Clarification Stage Research Articles

Structural, rheological and thermal properties of crude palm oil obtained in pressed, sifted and clarification stages using ultrasound-assisted

Abstract Crude palm oil (CPO) is commonly used in the oil industry. This study presents a comparison of the structural, rheological, and thermal properties of clarified CPO (CCPO) sample obtained using the conventional method and ultrasound-assisted (UA)-treated samples. These samples were obtained in the pressed (press liquor, PL), sifted (sifted liquor, SL), and clarification (outlet sludge, OS) stages. The frequencies used for the UA-treated samples were 40 and 80 kHz for 30 min. The PL and SL samples exhibited higher resistance to oxidative deterioration and nutritional quality than the CCPO sample did. The maximum oil extractability percentage (OEP) of the UA-treated samples relative to that of CCPO was 7.4 %. The bleachability index (DOBI) values of the UA-treated samples were higher (between 2.06 and 2.58) than that of the CCPO sample (1.43). However, the viscosity (η) displayed opposite trend. The thermal stability did not exhibit consistent patterns with increasing frequency.

Students' clarification stages in analyzing mathematical problems in the implementation of the OBE curriculum

Solving mathematical problems is an important aspect of the learning process, but in reality, many students experience difficulty in solving them. The aim of this research is to explain the stages of student qualifications in analyzing mathematical problems, especially in implementing the OBE curriculum. This qualitative descriptive research uses an interactive model, with a sample size of 40 students taking the Euclidean Geometry course. Data collection uses questionnaires, tests and interviews which have been declared valid with a score of 90% and reliable with a score of 87%. Data collection stages include; (1) differentiating, (2) organizing, and (3) connecting aspects. Students' clarification stages in the analytical process of solving mathematical problems consist of differentiating, organizing and connecting. Analysis of research data uses descriptive, namely percentages. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the level of clarity of students in analyzing mathematical problems is 66.67%, and only 20% of students have a level of conformity of 100%. The organizing stage had the lowest score (60%) compared to the differentiating (66.67%) and connecting (73.33%) stages. The advice that can be given is that at the deconstruction stage, it can be studied if there are differences of opinion, while in the exploration process, it can be explained using HOTS.

Совершенствование схемы и режима внутреннего водооборота пенной сепарации алмазосодержащих кимберлитов

The object of this study is the process of enrichment of diamond-containing kimberlites by foam separation. The subject of the research is the recycled water of the foam separation unit. The purpose of the study is to increase the foam separation process efficiency in the enrichment of diamond-containing kimberlites by improving the scheme and regime of internal water circulation. The objectives of the study are to study the effect of sludge on the surface condition and floatability of diamonds, to analyze the composition of sludge products and to establish the causes of the increase in the concentration of sludge in recycled water, to substantiate the approach to the choice of technologies and the development of schemes for desliming recycled waters of the foam separation cycle. To determine the degree of sludge influence on the surface composition and floatability of diamonds, the technique of electron probe X-ray spectral analysis has been used and experiments have been conducted on foam separation of a diamond-kimberlite mixture. Industrial tests of the modes and schemes of clarification of recycled water are carried out at the enrichment plant No. 3 of the Mirninsky Mining and Processing Plant (MPP). The results of X-ray electron spectroscopy show that there is a proportional dependence of the decrease in diamond floatability on the proportion of hydrophilic coatings on the diamond surface. For the destruction of organic-air-mineral aggregates, which are an essential source of sludge, it is proposed to use highly turbulent classification modes in a hydrocyclone, which allows separating grains of hydrophobic kimberlite minerals from drops of apolar collector. In the final stage of clarification of recycled water, it is proposed to use flotation classification technology in a three-product clarifier, which ensures the production of an aqueous phase purified from precipitating and surfacing fractions. The test results of the developed schemes and modes of recycled water desalination in the foam separation department of the processing plant No. 3 of Mirninsky MPP have showed a decrease in the concentration of sludge in recycled water by 2 times, a reduction in the consumption of flotation reagents by 7-10 % and an increase in diamond recovery by 1.2 %.

Identifying, Quantifying, and Recovering a Sorbitol-Type Petrochemical Additive in Industrial Wastewater and Its Subsequent Application in a Polymeric Matrix as a Nucleating Agent

Currently, polypropylene (PP) is highlighted using sorbitol-based clarifying agents since these agents are high quality, low cost, and work as a barrier against moisture, which makes PP ideal for packaging food, beverages, and medical products, among others. The use of analytical methods capable of recovering these additives in wastewater streams and then reusing them in the PP clarification stage represents an innovative methodology that makes a substantial contribution to the circular economy of the PP production industry. In this study, a method of extraction and recovery of the Millad NX 8000 was developed. The additive was recovered using GC-MS and extracted with an activated carbon column plus glass fiber, using an injection molded sample, obtaining a recovery rate greater than 96%. TGA, DSC, and FTIR were used to evaluate the recovered additive’s glass transitions and purity. The thermal degradation of the recovered additive was found to be between 340 and 420 °C, with a melting temperature of 246 °C, adopting the same behavior as the pure additive. In FTIR, the characteristic absorption peak of Millad NX 8000 was observed at 1073 cm−1, which indicates the purity of the extracted compound. Therefore, this work develops a new additive recovery methodology with high purity to regulate the crystallization behavior and of PP.

Sibaliparriq Culture in the Cultural Sociology Perspective

This study aims to analyze how community solidarity is in the Sibaliparriq cultural identity in Tubo Tengah Village, and find out how Sibaliparriq culture forms both in family life and in community life. This study used a qualitative descriptive method, which seeks to provide a qualitative description of the cultural phenomena that occur in Tubo Tengah Village, with data collection techniques namely observation of research objects and interviews with informants in a structured manner, and documentation both in writing and using visual video. The data analysis technique used consists of data clarification stage, data reduction stage, data presentation stage and data verification or data conclusion. The results of research on Sibaliparriq Culture in the perspective of cultural sociology in Tubo Tengah Village show that the Sibaliparriq culture in Tubo Tengah Village has very close ties of social solidarity both in family and community life, for example, such as the establishment of intimacy in family life and among people, having concern for mutual assistance among society, people in their activities cooperate with each other regardless of differences in individual identity, live together in all activities in the environment. Meanwhile, the forms of solidarity in the Sibaliparriq Culture in Tubo Tengah Village show that the community forms the economic welfare of their respective families because they help each other in their family work, help each other and work together both within the family and within the community so as to produce an authentic cultural identity of Sibaliparriq

Guidelines for user requirements elicitation in design for assistive technology: a shower chair case study

A substantial proportion of the world population currently lives with some functional limitation that directly affects their daily lives. In this context, the prescription of assistive technology has been fundamental in promoting an individual's independence, social inclusion, and well-being. However, high abandonment rates of these devices have been reported and are commonly associated with the non-correspondence to personal needs. Designing customized and personalized products, especially for multidisciplinary applications, requires levels of systematization and user participation that are not well addressed by traditional methods. This paper introduces customization-based guidelines for requirements elicitation integrated with the House of Quality matrix and assistive technology assessment protocols. The proposition was based on clinical evidence, research experiences, a literature review, and a theoretical model. A shower chair case study was conducted with twelve users to demonstrate the approach's potential during the task planning and clarification stage. The strategy allowed the systematic identification of the central sources of dissatisfaction and the definition and prioritizing of user requirements in a multidisciplinary domain. The procedure led to analyzing demands that had not been initially conceived by the engineering team while also providing communication facilitators between the different knowledge domains and incorporating participatory design elements into the early stages.

Effect of operating parameters and modes in the filtration of acid whey using ultra- and microfiltration ceramic membranes.

Whey is a liquid by-product obtained by cheese elaboration, which is not completely used due to the large quantities produced. As a result, the whey is poured into rivers and soils and becomes a pollutant agent. The valorization of acid whey using membrane clarification was evaluated, where the effect of temperature and membrane cut-off were studied using acid whey. Permeability was three times higher at 70°C than 50°C (163.2±11.1 y 62.4±9.2 L/m2.h, respectively) for membranes with a cut-off of 0.2 µm. Furthermore, the permeate flux for this cut-off was three, six and ten times higher compared with the cut-off of 300, 150 y 50 kDa at 70°C, respectively. The clarification stage was scaled-up with 0.2 µm membranes, achieving about 22 L of whey filtered for Batch mode until a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 5 with protein retention of 68%. In Fed-Batch mode, the retention of protein was 61%, but the filtration could be carried out for longer, reducing fouling and filtering almost the double of the quantity of whey compared with Batch mode. In all cases, the turbidity of permeates was lower than 12 NTU (reduction >99%), regardless of whey turbidity whose values might be superior to 12,000 NTU.

A compact solution for ultra-light drone optical auto-detection and distance estimation using AI

This paper proposes a system for ultra-light drone (ULD) auto–detection using only one non-static optical PTZ camera. The system includes multi-stages of suspect objects detection, clarification, and distance estimation. An AI model for detection and clarification stages is designed based on the YOLOv3 architecture and trained with a practical dataset. In the detection stage, the camera continuously pans, tilts, and zooms to take panoramic images of the detection zone and pass them to the AI model. Once the AI model detects a suspect object, it will switch to the verification stage. In this stage, the camera controlled by the AI model’s output focuses on the target to clarify and estimate the distance to ULD. The proposed solution was implemented and tested with popular fly cams. The results show that the system can auto-detect ultra-light drones effectively with high accuracy.

Investigation on taste-active compounds profile of brown sugar and changes during lime water and heating processing by NMR and e-tongue

Brown sugar contains large amount of taste-active compounds. However, the effect of lime water and temperature on brown sugar processing has not been systematically studied. Herein, the NMR and e-tongue were used to analyze the taste-active compounds and taste characteristics of sugarcane juice, syrup and brown sugar. The results showed that during the clarification stage, lime water decreased phenolic acids with simple structure, but increased sugars and umami amino acids, thus increasing the sweetness and umami of sugarcane juice. However, during the evaporation stage, both lime water and high-temperature heating accelerated the Maillard reaction and caramelization of the syrup. During the concentration stage, temperature had the greatest influence on the taste in the processing of brown sugar. Under vacuum heating, it could retain more sugars, amino acids, organic acids and phenols, thus increasing sweetness and umami; meanwhile, it could reduce color, thus reducing bitterness and astringency. These data indicate that the taste-active compounds and taste characteristics of brown sugar can be improved by membrane filtration (without lime water) and vacuum heating.

Instrumental assessment of the formation of the elemental composition of wines with various bentonite clays

The work is devoted to the study of the influence of clarification and stabilization of wines with bentonite clays (BT) on their elemental composition, which determines their varietal differences. Raw wine samples produced from grape varieties Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Moldova in the Krasnodar Territory were clarified and stabilized with 32 BT samples of various degrees of dispersion and trademarks. The ICP-OES and ICP-MS methods were used to quantify 39 elements in 96 treated and 3 untreated wine samples, as well as BT samples. To establish possible mechanisms of metal exchange in the studied samples, a qualitative and quantitative phase analysis of the components was carried out, according to which BT were divided into four groups. The wine samples treated with BT of various groups had a different chemical composition, which differed from the initial ones in the concentration of almost all the determined elements. At the stabilization and clarification stages of wines with BT samples, a violation of the relationship between the elemental composition of wine, grapes and soil was observed. It was noted that when identifying marker elements determining the varietal affiliation of wine, it is necessary to take into account the contribution of BT to the formation of its elemental composition. Considering the contents of 16 isolated metals in the treated wine samples, the presence of cluster structures was established by the discriminant analysis and principal component analysis, indicating the preservation of intervarietal differences and intravarietal similarity after treatment with BT. BT did not change the varietal identity of wines, but influenced their elemental composition.

XRF‐based analytical methods for supporting sustainability in sugarcane biorefineries

AbstractThere is a clear need for analytical methods able to evaluate impurities in sugarcane biorefineries. Impurities that may occur during sugar and ethanol production which involves a high content of starch, fructose, dextran and minerals. Another type of impurity comes from solid materials such as soil and the green or dry/brown leaves of the sugarcane plant. This study focused on the mineral content, which causes an increase in both cost and time, a loss of quality and a negative environmental impact, and may also hinder the crystallization process. The presently developed analytical methods demonstrate the possibility of using X‐ray fluorescence‐based techniques, even for complex samples like sugarcane juices. The exploratory analysis evidenced that X‐ray fluorescence techniques can discriminate the sugarcane juices in different clarification stages. This report developed an analytical method by building up multivariate models based on partial least‐squares regression. These models showed promising results in estimating the contents of Mg, P, S, K, Ca and Fe for all of the first seven clarification stages. For most elements, the relative prediction errors were <14%, with coefficients of determination >0.9083. The main achievement was the development of sustainable analytical methods to monitor mineral content in extracted juices from sugarcane during the clarification stages with reduced sample volume and fewer chemicals. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Assessment of Conventional Full-Scale Treatment for the Removal of Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals Present in the Tibagi River (Paraná State, Brazil)

The concentrations of 25 pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors were monitored in the water coming from the Tibagi River (State of Paraná, Brazil) and in a conventional water treatment plant over 13 sampling campaigns. In raw water, only 3 compounds (bisphenol A, dexamethasone and losartan) were detected with high frequency (>75%) and 4 drugs (estradiol, diclofenac, loratadine and naproxen) were found with moderate frequency (between 30 and 70%). In addition, 7 micropollutants (paracetamol, ethinylestradiol, caffeine, propanolol, diltiazem, benzafibrate and promethazine) were not detected in any of the samples analyzed and 11 other compounds were quantified at low frequency (up to 25%). The conventional treatment process employed at WTP- Jataizinho has proven to be very efficient in removing dexamethasone (∼99%), moderately efficient in reducing bisphenol A (∼47%) concentration and inefficient in removing losartan (∼22%) and loratadine (not removed). The greatest removals were observed during the water clarification stage using aluminum sulfate as coagulant. In general, the dry and rainy seasons did not influence the concentrations of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in raw water. In terms of the 5 most prevalent micropollutants in treated water (bisphenol A, losartan, dexamethasone, loratadine and naproxen), the human health risk associated with ingesting contaminated water was assessed and considered negligible.

A USER-CENTRED DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPEUTIC TOYS

AbstractTherapy in early childhood is facilitated through toys and play. While mainstream toys are designed for children, therapeutic toys need to satisfy requirements from clinicians, caregivers, and children. The study presented in this paper investigated the challenges that 22 international toy designers encounter during the design process and whether support is required when developing products for speech and language therapy, through a mixed-method approach. Results show that considerable challenges are encountered during the early design stages. Nonetheless, the toy design process remains unsupported, while no support is available for designers to consider therapeutic needs. Based on the feedback received, eleven requirements were identified upon which a user-centred design support framework was proposed to assist toy designers during the task clarification stage, taking into account the affordances that therapeutic toys should have without inhibiting the creative process.

Measuring The Evaluation And Clarification Of The Implementation Of The Forming Of Village Regulations In The New Normal Time

Abstract: This study aims to determine the evaluation and clarification of the implementation of the formation of village regulations in the new normal. The method used in this research is empirical or sociological research methodology. This study uses a qualitative approach and sampling using purposive sampling and using qualitative analysis techniques. The results of this study showthe implementation of the evaluation and clarification process by the regent of boalemo on the formation of village regulations in the New Normal period to date is based on not running effectively in accordance with the regent of boalemo regulation no. 25 of 2015 concerning Procedures for Formulating Village Regulations. Because all evaluation stages should be carried out by the Department of Social Affairs and Village Community Empowerment and the clarification stage should be carried out by the Regent through the Legal Section of the Regional Secretariat to clarify the Draft Village Regulation. However, in its implementation, it is completely submitted to the Social Service. Therefore, the process stages in Boalemo Regency are not in accordance with the rules that have been formed.Keywords: Evaluation; Clarification; Village Regulation Draft

Study of Clarification Android Based Worksheet of Topic Cartesian Coordinate at Level Junior Secondary

This study aims to design an Android-based student worksheet on the topic of cartesian coordinate learning and obtain evidence for clarification of research on prototype design. The design research method was carried out based on stages, namely research clarification, descriptive study 1, prescriptive study, and descriptive study II. This research revealed the results of the research clarification stage by involving 35 Mathematics and Natural Sciences students of FMIPA UNM. They were asked to test the prototype and provide responses through the questionnaire provided. There are three main things to be responded by respondents, namely the suitability of the format, the material submitted, and worksheet form. The data obtained were analysed descriptively quantitatively. The results show that the prototype format meets the suitability. Likewise, the criteria for the material presented and the prototype designed. In other words, this Android-based worksheet prototype meets the stated design objectives.

Changing the conventional clarification method in metal sulfide precipitation by a membrane-based filtration process

The metal sulfide precipitation process is a widely studied technology used to recover metals or remove pollutants from different aqueous sources. However, the conventional clarification stage used to separate the generated precipitates cannot effectively remove them from recovered solutions. Taking this into account, the current study focuses on developing a new separation method applied in metal sulfide precipitates, based on a membrane filtration process. Different operating conditions and metal concentration in the feed solution were evaluated for the separation of copper sulfide precipitates formed from synthetic cyanide solutions in ceramic microfiltration membranes. Results showed attractive values of flux and copper recovery. Flux results ranged between 0.9 L/m2s and 1.2 L/m2s for copper concentrations above 500 mg/L, and copper recoveries resulted closer to 100% at the determined optimal operating conditions (4.5 pH, 120% NaHS stoichiometric dosage, and 2 bar feed pressure). These flux values decreased up to one order of magnitude for diluted copper concentrations, due to a change of aggregation capacity of precipitates. This study has demonstrated that the membrane filtration process can be a suitable alternative for the conventional gravitational clarification, promoting better performance results in terms of equipment capacity, metal recovery, and process safety.

Impurity in sugarcane juice as mineral content: A prospect for analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and chemometrics

The juice extracted from sugarcane passes through several clarification stages before either sugar or ethanol production. These stages involve chemical addition to purify and clarify the juice, mainly when it is destined for sugar production. The addition of these chemicals can negatively impact the environment, causing soil and water contaminations, as main effects amidst others. Hence, these chemicals, products, and subproducts formed during the clarification stages, which become mineral impurity on the extracted juice, must be assessed. The key idea is the better control of the industrial production of these commodities – sugar and ethanol. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) presents itself as a high-analytical-frequency technique, with minimal sample preparation, without adding toxic chemicals in most cases. The results shown here is an initial exploratory study of the ability of partial least squares (PLS) to model EDXRF data for the estimation of Ca, Fe and K in sugarcane juices at different clarification stages. At first glance, this method may guide the proper use of chemical reagents towards the stages of sugarcane juice clarification for Ca (in four stages), Fe, and K (in seven stages) to reduce the environmental impact.

Fate of free and modified Alternaria mycotoxins during the production of apple concentrates

Mouldy core is a frequent apple fungal disease, mainly caused by toxigenic Alternaria species. Mouldy core is hardly detected in pre-selection procedures when the apples are destined for industrialization, and to date no information is available on the fate of Alternaria toxins during apple concentrate production. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of this process on the natural contamination levels of 10 Alternaria metabolites: alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), alternariol 3-sulfate (AOH-3-S), alternariol 3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), alternariol monomethyl ether 3-sulfate (AME-3-S), and alternariol monomethyl ether 3-glucoside (AME-3-G). Six stages (grinding, turbos, decanter muds, pre-concentration, concentrate and rejection) of five independent Red Delicious and one of Granny Smith apple concentrate processes were sampled. Four out of the six processes included clarification, while two did not. The Granny Smith raw material was the least contaminated one, both in quality and quantity of Alternaria mycotoxins. Quantifiable levels of AOH, AME, TeA and TEN, were observed in the ground apples of the Red Delicious processes. Regarding the modified mycotoxins, only AME-3-S was present in the raw material; nevertheless, AOH-3-S and AOH-3-G were detected along the process. ALT, ATX-I, and AME-3-G were not detected at any stage. Clear and cloudy processes showed similar variations on mycotoxin quantities until the clarification step, in which all the mycotoxins analysed underwent a significant reduction to non-quantifiable levels. Only TeA remained at detectable levels in one of the clarified final products. The concentration in the final cloudy product increased with respect to the raw material for AOH (301%), AME (221%), TEN (872%) and TeA (1024%). This is the first report of AOH-3-S and AME-3-S in apple-by-products. The clarification stage in apple concentrate production has a relevant role in reducing Alternaria toxins to safe levels in the final products. A major risk might be associated with cloudy apple-by-products.

Life Cycle Assessment of Green Production of Glass Substrate

In this study, the LCA assessment model of CML was employed to analyze the environmental burden caused by the production of glass substrates, and the evaluation of the environmental performance of five stages of preparation of ingredients, including glass melting, precision clarification, overflow molding and post process, was also conducted. The results show that the global warming potential is the dominant impact category in the comprehensive environmental burden with a normalized value of 4.64×10-14, followed by the acidification potential (2.57×10-14), photochemical oxidation potential (2.82×10-15). And the relative contribution of abiotic depletion potential and human toxicity to the comprehensive environmental burden is rather limited, with the normalized values of 8.31×10-17 and 1.21×10-16, respectively. The single score of environmental impact due to the whole production system is 2.37×10-13, wherein the environmental impact values of the processes of preparation of ingredients, glass melting, precision clarification, overflow molding, and post are 1.07×10-15, 9.10×10-14 (highest), 2.26×10-14, 7.36×10-14, and process 4.90×10-14, respectively. The preparation of the batch, the glass melting, the overflow molding and the post process mainly cause the environmental effects of global warming potential and acidification potential, the cumulative values of which are 1.13×10-13 and 9.01×10-14, respectively. The precision clarification stage mainly causes the environmental effect of acidification potential, the value of which is 2.02×10-14 and much higher than those of other environmental impact categories.

Analysis of factors responsible for optimizing the clarification process of soybean oil: a care study using the desirability function

ABSTRACT In the industrial chemical refining process of vegetable oils, clarification stage removes pigments and requires many of inputs that represent a great part of the final cost of refined oil, and optimizing their use is a determinant factor for competitiveness. This article proposes an optimization of soybean oil clarification using the desirability function as a method to obtain such optimization. Experiments were performed in a pilot plant, and the results were assessed according to a minimum and maximum acceptable limit for each response variable for desirability function procedure. The results demonstrated that clarification procedure has an optimum solution when performed with 2% of adsorbent concentration, 0.5% of filtering auxiliary concentration and 65 min of the process at 140°C. Thus, it can be concluded that the optimization methodology, through the desirability function, results in optimization with parameters value consistent with the practice, and it can be widely applied as a method to maximize results.