 individuals die from opiate overdose daily (National Institutes of Health, 2019). Using a systematic literature review, the following results were found. Buprenorphine is currently the second most effective MAT in harm reduction and relapse prevention, can be initiated and maintained through primary care, has a low risk for overdose, but needs to be started only when moderate withdrawals have begun. Methadone is currently the gold standard in MAT and can be started in any stage of withdrawal; however, titrating to effective dose is a lengthy process, and it must be administered at a specialty clinic. Naltrexone in oral form has not been shown to be effective because of lack of adherence; however, the extended-release intramuscular injection form has been shown to reduce relapse and increase the quality of life before initiation individuals must be opioid free for 7-14 days. Choosing the proper MAT is highly individualized. It is recommended that more research be conducted in comparing all MAT options, looking at the quality of life on each MAT, researching motivations to stay on MAT and remain opioid free, and looking at the impact of external reward on adherence to the MAT program.

Serum BDNF levels increase during early drug withdrawal in alcohol and crack cocaine addiction.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in several drug-induced brain neuroadaptations. The impact of withdrawal from substances that have different neurological mechanisms on BDNF levels is unclear. Our goal was to compare serum BDNF levels in inpatients with alcohol or crack cocaine use disorders during the early withdrawal period, and to evaluate the association with substance-related outcomes. We performed a follow-up study with 101 men under detoxification treatment (drug preference: alcohol [n=37] and crack cocaine [n=64]). Blood samples were collected on the 1st and 15th days of hospitalization to measure serum BDNF levels. Serum BDNF levels increased during the early stage of withdrawal (28.2±10.0 vs. 32.6±13.3, p<0.001), similarly in individuals with alcohol and crack cocaine use. In the alcohol group, BDNF levels on the 15th day of hospitalization were negatively correlated with age (r=-0.394, p=0.023). Delta BDNF levels were also negatively correlated with BDNF on the 1st day of hospitalization (p=0.011). No significant correlation was found regarding substance-related outcomes. This is the first study to compare BDNF levels in alcohol and crack cocaine users undergoing similar treatment conditions. These findings could be related to clinical improvement after abstinence or even to drug withdrawal itself, decreasing neuronal injury. Furthermore, age may be a crucial factor, hindering the recovery of neuroplasticity in alcohol users.

Addressing Challenges Facing NATO and the United States Using Lessons Learned from Afghanistan and Ukraine

To avoid more suffering among millions of Afghans and Ukrainians due to war necessitates attention to the lessons of Afghanistan vis-à-vis the Russian-Ukraine war. The abrupt withdrawal from Afghanistan by the arbitrary deadline of August 30, 2021 led to a disastrous exit and a low point in promulgating a culture of peace. Lessons learned from Afghanistan relevant to involvement in Ukraine are presented in a timeframe dating from the origins of the conflict; to the grounds for intervention by NATO and the United States; to the type and location of intervention; to the types of warfare; to the grounds for NATO’s withdrawal. Recommendations that address the challenges facing NATO and the U.S. over Afghanistan and Ukraine are made based on lessons learned—and spurned—from the early stages of involvement in Afghanistan after 9/11, proceeding to the final stage of withdrawal in 2021.

Social and political foundations of the formation of urban planning and architecture of the cities of Ancient Russia

The subject of the study is the political and social aspect of the formation of town-planning scheme of ancient Russian cities. The object of the study is architecture, urban planning, street layout, urbanonims, social topography of cities such as Kiev, Novgorod, Vladimir, Ryazan. The author examines in detail the following aspects of the topic: the influence of the political situation on the architectural appearance of the city, the social and ethnic composition of the population of cities, the origin of ancient Russian urban toponyms. Particular attention is paid to architecture and urban planning as a source on social and political history, the process of evolution of urban development in the context of foreign policy relations, the influence of domestic political and social factors on it. The main conclusions of the study are that the following trends can be identified in the town-planning scheme of ancient Russian cities: chaotic development at the first stage of development and withdrawal to planning with the strengthening of political power, secondariness of streets in some cities of Ancient Russia, by means of urbanonims of ancient Novgorod, Vladimir and Kiev, it is possible to develop ideas about the social and ethnic composition of the city's population Ancient Russia, to trace the changes in its structure, in its political situation. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the identification of a common architectural element between two religious buildings of different regions and different periods in the context of foreign policy contacts. This element is a promising portal in the Church of St. Paraskevi and in the church of Allenau in the village of Porechye, Kaliningrad region. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that urban planning and architecture of Ancient Russia can serve not only in the format of an art history discipline, but also as a visual illustration for political and social history. At the moment, the architecture and urban planning grid of ancient Russian cities is not considered as a serious source in research related to political power, international relations, and the history of social structures.

Proteomics and weighted gene correlated network analysis reveal glutamatergic synapse signaling in diazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal.

Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by chronic excessive alcohol consumption, often alternating with periods of abstinence known as alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Diazepam is the preferred benzodiazepine for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome under most circumstances, but the specific mechanism underlying the treatment needs further research. Methods: We constructed an animal model of two-bottle choices and chronic intermittent ethanol exposure. LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis based on the label-free and intensity-based quantification approach was used to detect the protein profile of the whole brain. Weighted gene correlated network analysis was applied for scale-free network topology analysis. We established a protein-protein interaction network based on the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database and Cytoscape software and identified hub proteins by CytoHubba and MCODE plugins of Cytoscape. The online tool Targetscan identified miRNA-mRNA pair interactions. Results: Seven hub proteins (Dlg3, Dlg4, Shank3, Grin2b, Camk2b, Camk2a and Syngap1) were implicated in alcohol withdrawal syndrome or diazepam treatment. In enrichment analysis, glutamatergic synapses were considered the most important pathway related to alcohol use disorder. Decreased glutamatergic synapses were observed in the late stage of withdrawal, as a protective mechanism that attenuated withdrawal-induced excitotoxicity. Diazepam treatment during withdrawal increased glutamatergic synapses, alleviating withdrawal-induced synapse inhibition. Conclusion: Glutamatergic synapses are considered the most important pathway related to alcohol use disorder that may be a potential molecular target for new interventional strategies.

Overnight Abstinence Is Associated With Smaller Secondary Somatosensory Cortical Volumes and Higher Somatosensory-Motor Cortical Functional Connectivity in Cigarette Smokers.

Abstinence symptoms present challenges to successful cessation of cigarette smoking. Chronic exposure to nicotine and long-term nicotine abstinence are associated with alterations in cortical and subcortical gray matter volumes (GMVs). We aimed at examining changes in regional GMVs following overnight abstinence and how these regional functions relate to abstinence symptoms. Here, in a sample of 31 regular smokers scanned both in a satiety state and after overnight abstinence, we employed voxel-wise morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) to investigate these issues. We processed imaging data with published routines and evaluated the results with a corrected threshold. Smokers showed smaller GMVs of the left ventral hippocampus and right secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) after overnight abstinence as compared to satiety. The GMV alterations in right SII were positively correlated with changes in withdrawal symptom severity between states. Furthermore, right SII rsFC with the precentral gyrus was stronger in abstinence as compared to satiety. The inter-regional rsFC was positively correlated with motor impulsivity and withdrawal symptom severity during abstinence and negatively with craving to smoke during satiety. These findings highlight for the first time the effects of overnight abstinence on cerebral volumetrics and changes in functional connectivity of a higher-order sensory cortex. These changes may dispose smokers to impulsive behaviors and aggravate the urge to smoke at the earliest stage of withdrawal from nicotine. Overnight abstinence leads to changes in gray matter volumes and functional connectivity of the second somatosensory cortex in cigarette smokers. Higher somatosensory and motor cortical connectivity in abstinence is significantly correlated with trait motor impulsivity and withdrawal symptom severity. The findings add to the literature of neural markers of nicotine addiction.

A new model for the HPA axis explains dysregulation of stress hormones on the timescale of weeks.

Stress activates a complex network of hormones known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is dysregulated in chronic stress and psychiatric disorders, but the origin of this dysregulation is unclear and cannot be explained by current HPA models. To address this, we developed a mathematical model for the HPA axis that incorporates changes in the total functional mass of the HPA hormone‐secreting glands. The mass changes are caused by HPA hormones which act as growth factors for the glands in the axis. We find that the HPA axis shows the property of dynamical compensation, where gland masses adjust over weeks to buffer variation in physiological parameters. These mass changes explain the experimental findings on dysregulation of cortisol and ACTH dynamics in alcoholism, anorexia, and postpartum. Dysregulation occurs for a wide range of parameters and is exacerbated by impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) feedback, providing an explanation for the implication of GR in mood disorders. These findings suggest that gland‐mass dynamics may play an important role in the pathophysiology of stress‐related disorders.

Kappa antagonist to prevent drug relapse: Does stage in addiction cycle matter?

Introduction: An upregulation of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) system during drug preoccupation stage in addiction cycle will cause dysphoria among addicts which can lead to relapse. Therefore, KOR antagonism treatment might hold the key to prevent relapse. In this study, we aim to identify the exact addiction’s stage in which KOR antagonist can be given. Methods: Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) model, adult male Swiss albino mice were divided into two major groups. The first group received treatment at the initial stage of morphine withdrawal (7.5 mg/kg, i.p) while the second group received treatment after complete abstinence was achieved. Each major groups were further divided into two treatment groups (n=8-12), either received a functional KOR antagonist (0.3 mg/kg buprenorphine/ 1 mg/kg naltrexone combination, i.p) or a selective KOR antagonist (10 mg/kg nor-BNI, i.p) prior to morphine priming (2.5 mg/kg, i.p). All data were analyzed using paired sample t-test. Results: The results showed that relapse was successfully attenuated in the groups that received KOR antagonists only after complete abstinence was successfully achieved (not significantly different from their baseline). However, the mice developed unusual sign of behavior sensitization (intermittent freezing, licking) when buprenorphine/naltrexone combination was given at initial stage of withdrawal. Conclusions: Our initial findings suggest that KOR antagonism might be beneficial only after the addicts achieved complete abstinence to prevent future druginduced relapse. Brain study should be conducted to explain the unusual behavior seen when the drug intervention is given at an earlier stage of withdrawal.

Abstract WP154: The Role of Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine Succinate in the Induction of PGC-1α in Experimental Ischemic Damage of the Prefrontal Cortex

The aim of the study was to identify the potential succinate/SUCNR1-mediated mechanism of induction and activation of transcription coactivator PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha) – key activator of the mitochondriogenesis, angiogenesis, fusion of mitochondria, antioxidant defense system that are basis of neuroprotective mechanisms – in the peri-infarction zone of the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC). Focal bilateral damage of the PFC was modeled by photo-induced thrombosis. Ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (a form of succinate passing through the blood-brain barrier; trade name of the drug Mexidol) was injected intraperitoneally 2 hours after infarction and then every day at a dose of 100 mg/kg (7 day course). The tissue of the peri-infarction zone was taken 1, 3, 7 days after the start of therapy, as well as 14 days after discontinuation of the drug. Brain samples were stored in liquid nitrogen, a cytosolic extract was obtained, expression levels of SUCNR1, PGC-1α, transcription factors (NRF1, TFAM), VEGF, catalytic subunits of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes (NDUFV2, SDHA, cyt c1, COX2) and ATP synthases (ATP5A) were determined by Western blot analysis. The study showed that the content of PGC-1α in the peri-infarct zone decreased one day after the induction of ischemic damage by 40% and remained reduced for 21 days after a ischemia. The course of injection of mexidol stabilized PGC-1α in the peri-ischemic zone at a level comparable to the control, both at the stage of treatment and drug withdrawal, and in intact rats induced PGC-1α by 30%. Induction of NRF1, TFAM, NDUFV2, SDHA, cyt c1, ATP5A, indicating the activation of PGC-1α, was observed in rats of the three compared groups, however, the highest expression levels were found in animals subjected to the course of mexidol. Also it was revealed overexpression of SUCNR1 and VEGF in ischemic and intact rats, were injected with mexidol. The study demonstrates for the first time that succinate/SUCNR1 signaling is involved not only in the mechanisms of cerebral angiogenesis, but also in the mechanisms of PGC-1α-dependent neuroprotection. The study opens up new perspectives for pharmacological modulation of PGC-1α levels in the ischemic brain.

Nonstationary Porosity and Density Fields at the Stage of Withdrawal of An Acid Solution from a Carbonate Stratum

The authors have considered the problem on concentration fields of hydrochloric acid with account taken of the chemical reaction as applied to the stage of withdrawal of the active solution from a carbonate stratum. Analytical expressions to determine the porosity of the carbonate skeleton and the density of the hydrochloric acid solution, which are applicable for engineering calculations, have been found with account of the preceding technological processes. The results of computational experiments on the process of acidic stimulation have been analyzed, and it has been shown that the obtained dependences can be used for calculations of cyclic stimulation of oil and gas reservoirs, which is implemented to enhance the oil recovery.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЯ УЧАСНИКІВ БОЙОВИХ ДІЙ

В статті представлено напрям роботи психологічної служби – психологічна реабілітація як один з видів допомоги, яку надає кваліфікований психолог людині або групі людей з метою оптимізації психофізіологічних станів, пізнавальних процесів, поведінки, спілкування, реалізації індивідуальної та, особливо, групової діяльності. Увага суб’єктів психологічної роботи спрямована на відновлення психічних функцій, особистісних властивостей і системи відносин особистості військовослужбовця, що дозволяє йому успішно вирішувати бойові завдання і функціонувати в мирному соціумі. Тобто об’єктом реабілітації є особи, які отримали бойову психічну травму, що проявляється гостро або відтермінована в часі.&#x0D; Психологічна реабілітація воїнів АТО, що отримали психічну травму під час проведення бойових дій, спрямована на визначення її психологічної структури з метою оптимізації розвитку і функціонування індивіда в конкретних умовах життєдіяльності.&#x0D;

Anxiety level and correlates in methamphetamine-dependent patients during acute withdrawal.

Anxiety is often a core element of withdrawal symptoms; however, risk factors associated with anxiety symptoms during the early stage of withdrawal in methamphetamine (METH) users are not well understood. Two hundred ten METH-dependent subjects who had been abstinent for 1 to 7 days were recruited. We used a set of self-administrative questionnaires eliciting information on sociodemographics, detailed drug use history and anxiety. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to measure anxiety symptoms. METH users had a mean BAI score of 6.9; 72 (34.3%) of the study sample had anxiety symptoms during acute METH withdrawal, including 42 (20.0%) with mild anxiety, 25 (11.9%) with moderate anxiety, and 5 (2.4%) with severe anxiety. In addition, gender (female), higher frequency of drug use, and history of polysubstance use were significantly correlated with anxiety symptoms during acute METH withdrawal. Anxiety symptoms appear to be common during the first week of METH abstinence, and several risk factors are identified.

Activation of Peripheral κ-Opioid Receptors Normalizes Caffeine Effects Modified in Nicotine-Dependent Rats during Nicotine Withdrawal.

The study examined the effect of peripheral (intragastric) ICI-204,448, an agonist of gastric κ-opioid receptors, on the psychostimulating and anxiolytic effects of caffeine in nicotinedependent rats at the stage of nicotine withdrawal. In these rats, the effects of caffeine (10 mg/kg) were perverted. In nicotine-dependent rats, caffeine produced an anxiolytic effect accompanied by pronounced stimulation of motor activity, in contrast to anxiogenic effect induced by caffeine in intact rats without nicotine dependence. During nicotine withdrawal, nicotine-dependent rats demonstrated enhanced sensitivity to nicotine. Intragastric administration of κ-opioid receptor agonist ICI-204,448 normalized the effect of caffeine in nicotinedependent rats. We have previously demonstrated that activation of peripheral κ-opioid receptors inhibited central κ-opioid activity and eliminated manifestations of nicotine withdrawal syndrome in nicotine-dependent rats, e.g. metabolism activation, stimulation of motor activity, and enhancement of food consumption. In its turn, inhibition of central κ-opioid structures activates the brain adenosine system, which can attenuate the caffeine-induced effects in nicotine-dependent rats.

Cessation of Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine - Worldwide, 2016.

Since the 1988 World Health Assembly resolution to eradicate poliomyelitis, transmission of the three types of wild poliovirus (WPV) has been sharply reduced (1). WPV type 2 (WPV2) has not been detected since 1999 and was declared eradicated in September 2015. Because WPV type 3 has not been detected since November 2012, WPV type 1 (WPV1) is likely the only WPV that remains in circulation (1). This marked progress has been achieved through widespread use of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs), most commonly trivalent OPV (tOPV), which contains types 1, 2, and 3 live, attenuated polioviruses and has been a mainstay of efforts to prevent polio since the early 1960s. However, attenuated polioviruses in OPV can undergo genetic changes during replication, and in communities with low vaccination coverage, can result in vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) that can cause paralytic polio indistinguishable from the disease caused by WPVs (2). Among the 721 polio cases caused by circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs*) detected during January 2006-May 2016, type 2 cVDPVs (cVDPV2s) accounted for >94% (2). Eliminating the risk for polio caused by VDPVs will require stopping all OPV use. The first stage of OPV withdrawal involved a global, synchronized replacement of tOPV with bivalent OPV (bOPV) containing only types 1 and 3 attenuated polioviruses, planned for April 18-May 1, 2016, thereby withdrawing OPV type 2 from all immunization activities (3). Complementing the switch from tOPV to bOPV, introduction of at least 1 dose of injectable, trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into childhood immunization schedules reduces risks from and facilitates responses to cVDPV2 outbreaks. All 155 countries and territories that were still using OPV in immunization schedules in 2015 have reported that they had ceased use of tOPV by mid-May 2016.(†) As of August 31, 2016, 173 (89%) of 194 World Health Organization (WHO) countries included IPV in their immunization schedules.(§) The cessation of tOPV use is a major milestone toward the global goal of eradicating polio; however, careful surveillance for polioviruses and prompt, aggressive responses to polio outbreaks are still needed to realize a polio-free world.

Evaluation of Force-Time Changes During Impact of Hybrid Laminates Made of Titanium and Fibrous Composite

AbstractFibre metal laminates (FML) are the modern hybrid materials with potential wide range of applications in aerospace technology due to their excellent mechanical properties (particularly fatigue strength, resistance to impacts) and also excellent corrosion resistance. The study describes the resistance to low velocity impacts in Ti/CFRP laminates. Tested laminates were produced in autoclave process. The laminates were characterized in terms of their response to impacts in specified energy range (5J, 10J, 20J). The tests were performed in accordance with ASTM D7137 standard. The laminates were subjected to impacts by means of hemispherical impactor with diameter of 12,7 mm. The following values have been determined: impact force vs. time, maximum force and the force at which the material destruction process commences (Pi). It has been found that fibre titanium laminates are characterized by high resistance to impacts. This feature is associated with elasto-plastic properties of metal and high rigidity of epoxy - fibre composite. It has been observed that Ti/CFRP laminates are characterized by more instable force during impact in stage of stabilization of impactor-laminate system and stage of force growth that glass fibre laminates. It has been observed more stable force decrease in stage of stress relaxation and withdrawal of the impactor. In energy range under test, the laminates based on titanium with glass and carbon fibres reinforcement demonstrate similar and high resistance to low-velocity impact, measured by means of failure initiation force and impact maximum force.

Benefits of specialized centers for the treatment of addictive disorders

The attendance of an in-patient therapy program is often an indispensable part in the treatment of addiction disorders. The different stages of treatment, its elements of therapy as well as advantages and disadvantages of a stationary setting are discussed. The importance of an individualized therapy matched with the stage of detoxification and withdrawal is shown on the example of the Klinik Südhang, where patients with alcohol and/or drug addiction disorders seek treatment. Advantages and disadvantages of a stationary setting are discussed. To allow a successful detoxification and/or withdrawal, an interdisciplinary assistance and aftercare is essential.

Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms during early methamphetamine withdrawal in Han Chinese population

BackgroundDepression, a common comorbidity of drug abuse, is often a core component of withdrawal symptoms; however, risk factors associated with depressive symptoms during the acute stage of withdrawal among methamphetamine (METH) users are not well understood. This study investigated the correlations between several potential risk factors and depressive symptoms during acute METH withdrawal in a Han Chinese population. MethodsA total of 243 eligible Chinese METH users were recruited from Wenzhou Sanyang Detoxification Institute in Zhejiang province from November 2012 to June 2013. A set of self-administrative questionnaires were used to collect information about socio-demographics, drug use history and depression. Thirteen-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) was used to measure depressive symptoms. ResultsMETH users had a mean BDI-13 score of 12.39; 157 subjects (64.6%) reported depressive symptoms during METH withdrawal, of which 74 subjects (30.5%) reported moderate depressive symptoms and 83 subjects (34.1%) reported severe depressive symptoms. Higher frequency of drug use and history of METH-use relapse were associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted OR=2.8; 95% CI=1.56–5.04) and (adjusted OR=3.4; 95% CI=1.36–8.49), respectively. Moderate alcohol drinking was associated with less risk for depressive symptoms during acute withdrawal (adjusted OR=0.54; 95% CI=0.31–0.93). ConclusionsDepressive symptoms are common during early METH withdrawal. In addition, several risk factors including frequency of METH use and history of relapse were positively associated with depressive symptoms during that period while moderate alcohol drinking was negatively associated with depressive symptoms.

Relationship between alcohol craving levels and sleep disorders in the initial stage of withdrawal of alcohol dependence patients

Objective To explore the characteristic of sleep disorders in the initial stage of withdrawal and their relationships with alcohol craving levels in alcohol dependence (AD) patients, and provide support for diagnosis and prevention of re-drinking. Methods Thirty-two AD inpatients were assigned to AD group and 20 male healthy volunteers to control group. Alcohol craving was assessed with the Pennsylvania Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS) within the 2nd week after alcohol withdrawal for AD patients, and then the whole-night polysomnogram (PSG) tracings were conducted on the day of the night. Results The five item scores of the PACS were from 3.48 to 4.26 in AD patients.The sleep latency was(42.48±22.42)min, total sleep time was(289.61±103.22)min, sleep efficiency was(71.45±19.86)%, S1 sleep was(23.47±11.07)% , arousal frequencies was(8.01±2.77), S3+ 4 sleep was(6.26±5.35)% in AD group.Compared with control group((19.65±8.57) min, (407.33±21.29) min, (81.52±6.46 )%, (8.79±1.83)%, (2.17±1.04), (15.87±5.24)% respectively), the differences had statistical significances(t=2.206-9.082, P<0.05-0.001). Alcohol craving levels were positively related to sleep latency, arousal frequencies and S1 sleep (r=0.424-0.898, P<0.05-0.01) and negatively to total sleep time, sleep efficiency and S3+ 4 sleep (r=-0.416--0.662, P<0.05-0.01) in AD group. Conclusion AD patients have sleep continuity and structure disturbances in the initial stage of alcohol withdrawal, sleep continuity and structure disturbances are related to alcohol craving. Improvements of sleep disorders should be paid during clinical alcohol dependence treatment. Key words: Alcohol dependence; Craving; Sleep disorders