Stable Powder Research Articles

Optimizing Formulation Conditions of PLGA Microparticles to Enhance Indomethacin Encapsulation

AbstractDrug delivery systems can avoid the drawbacks of Indomethacin (IND), a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug used to treat osteoarthritis and arthritis, which requires high doses to reach therapeutic plasma levels leading to significant systemic side effects. This study aims to optimize poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) for intra‐articular IND administration. MPs are prepared by solvent evaporation and freeze‐dried for stability. Initial formulations with Tween 80 yield rubbery samples with low drug loading (1%); replacement of Tween 80 with Gelatin produces a stable powder with syringable MPs (particles size: 7 µm), although, DL (3%) and EE (30%) remain suboptimal, due to IND polymorphic transformation. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier‐Transform Infrared spectroscopy demonstrate a molecular dispersion of IND in PLGA. Adjusting the aqueous phase to pH 3 in the formulation process, i.e below IND pKa, significantly enhances EE (90%) due to the reduction of drug solubility in the external aqueous phase. In vitro release study shows prolonged IND release over several days, confirming an effective drug encapsulation. This study provides a foundational framework toward the optimization of the successful encapsulation of IND in PLGA MPs, potentially advancing future clinical applications of such drug delivery systems.

Synthesis of Stable and Efficient Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution: Hierarchical NiMo-Based Hollow Nanotubes

Large-scale development of low-cost, efficient, and stable powder electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solutions is a key step toward commercial hydrogen production. Herein, a hierarchical NiMo-MoO3-x hollow nanotube (NiMo-MoO3-x-HNT) with bifunctional groups as an efficient HER electrocatalyst was strategically invented using an MoO3 nanorod (MoO3−NR) as the precursor. The synthesis mechanism of the NiMo-MoO3-x-HNT is established based on in-depth investigations using diffraction, spectral, and microscopy results. Experimental results suggest that the NiMo-MoO3-x-HNT exhibits excellent electrocatalytic HER performance in 1 M KOH, with a low overpotential of 26.5 mV@10.0 mA cm-2 and a small Tafel slope of 32.6 mV dec–1. These values are comparable to those of cutting-edge electrocatalysts based on platinum-group metals. Moreover, it exhibits an almost unaffected cyclic stability over 50,000 cycles and robust durability over 98 h. This remarkable performance is attributed to its bifunctional groups and the porous hierarchical hollow nanotubular morphology. In summary, this study proposes a novel, efficient, and cost-effective strategy for the development of noble metal-free, high-performance HER electrocatalysts.

Green Synthesis of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles From Brown Algae Turbinaria Species' Aqueous Extract and Its Antibacterial Properties.

Background Copper and copper oxide nanoparticlessynthesized by green methods have attracted considerable attention due to their environmentally friendly properties and potential applications. Green synthesis involves non-hazardous and sustainable techniques used in the production of a wide range of substances, including nanoparticles, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. These methods often use different organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants, each offering different advantages in terms of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability. The environmentally friendly nature of these green synthesis methods responds to the growing need for sustainable nanotechnologies. Brown algae have gained popularity due to their distinct morphological characteristics and diverse biochemical composition. This research focuses on the process of synthesizing copper and copper oxide nanoparticlesfrom the brown algae Turbinaria. It emphasizes the natural ability of the bioactive compounds contained in the algae extract to reduce and stabilize the nanoparticles. The green synthesis of copper and copper oxide nanoparticlesfrom brown algae has demonstrated a wide range of applications, including antibacterial activity. Materials and methods Fresh Turbinaria algae were collected from marine environments to ensure that they were free of contaminants. The algae underwent a purification process to remove impurities and were dried. An aqueous extract was prepared by pulverizing the dried algae and mixing them with distilled water. A copper salt solution utilizing copper nitrate was prepared. The algae extract was mixed with the copper salt solution. There are bioactive compounds in the algae extract that help reduce copper ions, which makes copper and copper oxide nanoparticles come together. The reaction mixture was incubated in a controlled environment to facilitate the growth and enhance the stability of the nanoparticles. To separate the nanoparticles from the reaction mixture, centrifugation was employed, or filtration was done with Whatman filter paper (Merck, Burlington, MA). The nanoparticles were dried to yield a stable powder. Results Copper and copper oxide nanoparticles derived from brown algae extract showed antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans,Klebsiella sp.,andStaphylococcus mutans. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis verified the irregular shape and elemental content of the synthesized copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited a crystallinity nature and were composed of a mixture of copper and copper oxide species, namely face-centered cubic and monoclinic structures. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed copper and copper oxide nanoparticles that were evenly distributed and had a rectangular shape. They exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions This study enhances the field of green synthesis techniques by showcasing the adaptability of Turbinaria brown algae to synthesize copper and copper oxide nanoparticles. It underscores the potential advantages of these nanoparticles in terms of their antibacterial properties.

Foam‐mat‐dried açaí pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart)

AbstractDrying, as alternative process, enhances stability, eases transport, and prolongs storage for fruits and fruit pulps. This study focused on producing açaí foam with 2% emulsifier and comparing it to a control (0% emulsifier), following by drying (60 °C) in a forced air circulation oven. Açaí powder with 2% emulsifier exhibited a higher effective diffusion coefficient (5.35 × 10−4 cm2 s−1) than the without emulsifier counter part (1.41 × 10−4 cm2 s−1). The pores formed after pulp aeration with the emulsifying agent led to a higher diffusion coefficient and a shorter drying time. Sorption isotherms at 25 °C and 35 °C displayed favorable fits for both powders (R2>0.9). Açaí powder with emulsifier demonstrated superior solubility (47.93%) and faster rehydration (168 s) compared to the control (19.72%; 324 s). The use of a 2% emulsifying agent resulted in a porous, dried açaí powder with improved flowability and solubility, indicating higher quality.Practical applicationsTraditionally, açai pulp is commercialized as a frozen product, which entails high energy costs and logistical constraints. Foam‐mat drying allows the dehydration of viscous, heat‐sensitive, and high‐sugar foods that cannot be effectively dried through spray drying. It offers a practical application in the food industry, particularly as an ingredient. Powdered fruit pulps, including açai pulp, are widely utilized in ice creams, yogurts, and instant juices. To meet industrial requirements, these powders need to exhibit good solubility, quick rehydration, and stability at room temperature. Through foam‐mat drying, high‐quality powdered açai pulp can be produced with a short drying time. This technology enables the production of stable powders that can be easily rehydrated, opening opportunities for new ingredient development and diverse applications.

Effective Ti-6Al-4V Powder Recycling in LPBF Additive Manufacturing Considering Powder History

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an outstanding additive manufacturing (AM) technology that can enable both complicated geometries and desired mechanical properties in high-value components. However, the process reliability and cost have been the obstacles to the extensive industrial adoptions of LPBF. This work aims to develop a powder recycling procedure to reduce production cost and minimize process uncertainties due to powder degradation. We used a recycle index (R) to reuse Ti-6Al-4V powder through 10 production cycles. Using this recycle index is more reasonable than simply replying on recycle numbers as it incorporates the powder usage history. A recycling procedure with simple virgin powder top-up can effectively mitigate powder degradation and maintain stable powder properties, chemical compositions, and tensile properties. The experimental finding points to a sustainable recycling strategy of Ti alloy powders with minimal material waste and without noticeable detriment to observed mechanical performance through LPBF production cycles.

A Review on Microspheres as Controlled Release Drug Delivery

Microspheres play a totally critical function as a particulate drug transport machine due to theirtiny size and different properties. Microspheres proved an appropriate bridge to scale the gap over to formulate a powerful dosage form, to managed drug release, to simulate controlled drug release. Microspheres are often free-flowing stable powders, which include proteins or artificial polymers, which can be biodegradable. Microspheres having a particle size in the range of 0.1-800µm, can be delivered by several routes like oral, parenteral, nasal, ophthalmic, transdermal, colonal, etc. Various recent advancements in the case of microspheres like mucoadhesive, hollow, floating, micro balloons, and magnetic have contributed to overcoming the diverse troubles which might be related to using microspheres, which incorporates site-precise focused on and stepped forward release. In the future by combining various new designing, planning’s, and strategies, microspheres will find a central place in novel drug delivery, especially in diseased molecular sorting, genetic materials, safe, targeting, and powerful drug delivery.

Physicochemical, Structural, and Functional Properties of Snake Melon (Cucumis melo subsp. melo Var. flexuosus) Microencapsulated with Pea Protein and Pea Fibre by Freeze-Drying.

The purpose of this study was to obtain a functional, stable powder product from Cucumis melo subsp. melo Var. flexuosus (L.) to promote its consumption and reduce waste and production losses. The melons were ground and freeze-dried with or without biopolymers (pea protein (PPSM) or pea fibre (PFSM)). The physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of the powder were studied. The water content, water activity, bulk density, porosity, Hausner ratio, Carr index, hygroscopicity, water solubility, water absorption index, particle size, colour, and microstructure of the powder were determined. In addition, vitamin C, folates, chlorophyll a, total phenols and carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, and powder encapsulation efficiency were analysed. Snake melon (SM) powders contained vitamin C, folates, carotenoids, chlorophyll a, and phenols, which contributed to their antioxidant capacity. The incorporation of PP or PF in the formulation before lyophilisation generated stable encapsulates that protected the bioactive compounds. PPSM and PFSM were less hygroscopic and more free-flowing and had lower water content and water activity compared to the SM. PFSM showed higher encapsulation efficiency and smaller particles with a smooth surface and oval shape.

Numerical and experimental investigation of a Mg/N2O powdered fuel rocket engine

Powdered metal fuel rocket engines, utilizing high energy density metal powder as fuel, have great potential in the development of propulsion systems for upper-stage rockets, and thrusters for attitude or trajectory control. The main challenges of this rocket engine technology currently lie in the realization of stable powder fuel supply, quick engine start-up, and high combustion efficiency. In this paper, we present a computational analysis of the reactive flow in a Mg/N2O powdered metal fuel rocket engine. Consideration in this work includes effects of a flame holder, mass flow rate ratio and entry angle of N2O on combustion efficiency. Based on the numerical simulation results, an experimental Mg/N2O powdered metal fuel rocket engine was designed, and working processes of the engine were investigated through hot fire tests with Mg powder as fuel and N2O as oxidant. A ground test system, consisting of a high-precision test bench, a fuel feed unit, an oxidant feed unit, and a measurement and control unit, was established. The test results show that the combustion of Mg powder and N2O can be sustained.

Development and Characterization of New Green Propolis Extract Formulations as Promising Candidates to Substitute for Green Propolis Hydroalcoholic Extract.

The technologies used to produce the different dosage forms of propolis can selectively affect the original propolis compounds and their biological activities. The most common type of propolis extract is hydroethanolic. However, there is considerable demand for ethanol-free propolis presentations, including stable powder forms. Three propolis extract formulations were developed and investigated for chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity: polar propolis fraction (PPF), soluble propolis dry extract (PSDE), and microencapsulated propolis extract (MPE). The different technologies used to produce the extracts affected their physical appearance, chemical profile, and biological activity. PPF was found to contain mainly caffeic and p-Coumaric acid, while PSDE and MPE showed a chemical fingerprint closer to the original green propolis hydroalcoholic extract used. MPE, a fine powder (40% propolis in gum Arabic), was readily dispersible in water, and had less intense flavor, taste, and color than PSDE. PSDE, a fine powder (80% propolis) in maltodextrin as a carrier, was perfectly water-soluble and could be used in liquid formulations; it is transparent and has a strong bitter taste. PPF, a purified solid with large amounts of caffeic and p-Coumaric acids, had the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, and therefore merits further study. PSDE and MPE had antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and could be used in products tailored to specific needs.

ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ПОРОШКОВ ЗАДАННОГО ФАЗОВОГО И ГРАНУЛОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА В СИСТЕМЕ Li2O-ZnO-TiO2 ДЛЯ LTCC-ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

In this work, the powder of the compound Li2ZnTi3O8 was obtained by sintering technology. It is established that the synthesis at 1200 ºС allows to obtain a monophase thermally stable powder with a perfect microstructure. The granulometric composition of the powder after grinding meets all the requirements for powders used in the technology of low-temperature co-firing ceramics. The resulting powder is promising for creating microelectronic components based on it, such as filters, resonators and monopoles using LTCC technology.

Optimization of extraction, characterization, and stability of the natural pigment from sorghum genotype SC 319

Darker pericarp sorghum genotypes have high levels of anthocyanins: natural pigments that have antioxidant potential and may serve as a natural alternative dye to replace synthetic colorants. Thus, the objective of this work was to obtain a powder dye from sorghum pericarp genotype SC 319, quantifier total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, and color. In addition, evaluate the stability during storage at room temperature for 30 days and test an application in gelatin gummies. There was no significant difference for total phenolic compounds during all days of storage, with values ​​between 36.80 and 37.97 mg GAE.g-1. For total anthocyanins, despite the variation in levels during storage, the values ​​obtained on the first day (2.407 mg Eq. Lut.g-1) and on the last day (2.379 mg Eq. Lut.g-1) did not differ. There was a significant difference in all colorimetric axes and the reddish hue increased during storage, ranging from 7.04 to 9.11. For the gelatin gummies, compared to the powder dye, the anthocyanins and phenolic contents were lower, but the red hue presented a high value (28.9). Therefore, it was possible to obtain a stable powder natural dye from sorghum pericarp that can provide color and bioactive compounds to foods.

Edible oil to powder technologies: Concepts and advances

There is a recent surge in demand for nutritious food from the consumer end. Functional foods are gaining much popularity. With the commercialization of omega-3 fatty acids and their many nutritional advantages, edible powders and smoothies loaded with PUFA are available on the market. Edible oil powders are one such commodity that is consumed for their several nutraceutical properties such as, reducing cardiovascular risk, aiding in weight reduction, providing antioxidant properties, etc. Edible oil is first stabilized into stable emulsions which are then processed to obtain powders. The process of oil-in-water emulsion stabilization is carried out using ultrasonication, homogenization, microfluidization, complex coacervation, and oil structuring mechanisms. The stable emulsions are then microencapsulated using various wall material combinations and ratios to form stable edible oil powders. The wall material protects the active molecules from the ambient environment, high temperature, and high-pressure processing methods. These powders are added to coffee, smoothies, cookies, yogurt, cake mix, and soup powder to impart functional properties to foods. The major challenge in the production of oil powder is the formation of stable emulsion with proper wall-to-core ratio and binding of the wall with core materials to form stable powder with an increased shelf life. This article provides a detailed review of various emulsion stabilization techniques and processing methods to form edible oil powders.

Development of Bacterial Cocktail of Strains Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri, Bacillus subtilis, and Micrococcus luteus as active ingredients for Skin Care Formula

The microbial-based skin health care products that balance one's skin microbiome mimicking healthy skin are rapidly growing. Postbiotics gain more advantages in safety, shelf life, active peptides, and other active compounds such as GABA, which benefit human skin. We have isolated skin commensal bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus hominis MBF12-19J, Staphylococcus warneri MBF02-19J, Micrococcus luteus MBF05-19J and Bacillus subtilis MBF10-19J in our previous study. This study aimed to make a formula of bacterial cocktail (BC) of those strains, elevate the BC formula into a ferment lysate (FL), and characterize the activities and test for skin sensitivity. The antibacterial activity was done by conducting a competition test using Propionibacterium acnes as an indicator bacterium, whereas the antioxidant activity assay was carried out using the DPPH method. The skin sensitivity was tested using the patch test method. The BC was lyzed by optimizing the enzymatic and ultrasonication methods, whereas sucrose was added as lyoprotectant to obtain a stable powder FL. Potential activity to inhibit P. acnes growth was achieved by a formula of FL consisting of M. luteus MBF05-19J: B. subtilis MBF10-19J: S. warneri MBF02-19J: S. hominis MBF12-19J in a ratio 1.5:1.5:0.5:0.5 or equivalent to DNA copy number/mL 1.01E+16: 1.14E+24: 1.96E+22: 1.50E+18. Skin sensitivity test results showed no sensitivity reaction, guaranteeing that CFS and FL are safe to use for the skin. Sucrose-FL at 12% sucrose formula showed higher physical stability than those without. However, the result of potential antioxidants showed mild and very mild activities compared to standard ascorbic acid.

Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of SrCoO<sub>3-δ</sub> with Oxygen Deficiency (δ ≈ 0.23)

We report a synthesis route to form a stable powder of SrCoO3-δ which show ferromagnetic component at room temperature. The powder was obtained from brownmillerite SrCoO2.5 using chemical oxidation. The x-ray diffraction pattern of the oxidized powder was best fitted using a tetragonal structure of I4/mmm with lattice constants of a = b = 10.87 Å, c = 7.664 Å and its oxygen content of 2.77 (δ 0.23) was measure by iodometric titration. In spite of a single-phase structure, the elemental compositions of oxidized powder characterized by the EDX measurement showed the presence of oxidation elements that might contribute to magnetic impurities at low temperatures. The powder nevertheless can be used for magnetic applications at room temperature.

Comparative study of the microstructure and phase evolution of FeCoCrNiAl high-entropy alloy-matrix WC nanocomposite powders prepared by mechanical alloying

Mechanical alloying is the most popular processing method for preventing nanoparticle agglomeration in metal matrix nanocomposites and is one of the primary methods for preparing high-entropy alloy (HEA) powders. In this study, HEA matrix nanocomposite powders with a diffuse distribution of tungsten carbide are prepared by adding WC during the preparation of FeCoCrNiAl HEA through high-energy ball milling by extending the ball-milling time. After 10 h of ball milling, a body-centered cubic (BCC)-phase HEA is obtained, and WC particles are observed to have adhered to the surface of the HEA matrix powder. With a further increase in the ball-milling time, the WC particles continuously fracture and adhere to the matrix powder. During repeated plastic deformation, fracture, and cold welding of the HEA powder, the BCC phase gradually transforms into a face-centered cubic (FCC) phase, and the WC microfine powder is gradually and uniformly dispersed in the HEA matrix. The dynamic process between repeated cold welding and fracture ensures a stable powder size and inhibits the agglomeration of WC particles. Simultaneously, the intrinsic properties of the HEA lead to a gradual spheroidization of the composite powder. A final FCC and BCC biphasic HEA-matrix WC nanocomposite spherical powder is produced.

Physico-Chemical and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Encapsulated Dhavana Oil: Evaluation of Release and Stability Profile from Base Matrices.

Essential oils (EOs) are naturally occurring volatile aromatic compounds extracted from different parts of plants. They are made up of components like terpenes, phenols, etc., and are chemically unstable and susceptible to oxidative deterioration, leading to reduced shelf-life and overall degradation of the product. Encapsulation of EOs in a matrix can prevent degradation of the active ingredient and improve the shelf-life. In this paper, we report encapsulation of Dhavana oil (Artemisia pellen) in a modified starch matrix using a spray-drying technique. Physico-chemical properties of neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil were studied. We selected two powder bases: CaCO3 and TALC and, loaded neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil in it, studied their stability and interaction with the base matrices at 3 °C, 22 °C and 45 °C up to 2 months under closed conditions and one week at 22 °C and 45 °C under open condition. Thermal degradation pattern was studied for neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil and modified starch. Release of primary active component of neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil from the base matrices was evaluated with GCMS. Stability study and release mechanism were elucidated to understand the release pattern in different base powders under similar conditions. Retention of hydroxydhavanone was found to be better in TALC than CaCO3, and therefore, the former can be considered a suitable base matrix for developing a stable powder formulation with an optimum release of the oil. Dhavana oil is known for its anti-microbial activity, and hence, neat and encapsulated Dhavana oil was tested on different bacterial and fungal strains. The encapsulated oil depicted good anti-microbial efficacy against various bacterial and fungal strains, which is a step forward for developing anti-microbial formulations. Thus, the reported work will provide helpful information on cosmetic formulation and, therefore, be useful for perfumery, food, and cosmetic industries.

Probiotic Microbes and Their Growth in Different Carriers (A Review)

Probiotics have been utilized as an option to treat problems brought on by safe and ecologically friendly pathogenic microorganisms in shrimp and fish farming operations. Probiotics are currently available in powder form (dry form). Using spray drying technology, dry probiotics are produced, with the finished result being a stable powder. In order to regulate the proliferation of harmful bacteria in the digestive tract, these bacteria use a competitive mechanism. Bacillus sp., Saccharomyces cereviceae, and Lactobacillus sp. are among the commonly researched probiotic microorganisms. Microorganisms are blended with a number of carriers, including maltodextrin, wheat flour, and rice flour. The carrier material's main goal is to increase storage process survival. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the viability and development of the probiotic microorganisms included in each carrier material varied. The enclosed substance exhibits highly varied microbial growth. The maximum number was found in the maltodextrin carrier material for the bacteria B. licheniformis and B. subtilis, the rice flour carrier for the bacteria L. brevis and L. curvatus, and the talc carrier for the bacterium L. bulgaricus. These findings suggest that, following encapsulation, probiotic populations and numbers can be maintained in all types of carrier materials. Specific carriers, like tapioca, skim milk, and activated carbon, revealed a greater microbial population than the typical medium. The microbial cells were compressed in the dry carrier material, which is why there was an increase of bacteria following the encapsulation procedure. Probiotic microbe counts increased by 40.7-90.1% for carriers made of activated carbon, 79-94.5% for those made of skim milk, and 31.7-95.7% for those made of tapioca flour. Bacterial cell death during the spray drying process of encapsulation could be the reason for the decline in the population of probiotic bacteria.

Physicochemical and functional characterisation of a food ingredient based on okara containing probiotics

A functional ingredient (OI) was prepared from fresh okara (ORM) by fermentation in solid state with Lacticaseibacillus casei (ATCC 393). The aim of the present work was to determine the physical, chemical, and functional characteristics of OI. The final product, OI, was a stable powder with aw: 0.485 ± 0.003 and moisture content: 5.7 ± 0.7% (w.b.), mainly composed by cell wall material (62%, d.b. alcohol insoluble residue, AIR) and protein (38.1%, d.b.). The stabilisation and fermentation processes reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the AIR content of the ORM. Higher functional properties, swelling (SC), water holding (WHC) and oil holding (OHC) capacities (6.14 ± 0.01 g.cm-3; 5.4 ± 0.2 g.g-1; 3.4 ± 0.6 g.g-1, respectively), were observed in OI respect to the ORM. The probiotic initial count in OI was 10 ± 1 log (CFU.g-1) and could be safety stored at 25 °C, showing 7.5 ± 0.4 log (CFU.g-1) at 63 days storage. The cells resisted the simulated gastric and intestinal stress< 80% and< 65%, respectively. This property was maintained during the storage of OI. However, the adherence ability to Caco-2 cells decreased to ≈ 0.2% possibly due, in part, to the OI matrix interference. Overall, okara can be profit for developing functional ingredients containing L. casei cells, with the possibility of being stored safety at room temperature.

The Role of Roller Rotation Pattern in the Spreading Process of Polymer/Short-Fiber Composite Powder in Selective Laser Sintering.

In this study, for the first time, a forward-rotating roller is proposed for the spreading of CF/PA12 composite powder in the selective laser sintering (SLS) process. The mesoscopic kinetic mechanism of composite particle spreading is investigated by utilizing the “multi-spherical” element within the discrete element method (DEM). The commercial software EDEM and the open-source DEM particle simulation code LIGGGHTS-PUBLIC are used for the simulations in this work. It is found that the forward-rotating roller produces a strong compaction on the powder pile than does the conventional counter-rotating roller, thus increasing the coordination number and mass flow rate of the particle flow, which significantly improves the powder bed quality. In addition, the forward-rotating pattern generates a braking friction force on the particles in the opposite direction to their spread, which affects the particle dynamics and deposition process. Therefore, appropriately increasing the roller rotation speed to make this force comparable to the roller dragging force could result in faster deposition of the composite particles to form a stable powder bed. This mechanism allows the forward-rotating roller to maintain a good powder bed quality, even at a high spreading speed, thus providing greater potential for the industry to improve the spreading efficiency of the SLS process.

Integrated Management of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum, An Emerging Fungal Pathogen Causing White Mold Disease

Sclerotiniasclerotiorum, the causal agent for white mold (Sclerotinia stem rot), is a devastating fungal pathogen. Currently, Sclerotinia is most commonly managed using the chemical fungicide which can lead to Sclerotinia resistance development, impacting biodiversity and interfering with key ecosystem services. In this regards, field experiments were conducted during 2017-18 planting seasons to evaluate the efficacy of different components viz. sawdust burning, stable bleaching powder, fungal and bacterial bio-control agents, chemical fungicide Rovral 50 WP and integration of different components for the management white mold disease of bush bean, mustard and garden pea in three different locations viz. in the field of Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Burirhat, Rangpur and RARS, Ishurdi, Pabna, respectively. The results showed that different treatments displayed varying levels of effectiveness against the disease. All the treatments gave satisfactory reduction of white mold disease development and increased plant growth as well as yield of bush bean, mustard and garden pea. Among the treatments, integration of saw dust burning + soil amendments with Trichoderma based bio-fungicide + bacillus based bio-control agents + application fungicide Rovral 50 WP is the best treatment which reduced 97.49%, 77.72%, 72.26% white mold disease incidence and 84.61%, 81.14%, 71.01% white mold disease severity of mustard, bush bean and garden pea, respectively and increasing plant growth parameter as well as 52.16%, 27.74%, 36.97% yield of mustard, bush bean and garden pea, respectively. Application of only fungicide Rovral 50 WP also better treatment in reduction of white mold disease incidence and disease severity and increasing plant growth parameter as well as increasing yield of mustard, bush bean and garden pea. Soil amendment with fungal or bacterial bio-control agents also gave satisfactory results in reduction of white mold disease incidence and disease severity and increasing plant growth parameter as well as increasing yield of mustard, bush bean and garden pea. It could be concluded from the obtained results that integration between bio-control agents as a soil treatment and foliar application chemical fungicide might be useful as a good tool for controlling white mold disease caused by S.sclerotiorum and obtained higher yield of bush bean, mustard and garden pea under field condition.