Stadium Evacuation Research Articles

Managing logistics in sport: a comprehensive systematic literature review

AbstractLogistics and sport management are part of the globalized economy and interdisciplinary fields of science. Sporting events necessitate enormous logistical efforts by aiming to deliver certain tasks and materials at an exact time and a specific place in suitable quantity and quality. However, sport logistics not only is involved in the precise execution of events but deals with a wide range of topics. Sporting goods are transported along the supply chain to customers with economic objectives, stadium evacuation simulations are carried out using algorithms that originate in transportation logistics, and sport clubs are confronted with logistical issues both on their game days and during the rest of the year. A systematic literature review was undertaken to provide clarity regarding previous scientific endeavors and to offer orientation for interested practitioners. The authors propose a theoretical framework—the sport logistics triangle—that draws on the academic disciplines of logistics management and sport management and allows to classify all sport logistics activities. An in-depth categorization scheme and ten topic clusters illustrate how sport logistics has been studied thus far. Implications and research opportunities are elaborated for practitioners and scholars. The survey clearly underlines both the importance of sport logistics and its neglection in academics.

Construction of a visual model of people’s movement to manage safety when evacuating from a sports infrastructure facility

By applying the probabilistic method and optimization synthesis of flexible technological lines, topological models have been built of safety-oriented management of human flows and evacuation time using the «Arena Lviv» stadium as an example. They are necessary to calculate the time of evacuation of people to a safe zone. When people leave the stadium sectors on the promenade, their flow is significantly modified. Therefore, the calculation of the time of evacuation of people requires the use of different procedures depending on the type of human flow in order to obtain more accurate results. There may be several such cases on one evacuation route and significantly more during the evacuation of people from all sectors and premises of the stadium administrative building as a whole. Thus, a lot of time is spent on choosing the right procedure and initial data for calculation if we use existing classical verbal models, which is their disadvantage. Verbal models have a large volume, they need to be repeatedly re-read in order to determine the numerical values of factors affecting the flow of people while topological models are much more compact. Topological models make it possible to visually present more complete information about the evacuation process, and this makes it possible to quickly select the initial data for calculating the time of evacuation of people at the next evacuation site. The time of evacuation of people from the «Arena Lviv» stadium was calculated; the evacuation system happened to not comply with the accepted standards. In particular, the time of evacuation of people from the structure exceeded eight minutes. Using the critical path method, bottlenecks of the stadium evacuation system were identified, and human flows were redistributed, which made it possible to reduce the total evacuation time to acceptable indicators

Fuzzy controller and emotional model for evacuation of virtual crowd behaviors

This paper presents the optimal path planning from an initial position to a final position of virtual crowd movement in an emergency evacuation. We have used hybrid architecture based on reinforced fuzzy inference system to control dynamic obstacles and A* algorithm for path finding which are widel y used in artificial intelligence. The proposed contribution is to model the collision avoidance problem using a logic inference system. This fuzzy logic addresses cognitive behavior that introduces the uncertainty and imprecision during decision-making, for this the emotional model of personality (OCEAN) is integrated for BDI agents (beliefs, desires and intentions) and perception of agents in the environment. We will demonstrate the implemented approach by developing application with Java and Netlogo platform and tested with several simulation examples, that show how a crowd can be evacuated without collision and generate macroscopic emergence behavior by microscopic interaction. This application can be used as a framework to simulate real situations of complex systems (stadium evacuation, airports, hospitals).

Providing an Emergency Evacuation Model for the Stadium

Addressing the issue of providing emergency evacuation models is inevitable due to the growth of urban populations and their development, which requires the different usages of places with high population density. The decision on the emergency evacuation model will be more difficult when we want them all to exit at the same time, so without paying attention to other issues involved in planning, emergency evacuation has become more chaotic and this is more worrisome than the unexpected accident itself. Be Hence, a timed schedule for evacuating each sector based on priority is important to avoid the simultaneous presence of all people at the site of a node. Also, the identification and determination of the type and criteria of emergency evacuation of the population, providing an emergency population evacuation plan and emergency evacuation simulation software of the population, based on the plans for emergency evacuation, are of special importance for saving the lives of the users of the important buildings and places. In order to investigate and improve stadium evacuation plans, this essay proposes evacuation simulators to predict population behaviors for population evacuation scenarios based on multi-factor dynamic walking software solutions. The simulation model reflects the characteristics, laws, regulations and population evacuation standards, and the simulation model will be provided, which is able to change dynamically for local conditions. This model can generate valuable statistical graphs of population dynamics and provide data such as demographic bottlenecks, population density, and average population velocity. The content of this essay allows analyzing population evacuation in the stadium.The simulation results show that it takes about 20 minutes to evacuate the entire population from the stadium building when the stadium is completely full. Using a histogram or condensation texture, creation of a population bottleneck in the region with accumulation can be specified. According to the results, the access routes and exits of the stadium have enough space to evacuate the population from the building, but some places, such as access stairs to the platforms will not operate easily during a full scale deployment, and tend toward closing. This study shows that the simulation results, approximately represent the real evacuation in Naghshe Jahan stadium.

Incorporating Individual Behavior, Knowledge, and Roles in Simulating Evacuation

Emergency evacuation (egress) is an important issue in safety design of facilities and buildings. Studies of past emergency events have highlighted the need to consider occupants’ behaviors for better understanding of evacuation patterns. Occupants’ background and knowledge (such as the level of familiarity with the space and previous experience of emergencies) influence how individuals perceive the emergency situations that in turn can lead to different individual behaviors observed in evacuation. Furthermore, as reported by previous studies, people with special roles, such as staff members and emergency responders, often assume certain responsibilities and extend their roles to assist others and facilitate evacuation. Through simulations of stadium evacuation with 13,200 agents using SAFEgress, we show that the evacuation can be significantly more efficient when occupants possess the knowledge of the floor plan and evacuate from the nearest exit, leading to a shortening of evacuation time of 40%. Furthermore, strategically arranging stewards for crowd control can further enhance egress performance. The simulation study indicates the importance in considering the unique egress design of the venue (such as exit locations and signage), participating occupants’ knowledge of the space, and effective crowd control to achieve optimal egress outcome. By using SAFEgress to model different plausible evacuation behaviors, engineers, designers, and facility managers can evaluate and improve the design of safe egress systems and emergency preparedness planning.

A crowd route choice evacuation model in large indoor building spaces

Route choice is a fundamental requirement in the evacuation process. The aim of this paper is to identify a method to simulate crowds in large indoor spaces with consideration of the acoustic system. This paper first extends an existing cellular automaton model and proposes a cellular automaton crowd route choice model (CACR model) to simulate evacuees in large indoor spaces. It then defines a measure for evaluating the utility of evacuation time using the CACR model under different circumstances, such as a fire situation or different voice warning systems, which other commercial models cannot simulate. The analysis of the characteristics of a sound field in large indoor spaces is based on field measurements. An observation experiment in a gymnasium is employed to test the proposed model in a stadium evacuation scenario. The results demonstrate that the CACR model can accurately simulate the evacuation process in large indoor spaces under various circumstances.

Optimizing stadium evacuation by integrating geocomputation and affordance theory.

Football is culturally and economically important in the United States, and football stadiums are part of the country's critical infrastructure, thus receiving government protection against hazard events. In this project, an agent-based evacuation model was implemented to optimize evacuation time from The University of Southern Mississippi's M.M. Roberts Stadium (football) by accounting for evacuees' age, gender, physical fitness, alcohol consumption, and prior experience with hazard events. The findings revealed that (i) the age and gender of an individual impact his/her locomotion speed and (ii) evacuation route choice is influenced by evacuees' perception of its safety and effectiveness. The estimated evacuation times for all evacuees to exit only the stadium and the stadium plus the surrounding campus were 20.82 and 165.01 minutes, respectively. Both of these times were shorter than the evacuation times determined by models employing location-unspecific locomotion speeds. One-way analysis of variance revealed that there were statistically significant differences between use of location-specific and location-unspecific within-stadium evacuation times (p ≤ 0.001 with α = 0.05). These results suggest that using local data is vital to accurately estimate evacuation time.

Improved System for Modeling and Simulating Stadium Evacuation Plans

AbstractUnder the circumstances of natural disasters or anthropogenic hazards, the crowd inside large-occupancy facilities needs to be evacuated. The goal of evacuation plans is to safely evacuate ...

Real Data Evaluation of a Crowd Supervising System for Stadium Evacuation and Its Hardware Implementation

The aim of this paper is to develop an integrated electronic system that allows the dynamical management of congestion and provides the fast evaluation of dynamical circumstances. Thus, a cellular-automata-based model is proposed that estimates the movement of individuals. The presented system incorporates a process that allows the efficient camera-based initialization of the model, without any special prerequirements. The efficiency of the model has been thoroughly validated. Specifically, simulation-derived diagrams that depict the relationship of flow and speed of people as a function of crowd density have been compared with corresponding diagrams from the literature. Furthermore, the system has been evaluated with the use of real data. In particular, simulation results have been compared with real video recordings that depict the crowd evacuation process from a football stadium. Results prove that the proposed management system can estimate fast possible routes of people for the very near future, evaluating all possible exit alternatives. Finally, the proposed model has been implemented in hardware with a field-programmable gate array, enabling its incorporation into an integrated electronic system that estimates crowd movement and prevents congestion in exits almost in real time. The proposed electronic system is advantageous in terms of easy incorporation and portability as well as performance when compared with its analogous graphical-processing-unit implementation.

Security Model of Stadium Evacuation Combined with Multi-agent and Cellular Automata

In order to design a reasonable pedestrian evacuation and exclude the security risks in large stadiums, this thesis proposes the research of security model of evacuation in stadiums combined with multi-agent and cellular automata. The research is based on cellular automata model and the process makes extended analysis to the cell’s behavior of autologous, and then it makes simulation experiments of the process of simulating the evacuation in large stadiums. Simulation results finally show that Agent-CA combines the advantages of multi-agent and cellular automata, which fully considers the individual internal factors. Compared to traditional cell cellular automata, it is more close evacuation situation of the realistic major sports stadium, and it shortens the evacuation time and improves the safety.

Stadium Evacuation based on Multi-agent System

In order to design a reasonable pedestrian evacuation and exclude the security risks in large stadiums, this thesis proposes the research of security model of evacuation in stadiums combined with multi-agent and cellular automata. The research is based on cellular automata model and the process makes extended analysis to the cell's behavior of autologous, and then it makes simulation experiments of the process of simulating the evacuation in large stadiums. Simulation results finally show that cell Agent combines the advantages of multi-agent and cellular automata, which fully considers the individual internal factors. Compared to traditional cell cellular automata, it is more close evacuation situation of the realistic major sports stadium, and it shortens the evacuation time and improves the safety.

The Effect of Specific Vomitory Width in Stadiums on Evacuation Efficiency Based on Virtual Crowd Simulation

Stadium vomitory width plays a very important role in the evacuation process of large number of spectators. The current estimation method of vomitory minimum width in China building codes often brings architects misunderstanding in the egress design and evacuation performance of stadiums. Therefore, this paper investigates the composition of spectator crowds in different events hosted in stadiums, their movement capability and way-finding behaviors, build a typical unit of terraced stand based on the parameters given by building codes, use agent-based model STEPS to simulate and analyze the effect of vomitory width on stadium evacuation efficiency. The simulated results show that the vomitory width affects stadium evacuation efficiency very differently. Architects should organize the circulation system reasonably and provide guidance for spectator crowds while designing the stadiums, not blindly increase the vomitory.

A Fine-grained Parallel Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Stadium Evacuation Route Assignment

A Fine-grained Parallel Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Stadium Evacuation Route Assignment

A GIS-Based Football Stadium Evacuation Model

El Departamento de Seguridad Doméstica de los EE.UU. (DHS) ha identificado estadios deportivos como parte de la infraestructura crítica de la nación y como potenciales blancos terroristas. Por lo tanto, la planificación y simulacros de evacuación han sido identificados como prácticas y estándares de seguridad en eventos atléticos. En este estudio, un modelo de macro-simulación basado en los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) fue desarrollado para calcular tiempo de evacuación para el estadio de fútbol de la Universidad del Sur de Mississippi, en el evento de una amenaza provocada por el ser humano. Aunque existen modelos de evacuación complejos, el propósito de este estudio fue el desarrollar un modelo prototipo basado en los SIG que pueda ser utilizado como herramienta de entrenamiento y de preparación antes de los juegos por el personal local de emergencias con acceso a programas de SIG, en vez de un modelo de evacuación costoso que requiere profesionales adiestrados. En cuanto al modelo, los tiempos de evacuación máximos y promedios para que todos los aficionados abandonen el estadio y se desplacen fuera del campus fue de 4.1 horas y 2.1 horas respectivamente.

A proposed pedestrian waiting-time model for improving space–time use efficiency in stadium evacuation scenarios

Efficiency is a fundamental requirement in evacuation planning and operations. The “faster-is-slower” phenomenon in pedestrian evacuation has been observed and deemed a significant obstacle to evacuation efficiency. This paper thus focuses on two aspects of evacuation planning in the case of stadium evacuation. The first is to define a space–time use efficiency measure for evaluating the utility of both space and time resources. The second is to propose a pedestrian waiting-time model for directing evacuees to alleviate evacuation bottlenecks. An agent-based simulation approach was employed to test the proposed model in stadium evacuation scenarios. The results demonstrate that compelled, or mandatory, waiting time strategy generated by this model is helpful in improving the space–time use efficiency of network links in the evacuation process by virtue of the strategically timed moving–waiting–restarting movement pattern of evacuees. The analysis of space–time evacuation paths in this study provides a practical and insightful alternative for measuring evacuation effectiveness. Results of this study compared reasonably against an existing cellular automaton based simulation both in microscopic and macroscopic perspectives. A number of future research directions were presented.