Stable Political Conditions Research Articles

Influence of Political Stability on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflows in Nigeria

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of political stability on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Nigeria. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that political stability significantly influences foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, as investors seek environments where their investments are secure and can yield predictable returns. Stable political conditions reduce risks related to government policy changes, expropriation, and civil unrest, thereby attracting more FDI. Conversely, political instability, marked by frequent government changes, corruption, and social unrest, deters investors due to increased uncertainty and risk. Studies have shown that countries with stable political climates tend to receive higher FDI inflows as they offer a safer, more predictable investment environment. Additionally, strong institutions and good governance practices further enhance investor confidence, leading to sustained economic growth through increased foreign investment. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Institutional theory, risk theory and eclectic paradigm may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of political stability on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in Nigeria. In practical terms, businesses and investors should focus on strengthening political institutions to create a stable and predictable environment. Policymakers play a crucial role in creating an environment conducive to FDI by prioritizing the implementation of political reforms that enhance stability. Ensuring free and fair elections, protecting civil liberties, and promoting effective governance structures are vital steps in this direction.

Controlled-environment agriculture for an urbanised world? A comparative analysis of the innovation systems in London, Nairobi and Singapore

Multiple crises and challenges in the food sector are driving a rising need for innovative food production methods that could provide a growing urban population with high-quality, sustainable and healthy food while strengthening the resilience of food systems. Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) in urban areas has been proposed as one possible pathway to address these demands. Despite its various potential benefits, CEA is still in a conceptual or experimental stage and there has been less research that focuses on the specificities of urban areas where it could be implemented. Using the Urban Food Production Innovation System (UFoPrInS) concept, this paper analyses the urban contexts and enabling and impeding factors for implementing CEA in three contrasting locations: London, Nairobi and Singapore. Based on document analysis and semi-structured expert interviews, our findings show that Singapore is a favourable location because public policies support the implementation of CEA to reduce food import dependency and enhance the resilience of food supply. In London, high food import dependency is increasingly seen as problematic, but the implementation of CEA has been hampered by other policy priorities. In Nairobi, where over half of the population lives in informal settlements without adequate food, water and sanitation, CEA is unlikely to make an economically efficient contribution to food security. We conclude that the implementation of CEA might be suitable in locations with ample capital and knowledge, stable political, social, and infrastructure conditions, and limited space, where value can be linked to hospitality and tourism, supported by positive pricing for resource savings.

Assessing the impact of pandemic measures on economic growth in a globalizing world: a non-linear panel analysis

ABSTRACT Almost three years after the pandemic started, the world had a strong 3.6% recovery after the recession (IMF, 2021). But, this rebound remains uneven across countries. At the same time, many emerging economies kept dealing with Covid-19, and in some advanced countries, the number of Covid cases is starting to rise again. This paper empirically investigates how the government’s responses to the pandemic affected economic growth in 105 developing and developed countries from 2017 to 2021. Based on panel smooth transition regressions (PSTR) by Gonzalez et al. (2017), the results indicate that the overall effect of public pandemic measures on growth is negative. However, the effects vary depending on how developed a country is and how good its institutions are. Lockdown measures have hurt emerging economies more than advanced economies. Also, high standards of institutional indicators, including how well the government operates and how good the regulations are, reveal that stringency measures have a smaller negative effect on growth, whatever the country’s level of development. Upper-middle income and advanced economies are less affected by pandemic under stable political conditions. Therefore, policymakers should consider providing a responsible institutional environment so that effective steps can be taken to contain efficiently epidemics.

Results of the implementation of social assistance policies for ethnic minority migrant families in Lai Chau province

The Fifth Central Executive Committee Meeting of the Eleventh Tenure on Several Social Policy Issues for the Period 2012 – 2020 claimed that “For many years, our Party and State have always paid attention to constructing and organizing the implementation of social policies, considering them not only objective but also driving forces for sustainable development and stable political and social conditions”. The view point at the conference emphasized that “Ensuring social security is a regular and mandatory task of the Party, the State, the entire political system, and society as a whole.”, especially for the ethnic minorities migrating from poor and disadvantaged areas. The article discusses the results of implementing social assistance policies for ethnic minority migrant families in Lai Chau province. The content of the article reflects that Lai Chau has an undeveloped economy, with outdated customs still prevailing, and many ethnic minority households continue to face difficulties. The reasons for migration among ethnic minority people are primarily due to a lack of farming land and challenging living conditions, leading to migration with family members

Anatomy of Brain Drain: A Painful Reality

Brain drain, the migration of skilled and educated labour, is a painful reality for developing countries like Nepal. The causes of brain drain can be attributed to various pull and push factors, including limited job opportunities, better standards of living, higher salaries, access to advanced technology, and more stable political conditions in developed countries. The development of the industrial sector in a country is hindered by a shortage of qualified and skilled workers, which slows down overall development. The editorial perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the brain drain phenomenon, including its causes, effects, and possible solutions. The editorial perspective highlighted the need for appropriate policy responses to address the issue and convert brain drain into wisdom gain. The role of management in managing brain drain is crucial for the country's sustainable economic development and growth. Management can contribute to addressing the issue by developing and implementing policies to attract and retain skilled professionals, investing in research and development, implementing returnee programs, addressing societal factors, and collaborating with the government and other stakeholders. The painful reality of brain drain in Nepal demands urgent attention and action from policymakers, academics, and other stakeholders. By taking appropriate measures to address the root causes of brain drain, Nepal can harness the knowledge and expertise of its skilled professionals and achieve its sustainable economic development goals. Keywords: Brain drain into wisdom gain, Cause, Impact, Effect, Management

Analysis of the Influence of Inflation and US Dollar Exchange on BRI Syariah's Stock Price

Investment using the capital market is one of the investments that are in demand by every country. By maintaining a stable political condition and currency value, it can indirectly make investments in a country last longer. The same is the case with the economic conditions in Indonesia during the covid-19 pandemic. Indonesia is really struggling how to maintain the country’s economic conditions so that it continues to run during the pandemic which generally make people’s lives and economy decline. One of the conditions that describe this economic condition can be seen from the inflation rate and also the rupiah exchange rate to us dollar. The purpose of this study is to analize the effect on inflation and also the value of the US dollar exchange rate on the stock price of an Islamic Banking. Where in this study will conduct research on BRI Syariah which has long existed in the Islamic Capital Market (Jakarta Islamic Index). This study intends to examine the effect of inflation and the rupiah exchange rate to US dollar on the stock price of BRI Syariah. The method used is the Uji Classic assumtion test, including the Normality test, multicollinearity test, Autocorrelation test and heteroscedasticity test. Meanwhile, in analyzing the data using SPSS 21, the resulths of multiple linier regression where obtained because the significance value was 0,00 which is smaller than 0,05. This means that inflation (X1) has an effect on the stock price (Y) of BRI Syariah while the significance value of the US Dollar Exchange (X2) 0,202 > 0,05, this means that the US Dollar Exchannge rate has no effect on the stock price of BRI Syariah (Y).

Динамика бедности и сокращение масштабов малообеспеченности в развивающихся странах

The term “poverty” is interpreted in different ways around the world due to the multidimensional nature of the phenomenon itself. While in some countries and geographical regions poverty is considered as deprivation, in others it is analyzed within the framework of situations of inequality in the distribution of resources and social exclusion. Despite the differences in the characteristics of this problem, many developing Countries have been using universal approaches to poverty reduction for many years. The purpose of the article is to study conceptual approaches to the definition of poverty with an emphasis on their evolution and the analysis of measures taken in recent years leading to a reduction in the level of poverty. Using the methods of secondary data analysis and studying the opinions of both domestic and foreign scientists, the author came to the conclusion that universal approaches to poverty reduction have not had the proper effect, and it is necessary to consider the problem of poverty as a global phenomenon, but solve it at local levels using local indicators. To achieve sustainable development, countries should focus on meeting the basic needs of their residents and strive to ensure stable political and economic conditions. This problem of increasing the level of poverty is most relevant during the emerging pandemic, when due to the inability to sell their goods and services, some enterprises are closed, and people are left without a job and means of livelihood. The article examines the poverty reduction programs implemented in recent years, their successes and problems. As a solution to the problem, the author proposed a practical event with the expected participation of state bodies and domestic producers, the purpose of which is to provide the population with support: to reduce the financial burden of the poor segments of society and domestic companies during the pandemic.

Corruption, Political Stability and Efficiency of Government Expenditure on Health Care: Evidence fromAsian Countries

This research explores the efficiency of government expenditure on health care by Asian countries and the impact of political factors on the efficiency. For Asian countries, it is of great importance for governments to convert economic development to the improvement of residents’ welfare and health condition. Political factors may affect efficiency, and their effects have not been clarified enough, especially in Asia. This research firstly calculates the efficiency score with the Data Envelopment Analysis. After this, we explore the impact of political and other factors and find that the degree of corruption has a negative effect on the efficiency of health care expenditure, while stable political condition and democracy affects the efficiency positively, which suggests that anti-corruption measures, stable political conditions, and democratic system are favorable for the improvement of the efficiency of expenditure on health care of Asian countries.

Control Combating Corruption: A Governance Model from Indonesians' Perspective

The purpose of this study is to propose an appropriate governance model to deal with corruption. This study reveals the indicators, from where and how corruption will be resisted. By using data governance and corruption control as well as the corruption perception index from WGI and TII in 2008-2018, this study proposed a quantitative approach to strengthen the results of the inference tests of the effect of good governance on the potential for corruption, confirming and expanding on work carried out with critical informants by Transparency International Indonesia (TII). The study found that, from the perspective of agency theory, the influence of governance on corruption has been proved, both in the context of the world and Indonesia. Good governance will make the trustee (agent) not arbitrarily follow their wishes through corruption to enrich themselves or other parties, but instead follow the mandate given by the principal (community). This study also shows, in the world context, that by adherence to ethical rules being followed by effective government, in stable political conditions, and public voices being heard, corruption can be eradicated. In the context of Indonesia, to suppress criminal acts of corruption, stable political conditions and guarantees for public votes must be done first, then effective government and compliance with regulations can follow.

Participation on the Edge: Prior Consultation and Extractivism in Latin America

Violent conflicts between indigenous groups, multinational companies, and governments over the control of lands potentially containing valuable minerals and hydrocarbons are proliferating in Latin America, as well as elsewhere around the world too. In 1989 the International Labor Organization (ILO) approved ILO Convention 169, which mandates the implementation of prior consultation (PC) with indigenous peoples about any project that could potentially affect their territory. Many interpretations regarding the aims and scopes of PC exist. Some environmental sectors see PC as a mechanism to prevent the implementation of ecologically unsustainable projects in indigenous territories. Part of the indigenous rights sector, however, sees PC as a platform via which to negotiate financial resources for indigenous communities. On the side of governments and multinational companies, PC represents a means to diminish violence and advance projects under more stable political conditions. By examining mining and hydrocarbon projects in Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico, the authors compare cases in which PC takes place and ones where it is not applied. A typology of the outcomes in relation to 1) the prevention of industrialized resource extraction on indigenous lands, 2) redistribution of economic benefits produced by extractive projects, and 3) diminishment of the state repression associated with extractive projects is offered. Findings show that in many cases all three of these results are not simultaneously achieved; the authors explain why some outcomes might be obtained in certain instances and not in others. Finally, the article offers an overall assessment of PC results in light of participation theories.

An Identity to Retain: Self-Expressive Chinese Indonesians under the Rule of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

From the Dutch colonial era until the end of Suharto administration, Chinese Indonesians have perpetually been the victims of racial prejudice and negative stereotyping addressed by pribumi. However, the most difficult situations and unpleasant experiences occurred under Suharto's New Order, where the forced assimilation policy was implemented and Chinese Indonesians at that time were drawn to Chinese films and series to search for their Chinese-ness, while escaping reality. The previous researches did not provide comprehensive studies on the identity formation of Chinese Indonesians in Post-Suharto era, especially after the reformation era, under different presidents. Therefore, the subjective reality of third and fourth generations of Chinese Indonesians who spent their adolescence and/or adulthood over the course of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY)’s tenure has been explored in this study. From the constructive nature of reality to the situational constraints that shape inquiry, the Chinese Indonesians were indeed more emotionally expressive, supported by a more stable political and economic condition, exposure to the new media, and enhanced bilateral partnership between China and Indonesia. The use of new media in disseminating the Chinese cultural values through the media product, as well as the Chinese cultural practice publicly held by mostly Chinese communities in Indonesia became the influential factors in connecting those younger generations of Chinese Indonesia to their heritage. Ethnic pride and cultural long-distance nationalism can be eventually observed.

Addressing uncertainty in decarbonisation policy mixes – Lessons learned from German and European bioenergy policy

For promoting innovation in the context of sustainability transitions, research emphasizes the importance of combining technology-push and demand-pull instruments in a coordinated policy mix. Designing such policy mixes, however, remains challenging, due to path dependencies, interacting market failures, and uncertainty regarding eventual economic, environmental and societal impacts of innovations. This results in the need for a learning and flexible policy design, but simultaneously, stable political framework conditions are required to bring about lasting changes in production and consumption behaviour. This paper undertakes an economic assessment of how this trade-off between flexibility and stability has been addressed in practice, focussing on a case study of the European and German bioenergy policy mix which serves as a prime example for the challenges of dealing with uncertainty (e.g. regarding land use impacts, GHG balances, cost developments). Informed by the theory of second best, new institutional economics and the interdisciplinary policy mix literature, we identify dimensions for assessing whether relevant uncertainties, interactions between market failures and other constraints on first-best policy making have been handled in a rational manner. From the case study, we derive lessons for bioeconomy policy, as a further example of a decarbonisation policy mix faced by high uncertainty and complexity.

Biomass Gasification for Power Generation: A Comparison with Steam Boilers in the Brazilian Scenario

This work compares biomass gasification and conventional direct combustion in steam boilers for producing power in the context of Brazilian sugar cane mills. The objective of this technical report is to show that gasification could be a more attractive way to convert biomass in energy, compared to using steam boilers, which in some cases can show a low efficiency. The idea is to use the gasifiers in sugarcane mills that have low pressure boilers (21 to 42 kgf/cm2) that are currently dedicated only to generate steam or electrical power for the mill own energy consumption. The results shows that gasification could be a cost-effective alternative for power production in Brazilian sugar cane plants with some additional advantages like the bagasse usage between the season and off-season periods to maintain a constant power generation throughout the entire year, higher energy availability and efficiency. However, nowadays in Brazil the economic advantage of gasification depends highly on political support and reliable long-term stable political framework conditions with an enough timeframe for the development, construction and operation of biomass gasification plants.

Rich and Poor Cities in Europe. An Urban Scaling Approach to Mapping the European Economic Transition.

Recent advances in the urban science make broad use of the notion of scaling. We focus here on the important scaling relationship between the gross metropolitan product (GMP) of a city and its population (pop). It has been demonstrated that GMP ∝ Y Ypopβ with β always greater than 1 and close to 1.2. This fundamental finding highlights a universal rule that holds across countries and cultures and might explain the very nature of cities. However, in an increasingly connected world, the hypothesis that the economy of a city solely depends on its population might be questionable. Using data for 248 cities in the European Union between 2005 and 2010, we found a double GMP/pop scaling regime. For West EU cities, β = 1 over the whole the period, while for post-communist cities β > 1 and increases from ∼1.2 to ∼1.4. The evolution of the scaling exponent describes the convergence of post-communist European cities to open and liberal economies. We propose a simple model of economic convergence in which, under stable political conditions, a linear GMP/pop scaling is expected for all cities. The results suggest that the GMP/pop super-linear scaling represents a phase of economic growth rather than a steady, universal urban feature. The results also suggest that relationships between cities are embedded in their political and economic context and cannot be neglected in explanations of cities, urbanization and urban economics.

Identifying locations for large-scale microalgae cultivation in Western Australia: A GIS approach

Abstract The decline in available fossil fuel resources coupled with an ever increasing global demand for energy, have led to substantial interest in the development of renewable biofuels. Biofuels from microalgae, especially liquid fuels produced from saline microalgae lipids (oils), are seen as an important component of the future biofuels mix. In Australia, several companies and research groups are working on developing microalgal biofuels and whilst most are still in the research and development stage, recently constructed demonstration facilities highlight the potential for large-scale cultivation. Western Australia (WA) specifically, has several key advantages for large-scale microalgae for biofuel cultivation including abundant sunshine, extensive land area unsuitable for agriculture, an abundant water source in the Indian Ocean, existing infrastructure in several potential locations, high local demand for fuel and stable political conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify capable geographic locations for constructing large-scale microalgae for biofuel cultivation facilities in WA. Through the development of the Australian Algal Cultivation–Spatial Location Model (AAC–SLM) an examination of site specific parameters such as irradiance, temperature, CO2 and nutrient availability, workability of soils, land-use and access to distribution infrastructure and a viable workforce, most capable locations for large-scale microalgae cultivation were identified in the state. Results indicate that large tracts of land along the central coast of Western Australia are ideal for cultivation development and could produce up to 11% of Australia’s annual automotive diesel needs across the most suitable locations. The end result provides a robust method that can be tailored to the specific requirements and data availability of other regions within Australia and in other nations as a tool to attract future development through the identification of capable cultivation locations.

The Continuation of Coercion and Human Rights Violations in Indonesia’s Papua: Causes and Solutions

Almost all year in 2012, coercion and human rights violations were the main features of Papuans’ daily life; these were marked primarily by the continuation of ethnic war (quite dominant before 2001), coercion, and gunfire between the security apparatus and Papuans. The focus of a solution towards this problem should pay particular attention to understanding the Papuan case comprehensively in Papua comprehensively. The roots of the problem and its challenges cover several factors: demographic issues, the history of coercion and human rights violations for more than 50 years, and the issue of welfare. All of these factors should be addressed with realistic and comprehensive solutions based on understanding the mistakes of the past. Achieving successful development can only happen with a stable political and economic condition where peace serves as the foundation. Integration of Papuan aspirations and popular involvement of locals is necessary. In contrast, the Indonesian central government’s continuing policy of coercion and human rights violations in Indonesia’s Papua will only result in a cycle of violence. Muthiah Alagappa’s (1995 and 2001) concept of political legitimacy as based on people’s desires and the national and local consensus is a constructive basis for improving the situation in Papua.

Vers un État développeur au Kazakhstan ? Les bases institutionnelles de la transition économique

Although the government of Kazakhstan has largely ignored Washington Consensus-type recommendations for policy reform, the country exhibits remarkable economic growth, stable (though non-democratic) political conditions and a strong presidency. Thanks to increased world market prices for natural resources, the government has also been able to freely choose its public policies and construct politico-institutional structures of its own devising. These have helped it generate not only political stability but also social and economic progress. This system may lead one to ask whether Kazakhstan is an emerging developmental state. After having underscored a few of the distinctive criteria of the developmental state – a genuine commitment on the part of its leaders to the objective of development, certain state offices, certain politico-institutional foundations of economic government – the present article sheds light on the hybrid character of the Kazakh model, at once an ideal type and a reflection of national specificities. ■

Demand, supply, and restraint: Determinants of domestic water conflict and cooperation

This article focuses on one of the most likely empirical manifestations of the “environment-conflict” claim by examining how demand for and supply of water may lead to domestic water conflict. It also studies what factors may reduce the risk of conflict and, hence, induce cooperation. To this end, the article advances several theory-based arguments about the determinants of water conflict and cooperation, and then analyzes time-series cross-section data for 35 Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Sahel countries between 1997 and 2009. The empirical results show that demand-side drivers, such as population pressure, agricultural productivity, and economic development are likely to have a stronger impact on water conflict risk than supply-side factors, represented by climate variability. The analysis also reveals that violent water conflicts are extremely rare, and that factors conducive to restraint, such as stable political conditions, may stimulate cooperation. Overall, these results suggest that the joint analysis of demand, supply, and restraint improves our ability to account for domestic water-related conflict and cooperation.

Forecasting Coarse Rice Prices in Bangladesh

Bangladesh being a developing country, always tries to control the market prices of coarse rice for stable political and social condition. The main aim of this paper is to find out appropriate deterministic time series model using the latest selection criteria that could best describe the coarse rice price pattern in Bangladesh during the time period July 1975 to December 2011. A total of 438 secondary data on monthly wholesale prices of coarse rice from July 1975 to December 2011 have been used for time series analysis. In this study growth models of different types are fitted using the software package SPSS 20 for the selected time series. The study reveals that cubic model is the best fitted model for wholesale price of coarse rice on the basis of model selection criterion (R2, R2 , RMSE, AIC, BIC, MAE and MAPE). Cubic growth rates varied from 0.68% to 4.03%. After choosing the best growth model by the model selection criteria the coarse rice prices are forecasted for the time period January 2012 to December 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16480 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 193-201, 2011

Regional cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region—recommendations to foster a joint understanding and take action against common risks and threats

It is in our common interest to protect and promote democracy, security, and the rule of law in the Baltic Sea Region. These are among the fundamental conditions for a fair and prosperous social and economic development. It is also in our common interest to repel the threats against our civil security. National and international security today is not just a question of an absence of military threats, but to a growing extent a transnational presence of stable democratic, political, economic, social, and infrastructural conditions. The threats against society are manifold: natural disasters, environmental degradation, political, social and infrastructural vulnerabilities, organized crime, corruption, poverty, welfare gaps, social marginalization, uneven living conditions, ideological fanaticism, etc. The threat of a confrontation with military means has all but vanished, although it has not disappeared entirely. Take organized crime as an example: Organized crime is growing and eating its way into society’s fabric. It is evident in the detestable trafficking in human beings, in the narcotics trade, in the recurrent corruption scandals, and in many other ways. Organized crime undermines the security and safety of the citizens. It corrodes the legal and administrative foundation of society. It distorts the free function of the market mechanisms. It corrupts politics. Organized crime is, therefore, a fundamental threat against freedom and democracy. Civil security requires a comprehensive assessment of threats and risks, which includes everything from nonintentional to intentional threats. It is also a matter of developing and adapting new means of prevention and response, in which the combined resources of society are prepared for various scenarios. Not least, civil security is a question of safeguarding the principles, functions, and institutions of the open and democratic society, while concurrently strengthening the security and Asia Eur J (2010) 8:267–269 DOI 10.1007/s10308-010-0267-6