Stadium Fire Research Articles

Dynamic Fire Risk Classification Prediction of Stadiums: Multi-Dimensional Machine Learning Analysis Based on Intelligent Perception

Stadium fires can easily cause massive casualties and property damage. The early risk prediction of stadiums will be able to reduce the incidence of fires by making corresponding fire safety management and decision making in an early and targeted manner. In the field of building fires, some studies apply data mining techniques and machine learning algorithms to the collected risk hazard data for fire risk prediction. However, most of these studies use all attributes in the dataset, which may degrade the performance of predictive models due to data redundancy. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms are numerous and applied to fewer stadium fires, and it is crucial to explore models suitable for predicting stadium fire risk. The purpose of this study was to identify salient features to build a model for predicting stadium fire risk predictions. In this study, we designed an index attribute threshold interval to classify and quantify different fire risk data. We then used Gradient Boosting-Recursive Feature Elimination (GB-RFE) and Pearson correlation analysis to perform efficient feature selection on risk feature attributes to find the most informative salient feature subsets. Two cross-validation strategies were employed to address the dataset imbalance problem. Using the smart stadium fire risk data set provided by the Wuhan Emergency Rescue Detachment, the optimal prediction model was obtained based on the identified significant features and six machine learning methods of 12 combination forms, and full features were input as an experimental comparison study. Five performance evaluation metrics were used to evaluate and compare the combined models. Results show that the best performing model had an F1 score of 81.9% and an accuracy of 93.2%. Meanwhile, by introducing a precision-recall curve to explain the actual classification performance of each model, AdaBoost achieves the highest Auprc score (0.78), followed by SVM (0.77), which reveals more stable performance under such imbalanced data.

The media, affect, and community in a decade of disasters: reporting the 1985 Bradford City stadium fire

ABSTRACT This article examines the 1985 Bradford City stadium fire through the coverage of the national, local, and specialist print and broadcast media. Drawing upon extensive media coverage, it argues that the reporting of the fire provides a useful lens through which to understand the emotional environment and construction of communities during Britain’s ‘decade of disasters’. Moreover, archival sources have been consulted to reveal the multiplicity of personal and collective responses to the media reporting of the fire, covering both the immediate and longer-term aftermath. Through letters sent by members of the public to the Bradford Disaster Appeal Fund, it shows how people received media narratives and articulated their own affective bonds with the tragedy. These included declarations of belonging, through which the disaster became the impetus for the creation of a multicultural civic identity in Bradford. Finally, it uses social services records to show how survivors and the bereaved continued to be affected by the disaster even as the story of the fire—as told in the mass media and through memorial ceremonies—turned towards resilience and recovery.

Alternative use of the bradford sling as a dorsiwedge.

BACKGROUND The Bradford Sling (Capatex, Nottingham, UK) has been used for over 20 years by healthcare professionals across all specialties. It was originally designed and developed to meet heavy patient care requirements after tragic disasters such as the Bradford City stadium fire in 1985 and the explosion on Piper Alpha, an offshore oil and gas production platform, in 1988. In orthopaedics and plastic surgery, it is now used to elevate hand and forearm to reduce swelling, as part of treatment of conditions such as infections and fractures.

International sports law journal (2015) 15:1–2

2015 is the year of anniversaries in sports law. It is a century exactly since, in April 1915, an English football league first division match between Manchester United and Liverpool was fixed in United’s favour for financial gain by a number of the players involved. 100 years later, an English league football is dealing with a series of criminal trials relating to arrests made by the UK’s National Crime Agency after an investigation prompted by newspaper allegations of match fixing. In addition, a current Manchester United player, Ander Herrera, may still be called as a witness to a Spanish court hearing later this year over allegations that a match in May 2011 between Levante and his former club Real Zaragoza was illegally interfered with to ensure the latter won to avoid relegation. Herrera forcefully denies any wrongdoing. Sports gambling and possible, related corruption have become much more sophisticated since the ‘‘fix’’ of 1915, which was motivated by the fact that the footballers in question were facing a league shut down given the escalation of World War I. A recent investigation by the BBC, for instance, focused on the use of ‘‘courtsiders’’, who send back live data to syndicates and betting companies while tennis matches are under way. Courtsiding is linked to ‘‘inplay’’ betting, the purpose being to send back information faster than TV or betting companies can get the data and thus manipulate the odds on betting exchanges. The analogy is to high-frequency trading on the stock exchange where facilitated by tailored computer programmes, a micro-second advantage can translate into profit. The BBC investigation into courtsiders claimed that 75 people were at last year’s Wimbledon final, sending information back or betting on their own. It further noted that the tennis authorities, principally through its Tennis Integrity Unit, have been trying to ‘‘weed out’’ courtsiders for years, although tennis umpires apparently provide official score data which are used by betting companies. The BBC investigation focused on a ‘‘courtsider’’ who was arrested at the Australian Open, and later released. It seems that, although courtsiding is not fixing as generally understood, it does illustrate that the key to understanding gambling odds is that prior inside information of any kind remains fundamental to financial gain on the betting markets. Changing to an anniversary of an altogether different kind, 30 years ago football faced tragedy with the Bradford City FC stadium fire which killed 56 on 11 May 1985. Recent coverage of the fire in the British media has focussed on the publication of a book suggesting that, far from being an accident as the immediate tribunal inquiry found, the fire was started by Bradford’s then chairman for insurance fraud purposes. The coverage prompted the chair of the original tribunal, a former judge, to dismiss the allegations as speculative and unhelpful. Not long after the Bradford fire, 39 spectators lost their lives at the European Cup final between Juventus and Liverpool held at the crumbling, 1920s-built Heysel stadium. According to one British journalist, ‘‘Heysel was the disgraceful culmination of more than a decade of ugly incidents involving English supporters on their European travels: Tottenham Hotspur in Rotterdam in 1974 and 1983, Leeds United in Paris in 1975, Manchester United in St Etienne in 1977, the national team in Basle in 1981 and so on until the spiral of moronic violence reached its tragic conclusion—logical in one sense, crazy in all others—in Brussels’’. Subsequently, English football was, & Jack Anderson jack.anderson@qub.ac.uk

Crowd disasters: a socio-technical systems perspective

We present a socio-technical systems framework and underlying principles to help understand a sample of crowd-related disasters. Our approach is founded on the premise that disasters result from complex systems failures, wherein a series of interdependent factors combine in such a way as to cause problems. We explore the explanatory power of our approach by analysing three incidents; Hillsborough football stadium disaster (1989), King's Cross underground fire (1987), and Bradford City stadium fire (1985). We find a common set of fundamental, interrelated issues and consistent violations of our socio-technical design principles. We conclude by discussing how our framework, principles and socio-technical thinking more generally, may contribute to theory and practice.

Plastic surgery and burns disasters. What impact do major civilian disasters have upon medicine? Bradford City Football Club stadium fire, 1985, King's Cross Underground fire, 1987, Piper Alpha offshore oil rig disaster, 1988

Plastic surgery and burns disasters. What impact do major civilian disasters have upon medicine? Bradford City Football Club stadium fire, 1985, King's Cross Underground fire, 1987, Piper Alpha offshore oil rig disaster, 1988

Exposure assessment through realistic laboratory simulation of a soccer stadium fire

On Sunday April 13, 2008 a fire broke out on a grandstand in the Euroborg soccer stadium in Groningen The Netherlands. The polyamide chairs on the grandstand were set on fire and supporters were exposed to the emitted smoke which induced mild health effects. The Dutch government was concerned about potential health risks that such fires could have to exposed fans. Especially the exposure to toxic fumes was considered a risk because prior research has proven that large amounts of chemical compounds are emitted during the burning of chemical substances such as polyamide. Among these emitted compounds are HCN, CO, NO x , NH 3 and volatile organic compounds. To study if supporters were exposed to hazardous chemical compounds we designed a laboratory controlled replica of a part of the grandstand of the Euroborg stadium to perform fire-experiments. This simulation of the fire under controlled circumstances proved that a wide variety of chemicals were emitted. Especially the emission of CO and NO x were high, but also the emission of formaldehyde might be toxicologically relevant. The emission of HCN and NH 3 were less than expected. Exposure assessment suggests that the exposure to NO x is the main health risk for the supporters that were present at the Euroborg fire.

The application of fire spread and evacuation simulation technology in large stadium

Fire is a major danger in the large stadium due to fire accompanied with smoke flow and evacuation path. As a part of an effort to improve the life safety in large stadium, the simulation technology combined with fire spread and evacuation had been developed. Besides that, in order to decrease the rate of people death in the large stadium fire, the interface between fire and the evacuation people must be designed according to simulation results, based on the influence laws to human behavior by smoke temperature, CO concentration and extinction coefficient in fire condition. Therefore, the investigation of effect of fire spread on life safety is needed. In this paper, the dynamic changes of walking speed, route choice and mental state is obtained from automatic reading of fire data during the simulation of evacuation. The effect abruptly changes due to time-varying fire smoke parameters, especially local jamming and uneven efficiency of routes. From the simulation, the visual and tried evidences would be provided for safe evacuation in fire emergency in large stadiums.

Risk analysis and crisis response

Today’s society is a risk society, filled with challenges as well as opportunities. Frightened by catastrophic events, such as 9.11, SARS, Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, South Asia earthquake disaster, and bird flu, people increasingly regard risk and crisis as urgent issues. The term risk analysis has different interpretations among various environments. However, there is a growing acceptance that risk analysis involves the development of the probability distribution for the measure of effectiveness. Furthermore, the risk associated is generally either given as the probability of an unfavorable value for the measure of effectiveness or measured by the variance of measure of effectiveness. This special issue is devoted for the papers presented at the First International Conference on Risk Analysis and Crisis Response September 25–26, 2007, Shanghai, China. About 200 papers were presented at this conference and the extended papers of all were submitted after the conference for possible publication in this special issue of Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. After a peer review using at least two referees for each paper, 12 papers included by this issue have been accepted. The financial supply chain is increasingly recognized as an area offering significant potential for generating bottomline improvements and creating competitive advantage. In the first paper, considering the stability of the financial supply chain, the coordination evaluation and fuzzy multiobjective evaluation model of insurers’ risk management are firstly studied by using large system theory and methods. The corresponding coordination evaluation index model is then established to evaluate, forecast and control the actuality and the future of risk coordination management, and to improve the durative development for a combination pension model. The evaluation standards of numerous insurers are established to constitute a set of vectors. By presenting a dimensional point to each insurer, the optimal or the worst insurer is decided. Finally, the distances of each insurer to the optimal or the worst insurer on the basis of the Euclidean distance are counted, and the insurers’ ordering according to the value of distances is sorted out. The second paper presents the morphogenetic system which projects the output samples of fuzzy set to the input samples of the fuzzy sets. In the projection operator the author computes the best rules for the inferential or reasoning process. Modern uncertainty theories (fuzzy logic, Information diffusion) provide a calculus to obtain relationship by observation pattern. With the relationship obtained, the risk in different situation can be estimated. It is known that information structure is essential to forecast the future risk in different situations; the main difficulty in the forecast the risk is to extract rules from a non-coherent set of data. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules are essential to detect the uncertainty but are not sufficient to define in an optimal way the rules that describe the relationship among fuzzy variables. Fire is a major risk in the event of large stadium due to fire coincidence with smoke flow and evacuation path. In the next paper, as a part of an effort to improve the life safety in large stadium, the simulation technology combined with fire spread and evacuation is developed. Besides that, in order to decrease the rate of people death in the large stadium fire, the interface between fire and the evacuation people must be designed in the simulation model, based on the influence laws to human behavior by smoke temperature, CO concentration and extinction coefficient in fire condition. Therefore, the investigation of effect of fire spread on life safety is needed. C. Kahraman (&) Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34367 Macka Istanbul, Turkey e-mail: kahramanc@itu.edu.tr

Managing Psychological Trauma in the Police Service: from the Bradford Fire to the Hillsborough Crush Disaster

Particularly since the Bradford football stadium fire of May 1985, the UK Police Service has been developing increasingly sophisticated procedures for managing post-traumatic stress reactions in its officers. Coupled with the growth of dedicated occupational health units within the Police Service, this suggests that physicians working within police forces will have an increasingly important role to play in the management of such problems. A brief account is given of the confidential screening and counselling service for police officers that was instituted after the Bradford fire, and a corresponding description is given of the more elaborate procedures implemented after the Hillsborough football stadium crush disaster of April 1989. In conclusion, the possible scope for preventive management of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highlighted.

The Bradford Fire Disaster

The circumstances of the Bradford Football Stadium Fire have been described in Part 1. Part 2 relates the positions in which the bodies were found, their carbon monoxide concentrations, and the physical configuration of the stand to the seat of the fire. It also examines the causes of the high death toll and makes recommendations for the future planning and management of sports stadiums.

Hospital inadequate.

The Senior Casualty Sister at Bradford Royal Infirmary alerted the hospital that a major incident had occurred after the football stadium fire when casualties arrived on foot, by car, with police and in ambulances.

The Bradford stadium fire.

The Bradford stadium fire.

After the horror.

Posttraumatic stress disorder is formal terminology for a common condition, the psychological problems that follow exposure to events such as the Bradford football stadium fire, the Zeebrugge ferry disaster, the Vietnam war, or some less well publicised and more private horror such as assault or rape. These psychological problems may be severe, prolonged, and disabling, and they include intrusive memories, flashbacks, anxiety, numbing of feelings, and irritability. The account of a survivor of the Bradford soccer stadium fire illustrates phenomena associated with the condition.

Bradford city football stadium fire

Fire and MaterialsVolume 13, Issue 1 p. 84-89 Real Fire Experience Bradford city football stadium fire P. Kneale, P. Kneale Assistant Chief Officer (Fire Prevention), West Yorkshire Fire Service, Oakroyd kiall, Birkenshaw, West Yorkshire BDll 2DYSearch for more papers by this author P. Kneale, P. Kneale Assistant Chief Officer (Fire Prevention), West Yorkshire Fire Service, Oakroyd kiall, Birkenshaw, West Yorkshire BDll 2DYSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1988 https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.810130112AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume13, Issue1March 1988Pages 84-89 RelatedInformation