Stable Transaction Research Articles

Link stability analysis of temporal international fertilizer trade networks

Fertilizer availability is crucial for global food security, and international fertilizer trade plays a vital role in reallocating fertilizers across multiple economies. However, the stability of international fertilizer trade relationships between economies has not been studied. Using 29 year records of the global fertilizer trade from 1990 to 2018, we construct three temporal networks linked to three primary nutrients (nitrogen N, phosphorus P2O5, and potash K2O). After introducing the link stability indicator to the international fertilizer trade system, which shows a very strong positive correlation with whether the trade will continue in the future, we analyze the factors influencing the stability of the fertilizer trade and provide advice for trading participants to establish highly stable transactions. The supply side has a greater impact on the stability of the fertilizer trade than the demand side. For exporting economies, stable exports need to focus on the counterparty’s real demand rather than its economic situation. For importing economies, intermediaries and producers with good economic conditions are stable trading partners, and trade that is geographically closer is always more stable. The methodology used for link stability analysis in this work can be applied to analyzing other directed temporal networks.

P-777 Traceability and accountability in a “Virus-Free” vitrification program during the Covid-19 pandemic. Description of the first application of Blockchain for an IVF laboratory procedure

Study questionTo date, no publications exist describing Blockchain in IVF (Hickman, 2020). Can Blockchain technology be used for traceability and accountability in IVF laboratory procedures?Summary answerBlockchain is an easy-to-implement technology for incorruptible traceability of a “Virus-Free” vitrification/warming procedure.What is known alreadyIn healthcare, Blockchain can become a tool to address challenges regarding sensitive data-sharing and traceability of medical and laboratory procedures. During the Covid-19 pandemic, many authors warned about the role of LN2 as a potential vector for virus contamination, and vitrification and warming were identified as critical procedures for risk of contamination for environments, surfaces, operators and cells. In this study we describe the first application of Blockchain in IVF for incorruptible traceability of a “Virus-Free” vitrification/warming procedure based on the combined use of UVC-Sterilized Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) and CE Medical Devices (CE-MD).Study design, size, durationReport on 2346 Ethereum Blockchain data transactions for IVF laboratory procedures mined from 01/10/2019 to 31/12/2021. The procedures were oocyte/embryo vitrification, warming or handling in LN2 after cryopreservation. For each vitrification, warming and handling a UVC-sterilized batch of LN2 was associated with the code assigned to the vitrification/warming procedure and with the lot number of the single-use sterile vitrification box (N-Sleeve). The clinical results obtained from warmed oocytes/embryos were observed as completion of this process.Participants/materials, setting, methodsA Blockchain trusted “Virus-Free” vitrification/warming programme was set up using a specifically designed CE-MD N-Bath-System (Nterilizer-Italy). Each procedure was traced by the CE-MD’s software and a dedicated web application. Finally, data were made incorruptible by Ethereum Blockchain transactions. Before oocyte/embryo warming, vitrification carrier washing with UVC-sterilized LN2 was performed in accordance with Parmegiani et al (2012) and recent international anti-Covid guidelines.Main results and the role of chanceOf the 2346 Blockchain transactions 1268 regarded vitrification and cryopreserved specimen handling procedures; 1078 transactions were frozen cell warmings (308 oocytes and 770 embryos) performed on 799 patients. To date, 445 pregnancies have been obtained (pregnancy rate: 41% per cycle; 56% per patient) and 219 babies have been born.Limitations, reasons for cautionEthereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain with smart contract functionality. Ether is the native cryptocurrency which is highly susceptible to cost changes. Other public or private Blockchains may be used in future in healthcare with more stable transaction costs.Wider implications of the findingsThis is the first evidence of the application of Blockchain in IVF and many others will probably follow. Blockchain immutable records of LN2 sterilization combined with procedure codes and disposable lots represent incorruptible traces for “Virus-Free” vitrification/warming. During this pandemic 219 babies were born from cryopreservation procedures powered by Blockchain.Trial registration numberNot Applicable

BFS: A blockchain-based financing scheme for logistics company in supply chain finance

Against the backdrop of the booming supply chain finance and logistics industry, Logistics 4.0 has emerged. However, the financing capacity of today's logistics companies is still unable to respond to the needs of the rapid development of the supply chain. On the one hand, the problem of logistics companies’ lack of existing high-value collateral in supply chain finance has led to a clutter of their credit data and difficulty in verifying their creditworthiness. On the other hand, the massive access to logistics companies’ business information can also lead to privacy leaks. At the same time, the transparency feature of blockchain is used to solve the financing dilemma of many industries in supply chain finance. On this basis, we propose a blockchain-based financing scheme (BFS) for logistics company. BFS utilises more efficient and interpretative smart contract technology, as well as improved privacy information query and invocation algorithms, to realise automatic control of entity node privacy information flow and significantly simplifying the steps and lowering the thresholds to financing for logistics companies, while protecting the privacy of their data. After extensive simulation testing, BFS can run supply chain blocks at a stable transaction throughput of around 280 RPS, with data transfers that meet the financing needs of logistics companies, providing a higher and more stable performance than the native Hyperledger Fabric.

Developing a Model of Incentives for Creating and Implementing Industrial Coexistence Networks in Iranian Pharmaceutical Companies

Developing a Model of Incentives for Creating and Implementing Industrial Coexistence Networks in Iranian Pharmaceutical Companies

한국과 중국 광동성의 교역구조 분석과 협력분야 도출

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trade structure of Korea and Guangdong Province to find out what industries the two sides are specialized in and to draw up a plan for cooperation between Korea and Guangdong Province in the future. Korea’s main export product to China is the parts and materials industry, accounting for more than 75 percent of the total. Manufacturers of Guangdong Province mainly include electrical and electronic devices such as mobile phones, computers, and home appliances. Therefore, exports of displays, semiconductors, and telecommunication equipment, which are essential for mobile phones, computers, and home appliances, and components and facilities are promising. Korean companies and Guangdong companies need to expand cooperation based on their mutual comparative advantage. Guangdong Province has an advantage over South Korea in designing integrated circuits and packaging and testing. It is believed that division of labor within industries between the two countries will be possible in these areas. Guangdong Province is the region that produces the most TV and mobile phones in China. Therefore, demands for medium and small displays are high. Strategic partnerships between Chinese assembly companies, Korean parts and materials companies, and equipment manufacturers are needed in display industries. Companies seeking to enter Guangdong Province need to actively consider sharing their stakes with each other for long-term stable transactions.

Construction Contract Conversion: An Approach to Resolve Disputes

Abstract A construction contract is a mechanism to bind a project owner and a contractor in a legal agreement to construct a project against a designated monitory consideration. However, projects are usually assembled over a long period with high uncertainty and complexity. Under such a dynamic business transaction, current static contracts fail to arrange for an appropriate and stable transaction. This paper reveals, through a questionnaire survey that was sent to all grade1 and 2 contractors and all owners in Riyadh-Saudi Arabia, the most common construction contracts in Saudi Arabia and the use, causes and benefits of contract conversion. The lump sum and the unit price are the most dominant type of contracts. Owners who select the former convert them during construction to unit price contracts leading to considerable benefits to contract parties including successful project completion with negligible disputes and better relationship. Owners are advised to include a clause in the construction contract to give them the privilege, not the obligation to convert the contract from one type to another.

Stability in barter exchange markets

The notion of stability is the foundation of several classic problems in economics and computer science that arise in a wide-variety of real-world situations, including Stable Marriage,Stable Roommate, Hospital Resident and Group Activity Selection. We study this notion in the context of barter exchange markets. The input of our problem of interest consists of a set of people offering goods/services, with each person subjectively assigning values to a subset of goods/services offered by other people. The goal is to find a stable transaction, a set of cycles that is stable in the following sense: there does not exist a cycle such that every person participating in that cycle prefers to his current "status." For example, consider a market where families are seeking vacation rentals and offering their own homes for the same. Each family wishes to acquire a vacation home in exchange of its own home without any monetary exchange. We study such a market by analyzing a stable transaction of houses involving cycles of fixed length. The underlying rationale is that an entire trade/exchange fails if any of the participating agents cancels the agreement; as a result, shorter (trading) cycles are desirable. We show that given a transaction, it can be verified whether or not it is stable in polynomial time, and that the problem of finding a stable transaction is NP-hard even if each person desires only a small number of other goods/services. Having established these results, we study the problem of finding a stable transaction in the framework of parameterized algorithms.

Challenges Posed by Foreign Exchange Exposures and Strategic Way-Out

Foreign exchange rates determine exporting firms' profitability, competitiveness and also give comparative advantage to a country. The fluctuating exchange rates pose unique risks and opportunities for Indian companies with global supply chains and those operating in many geographic markets. This paper addresses exchange rate exposure in terms of transaction risk, translation risk and economic risk and analyses risk management strategies of the firms through hedging and Rupee invoicing. This paper suggests rupee invoicing when the exporters has first-mover advantage and power through product differentiation as well as the stable monetary policy and low transaction costs associated with home

Kalman Filter based Flexible Sliding Window Algorithm for Mining Frequent Itemset over Data Stream

A data stream mining is relevant issue in the context of information gain. The data arrived are large in amount limitless and high rate with time impractical to stock, excavating and testimony at identical measure of time to retrieve intelligence. Sliding window model utilized for frequent pattern mining data stream mining emphasis on recent data and minimum space consumed. In past algorithm window measurement change was steady to concept variation when stagnant and gets smaller when the concept variation happens. Renewed frequent patterns are moderately kept in the current concept whereas the stable transaction is moved out of window. Panes steadily combined to window and performing unnecessary mining for frequent itemsets, conduct is diminishing. Based on the sliding window model the new algorithm named KF_FSW (Kalman Filter based Flexible Sliding Window Model) which utilize Kalman filter function for prediction and measurement approach. The prediction and measurement method is done on basis of already existing information as measure. Thus coagulating the error for accurate position of behavior variation in window size fluctuates in streamed database. Test on standard dataset reports that proposed algorithm coagulates less number of windows for mining and even predicting efficiently the number of count for change ratio captured by occurring change variation.

Transactional Petri nets: a semantic framework for UML2 activities

Transactional Petri nets (TPNets) are a new class of high-level zero-safe nets (ZSNs), defined as a semantic framework for UML2 activity diagrams. Indeed, they capture the behaviour associated with non-local actions triggering, cancellation patterns and the advanced synchronisation that result. While, reactivity is guaranteed due to the real time massive cancellation semantics, based on the definition of new dynamic enabling rules and the definition of priority among executions, global synchronisation in turn is assured as a result of non-locality principle; an outcome of atomic stable transactions use. The operational semantics of TPNets is defined within rewriting logic-based framework.

Design and Implementation of Software Architecture of Manufacturing Execution System Based on Middleware Technology

Manufacturing execution system is the software system that is used most widely for manufacturing enterprises to realize informatization. In order to solve the problem of distributed heterogeneous environment, MES introduces the concept of middleware. It is in the middle of the operation system software and MES and above the operation system, network and database and below the MES. It helps the software developers to flexibly and high effectively develop and integrate complicated all modules in MES as well as complicated application and communications in enterprises. This design adopts two kinds of middleware. The first kind is Message Oriented Middleware (MOM). Message Oriented Middleware hides the details of interaction between all kinds of machine equipment and MES data under the unified data specifications. It makes in-time, high-efficient and stable data transmission as well as easily copes with the complicated production environment. The second kind is common transaction processing middleware. It enclosures the details of transaction processing and offers a stable transaction platform, enabling the developers to pay attention to the development of business logic. It ensures the development qualities and the development costs.

A 1.2 V 30 nm 3.2 Gb/s/pin 4 Gb DDR4 SDRAM With Dual-Error Detection and PVT-Tolerant Data-Fetch Scheme

A 1.2 V 4 Gb DDR4 SDRAM is presented in a 30 nm CMOS technology. DDR4 SDRAM is developed to raise memory bandwidth with lower power consumption compared with DDR3 SDRAM. Various functions and circuit techniques are newly adopted to reduce power consumption and secure stable transaction. First, dual error detection scheme is proposed to guarantee the reliability of signals. It is composed of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for DQ channel and command-address (CA) parity for command and address channel. For stable reception of high speed signals, a gain enhanced buffer and PVT tolerant data fetch scheme are adopted for CA and DQ respectively. To reduce the output jitter, the type of delay line is selected depending on data rate at initial stage. As a result, test measurement shows 3.3 Gb/s DDR operation at 1.14 V.

Concurrent models for Linda with transactions

Nowadays concepts, languages and models for coordination cannot leave aside the needs of the increasing number of commercial applications based on global computing over the (inter)net. For example, platforms like Microsoft .NET and Sun Microsystems Java come equipped with packages for supporting ad hoc transactional features, which are essential for most business applications. We show how to extend the coordination language par excellence (viz. Linda) with basic primitives for transactions, while retaining a formal model for its concurrent computations. This is achieved by exploiting a variation of Petri nets, called zero-safe nets, where transactions can be suitably modelled by distinguishing between stable places (ordinary ones) and zero places (where tokens can only be temporarily allocated, defining hidden states). The relevance of the transaction mechanism is illustrated in terms of expressive power. Finally, it is shown that stable places and transactions viewed as atomic steps define an abstract semantics that is apt for a fully algebraic treatment, as demonstrated via categorical adjunctions between suitable categories of nets.

The Schema Mapper

This paper discusses the importance of matching the physical file structure of a database with the different types of user transaction requests that the database management software must process. Different physical file structures and user transaction types are explained and interaction between them is discussed and shown. The Schema Mapper, a model based expert system first assures stable transaction processes using Statistical Process Control methods. It then forecasts the frequency and response time of each type of database user transaction requests leading to the choice of file structure that should minimize total system response time. An experiment is presented which demonstrates The Schema Mapper’s performance during five days of simulated transactions. Experimental results are summarized and presented as evidence of the effectiveness of this expert system. Conclusions and extensions are then offered.

Zero-Safe Nets, or Transition Synchronization Made Simple

In addition to ordinary places, called stable, zero-safe nets are equipped with zero places, which in a stable marking cannot contain any token. An evolution between two stable markings, instead, can be a complex computation called stable transaction, which may use zero places, but which is atomic when seen from stable places: no stable token generated in a transaction can be reused in the same transaction. Every zero-safe net has an ordinary Place-Transition net as its abstract counterpart, where only stable places are maintained, and where every transaction becomes a transition. The two nets allow us to look at the same system from both an abstract and a refined viewpoint. To achieve this result no new interaction mechanism is used, besides the ordinary token-pushing rules of nets. The refined zero-safe nets can be much smaller than their corresponding abstract P/T nets, since they take advantage of a transition synchronization mechanism. For instance, when transactions of unlimited length are possible in a zero safe net, the abstract net becomes infinite, even if the refined net is finite. In the second part of the paper two universal constructions - both following the Petri nets are monoids approach and the collective token philosophy - are used to give evidence of the naturality of our definitions. More precisely, the operational semantics of zero-safe nets is characterized as an adjunction, and the derivation of abstract P/T nets as a coreflection.

When Rationality Fails

Power differences within networks can arise when some positions have many alternative transaction partners who themselves have few alternatives. Recent social psychological models developed to predict power in these situations have assumed that stable transaction patterns will emerge in these networks. These models depend on the assumption that stable exchange patterns will develop. Using the game theoretic concept of the core, we show that in some networks, stable patterns should not emerge. Who transacts with whom and terms of the transaction should never reach equilibrium. Three types of instability are distinguished in this article: unreliability, insecurity, and variety. These types of instability are affected by the existence and size of the core. Experiments and simulations comparing networks with and without core solutions and with different-sized cores show that the predicted differences exist.