Stack Room Research Articles

Microbes on the "peachy spots" of ancient Kaihua paper: microbial community and functional analysis.

Kaihua paper is a type of precious hand-made paper in China that has been used throughout Chinese history. Due to its extraordinary whiteness and fine texture, it was adopted by the imperial palace in the reign of Emperor Kang Xi and Yong Zheng of the Qing Dynasty of China in the 17th and 18th century. It is stained by a special type of yellowish-brown spot after years of storage, which is called a "peachy spot." The formation of such spots remains unclear, although complicated physicochemical processes or microbial activities might be involved. We performed nondestructive sampling and high-throughput sequencing on peachy spot surfaces, unstained areas, and air samples in the stack room to analysis the the bacterial and fungal communities, and performed prediction of functional genes of the bacterial communities. The results showed that peachy spot formation was mainly related to bacterial communities rather than fungal communities. Significantly more potential acid- producing, acidophilic or cellulase-producing bacteria, such as, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Lysinibacillus, and pigment-producing bacteria, such as Methylobacterium and Rubrobacter, were identified in the peachy spot samples. Prediction of the functional genes of the bacterial community also suggested the production of acidic substance pigments. These findings provide new insights into the pigment formation mechanism in ancient paper and open an opportunity to develop new strategies to preserve the ancient paper documents.

Population characteristics and source analysis of microorganisms in a regularly disinfected library

This study investigated the impact of regular disinfection on the concentration of microbial aerosol and the distribution of microbial species in a university library and analysed the main sources of microorganisms. The microorganisms in the air were sampled by six-stage Andersen cascade impactors, and their diversity was explored based on ribosomal DNA site amplification and sequencing technology. The statistical analysis found that the average concentrations of bacteria and fungi in this library were 149 ± 36 CFU/m3 and 118 ± 33 CFU/m3, respectively. The concentration in the reading rooms, the hybrid rooms and the stack rooms decreased in succession. The disinfection effect was significant comparing the result with non-disinfected libraries reported in literature. The concentration ratio of indoor and outdoor microorganisms (I/O) was greater than 1, and the concentration of microbial aerosol was positively correlated with the concentration of CO2 and particulate matter. The results indicate that the microbial concentration was mainly from indoor occupants. The most prevalent microorganisms were Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium. This species' distribution was not affected by disinfection measures. The median diameter of microbial aerosols in most rooms was less than 5 μm. The use of disinfectants did not affect the particle size distribution of microorganisms.

Temporal variation of airborne fungi in university library rooms and its relation to environmental parameters and potential confounders.

Indoor airborne fungi have been associated with adverse human health effects. Therefore, it is important to understand the causes of underlying variation in airborne fungi in indoor environments. This study consequently aimed to investigate the association between indoor fungi with temporal variation, environmental parameters, and potential confounders over 10months in four library rooms using Andersen samplers. Indoor fungal concentrations peaked in October and were lowest in March in both stack rooms, whereas the highest concentrations in both reading rooms were observed in September with lowest concentrations in July. Nonparametric analyses revealed higher fungal concentrations in the rooms that were significantly associated with relative humidity ≥ 60%, PM2.5 ≥ 35μg/m3, number of people ≥ 16, open windows, working air conditioners, and room area < 400m2. Multiple linear regression modeling for the library building considering only continuous variables revealed that relative humidity, PM2.5, and the number of people were significant predictors of fungal concentrations. Additionally, the model with continuous and categorical variables suggested that relative humidity, PM2.5, the number of people, ceiling fan condition, window state, and air conditioner operating status were significant predictor variables of concentrations. Outdoor fungal concentrations were a significant predictor for the two models of indoor fungal concentrations for each room. Ceiling fan or air conditioner operation was associated with altered fungal particle concentrations. These results provide a deeper understanding of indoor air fungal quality.

An INS/WiFi Indoor Localization System Based on the Weighted Least Squares.

For smartphone indoor localization, an INS/WiFi hybrid localization system is proposed in this paper. Acceleration and angular velocity are used to estimate step lengths and headings. The problem with INS is that positioning errors grow with time. Using radio signal strength as a fingerprint is a widely used technology. The main problem with fingerprint matching is mismatching due to noise. Taking into account the different shortcomings and advantages, inertial sensors and WiFi from smartphones are integrated into indoor positioning. For a hybrid localization system, pre-processing techniques are used to enhance the WiFi signal quality. An inertial navigation system limits the range of WiFi matching. A Multi-dimensional Dynamic Time Warping (MDTW) is proposed to calculate the distance between the measured signals and the fingerprint in the database. A MDTW-based weighted least squares (WLS) is proposed for fusing multiple fingerprint localization results to improve positioning accuracy and robustness. Using four modes (calling, dangling, handheld and pocket), we carried out walking experiments in a corridor, a study room and a library stack room. Experimental results show that average localization accuracy for the hybrid system is about 2.03 m.

Computer Vision-Based Library Management System

ABSTRACTThe article presents a library management system composed of several surveillance cameras and a personal computer (PC). The system can secure a computer room against theft and detect fire in a stack room. Based on computer vision and database technology, this article proposes a library management system comprising several surveillance cameras, a PC, and software (written in C++). The system can continually capture and analyze images to determine whether people are present in the images. The system stores the analysis results in a database. These results are used for various applications. Computer vision technology can be used for safeguarding a library. There are many surveillance cameras in most university libraries, and the C++ language is popular. Thus, the system can be adopted in libraries for providing a safe environment. In technology, the system cannot be used to spy on what library materials library users are reading. This system helps librarians and increases the level of automated library management. Computer vision technology is applied to library management.

Levels and Health Risk of Carbonyl Compounds in Air of the Library in Guangzhou, South China

ABSTRACTThe concentrations of 18 carbonyl compounds and their health risks for people were investigated in indoor and outdoor air of three different rooms of a library in Guangzhou, South China. Indoor air samples were collected during normal activities of staff and students, and carbonyl compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show that the total concentrations of 18 carbonyls ranged from 8.8 to 73.9 µg m–3 with a mean value of 24.7 µg m–3. Acetone was the most abundant species with a mean value of 10.8 µg m–3 in indoor air, followed by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The levels of carbonyls in this study were relatively lower than most of other microenvironments in the literature. The average total concentration of carbonyls in the electronic reading room was higher than those in stack room and compact stack room. Diurnal variation in carbonyl concentrations was not distinct in the three rooms. The indoor/outdoor ratios and Spearman correlation coefficients demonstrated that endogenous emission sources contributed significantly to most of indoor carbonyls, while outdoor infiltration might be one of the main sources for acetaldehyde. The personal exposure, lifetime cancer risk, and non-cancer chronic health impacts through inhalation associated with formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were estimated and discussed.

Disinfection of indoor air microorganisms in stack room of university library using gaseous chlorine dioxide.

As with all indoor public spaces in Taiwan, the stack rooms in public libraries should meet the air quality guidelines laid down by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. Accordingly, utilizing a university library in Taiwan for experimental purposes, this study investigates the efficiency of gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a disinfection agent when applied using three different treatment modes, namely a single-daily disinfection mode (SIM), a twice-daily disinfection mode (TWM), and a triple-daily disinfection mode (TRM). For each treatment mode, the ClO2 is applied using an ultrasonic aerosol device and is performed both under natural lighting conditions and under artificial lighting conditions. The indoor air quality is evaluated before and after each treatment session by measuring the bioaerosol levels of bacteria and fungi. The results show that for all three disinfection modes, the application of ClO2 reduces the indoor bacteria and fungi concentrations to levels lower than those specified by the Taiwan EPA (i.e., bacteria <1500CFU/m(3), fungi <1000CFU/m(3)), irrespective of the lighting conditions under which the disinfection process is performed. For each disinfection mode, a better disinfection efficiency is obtained under natural lighting conditions since ClO2 readily decomposes under strong luminance levels. Among the three treatment modes, the disinfection efficiencies of the TWM and TRM modes are very similar under natural lighting conditions and are significantly better than that of the SIM mode. Thus, overall, the results suggest that the TWM treatment protocol represents the most cost-effective and efficient method for meeting the indoor air quality requirements of the Taiwan EPA.

Electrostatic guarding of bookshelves for mould-free preservation of valuable library books

Old books are highly susceptible to mould infection, and an effective method for avoiding moulding is needed to safely preserve valuable books in library stack rooms. Guarding a bookshelf with an electric field screen is a physical method that prevents airborne spores from entering the space used for book preservation. In this study, insulated conductor wires (ICWs) were used as electrodes to form electric fields. The ICWs were arrayed in parallel and linked to each other and to a direct current voltage generator. The electric field screen consisted of two layers of ICWs, which were negatively and positively charged with equal voltages to make dipoles, ICW(−) and ICW(+). Both ICWs generated an attractive force that captured airborne spores of Penicillium digitatum that were blown inside the screen. The attractive force was directly proportional to the applied voltage. At ≧0.9 kV, the screen exerted sufficient force to capture all airflow-carried spores, but a few spores that were once captured were repulsed out of the electric field when subsequent spores were attracted to positions proximal to them. This phenomenon was explained by creeping discharge between spores located close to each other on the ICW surface. This spore-repulsion problem was resolved by adding an additional ICW layer to the electric field screen, namely an electric field screen with an ICW(−) layer on both sides of an ICW(+) layer. The present study demonstrated that the three-layered electric field screen remained mould-free inside a screen-guarded bookshelf, irrespective of continuous spore exposure.

소량 기록물의 효율적 보존을 위한 보존챔버 설계에 관한 연구

기록물 보존챔버란 소량의 중요기록물을 안정성 높은 보존환경에서 영구보존하는 데 적합한 장비이다. 이 장비는 소량의 기록물을 영구보존하기 위한 공공기관이나 민간단체에서 기록물을 경제적이면서 안전하게 장기보존하기에 적합한 장비이다. 본 연구는 지방기록관의 기록물 보존현황 조사를 통해 보존챔버의 필요성을 분석한 후 보존챔버의 핵심부분을 설계함으로 기록물을 안정적이면서 경제적으로 보존할 수 있는 방안을 모색하였다. 기록물 보존챔버는 크게 기록물을 보존하는 보존공간, 보존환경 유지를 위한 공기정화장치부, 보존환경을 모니터링하기 위한 환경측정장치부로 구성된다. 기록물 보존공간은 외부 공기의 출입을 막고 내부공기가 순환함으로 항온항습 유지 및 유해가스 제거가 가능하도록 하였다. 이렇게 설계된 보존챔버는 소량의 기록물을 서고에서 보존할 때보다 더 경제적으로 보존할 수 있는 것으로 산출되었다.

The Mabel Smith Douglass Library

In its 74-year existence, the Mabel Smith Douglass Library's various buildings and services have reflected society's definition of the library's role in the educational community and the library's response as the role changed. Some of the changes reflect transformations, such as coeducation, access to education for more of the working class or the decline of smoking; but predominately changes have been a response to the geometric growth of information technology and changes in teaching methodology. library was founded in 1918 to serve Douglass College, then the New Jersey College for Women (N.J.C.). At first it had only a few books on loan from the Rutgers University Library which were placed on the Registrar's desk. As the collection grew, books moved to the top of cabinets and in 1919 to a closet in College Hall. Soon two closets were needed. By 1923 the library was housed in two small study rooms, a stack room and a browsing room on the lower floor of the dean's residence. In 1924 the library was relocated to the top floor of College Hall. This soon was inadequate and in 1926 a wing of Recitation Hall was converted into temporary quarters. library had open shelves, not a common practice at the time, giving students direct access to books and requiring fewer staff. There was a circulation desk, a reference and reading room, as well as reference, catalog and order departments. By 1930 the library had again outgrown its space. 1674 volumes and 8 periodicals owned in 1924 grew to 35,000 volumes and 190 journals by 1930. This overcrowding started an intense campaign for an adequate library which would not see fruition until the first phase of the present building was dedicated on April 13, 1961. campaign for a new library can be traced through editorials and articles in the college paper. An editorial in the Campus News of November 6, 1931, entitled The Need for a Library, points out that the New Jersey College for Women is modern and progressive, that it is among the few colleges to present readings for honors, and adds that in order to

P.J.H. Cuypers’ Art Library in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam: a room dedicated to arts and science

With the construction of the Rijksmuseum by Cuypers in 1885, the art museum acquired its first rooms solely dedicated as a reference library. This was a direct consequence of the growing demand for scientific libraries in the 19th century. In contrast to established concepts of that time, the room for the books – usually a rather plain stack room – was sumptuously decorated. This expresses the idea that arts and knowledge should be regarded as one unity.

The Future of The Past: Preservation of, and Access to, Legal Deposit Materials at the Msunduzi Municipal Library, Pietermaritzburg

This article is based on part of a study that investigated preservation of, and access to, legal deposit materials at the Msunduzi Municipal Library1. Constant access to legal deposit materials will depend on proper preservation methods from the time they are first produced. The focus was to identify how the different materials are preserved and stored especially since every institution has unique needs with regard to the climatic conditions of the area. The study also examined challenges faced by the depository, skills and knowledge of the depository staff about preventative preservation methods, resources for conservation, and collection management strategies. The methods to help make materials accessible were established by examining the means and processes used. Using methodological triangulation which included a self-administered questionnaire, in-depth interviews, observation and collection of graphic data findings indicate that there are inadequate preservation activities and strategies for legal deposit materials at Msunduzi Municipal Library. The legal deposit collection was at risk of being lost and inaccessible to present and future generations. This was mostly due to lack of preservation activities and strategies as a result of lack of knowledge in preservation, adequate funding, staff training, preservation policies, environmental control of stack rooms, proper handling and storage of materials. Keywords: Public Libraries Africa, Preservation of Library Materials, Legal Deposit of Books South Africa ESARBICA Vol. 27 2008: pp. 88-116

Preservation of World Records Heritage in Korea and Further Registry

Preservation of World Records Heritage in Korea and Further Registry

Comment

OUR STACK ROOMS are fast filling with different folk's ideas of carving up England. The Local Government Boundary Commission, Maud, Senior, Labour White Paper, Conservative White Paper, and now the Bill. Each subsequent issue has attracted less and less public attention and the latest green and black map was hustled to the inside newspaper pages, quite unable to compete with 0z and the Stolken/Wolfson law court extravaganza. Some of us weary of this cartographic librarians' feast, having first seen this kind of map on page 157 of the McColvin report in 1942, with boundaries identical with the new map, as it happens, for my own area of Norfolk.

最近の事務所建築における積載荷重についての調査研究

In this paper the results of investigation of live load on floor in the 12 office buildings of reinforced concrete construction or steel-reinforced composite construction is expressed. Buildings investigated were the newly built buildings completed after 1955. The object of investigation was divided into two. One is for main office space and the other for subordinate office space (parlour, meeting room, directors' room, stack room, computer room, etc.). The matters for investigation were as follows : (1) Ratio of floor area occupied by articles (furniture, desk, chair, papers and file cabinet, book and book cabinet, locker, miscellaneous articles for business) to total floor area of a room. (2) Mean value of total weight of articles per unit floor area. (3) Mean value of total weight of articles divided by the floor area occupied by articles. (4) Load by human crowd per unit floor area. (5) Live load (weight of articles plus load by human crowd) (6) The value of (2)/(5) (7) Mean value of floor area divided by the number of office workers of a room. The office buildings recently built are different from old buildings in the points of function of office, structural design and others. Therefore, the value of design live load on floor should be reexamined by new date. The authors believe that the results expressed here will be available for the above aim as basic data.

THE BRITISH NATIONAL BOOK CENTRE AND ITS SERVICE TO SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Most librarians are well known as hoarders of books, periodicals, pamphlets, any material in fact which might be of the slightest value to the users of their libraries. Whenever sufficient space allows, a stack room contains material which is in lesser demand, but even storerooms fill, and that remarkably quickly in these days when national and international agencies compete more and more with the general publisher. Thus the time soon comes when even the most inveterate hoarder has to prune his shelves. In the past he has spent part of his very busy working time producing lists of surplus material, and after much correspondence he has usually been able to dispose of a small part of his unwanted stock. The remainder was often sent for scrap, as only a limited amount of time could be spared for finding suitable locations for it. It can be easily seen that, as far as staff time was concerned, this was an un‐economical method of disposing of duplicates. It was impossible to be sure that even half of the libraries likely to be interested had been approached, and finally a suitable return for the material offered was seldom obtained. With the formation of a national interchange centre, however, all these difficulties have been overcome and a very large amount of material which before had gone to waste has been placed in useful circulation again.