Stable Introverts Research Articles

Study on Connections Between Signature and Personality Using Eysenck Test: A Case Study of Iranian Signatures

In this study the relationship between signature and personality characteristics is investigated. Various characteristics of signature such as size, style, change and favorite color and personality characteristics such as neuroticism (stability - instability) and Introversion and extraversion and integration of these dimensions and attributes associated with them are studied using Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to find the internal states of individuals. The sample used in this study consists of 68 people among the members of community (Miyaneh city in Iran, regardless of their job and position) randomly including 36 women and 32 men. In this study Chi-squared test and Eysenck Tests questionnaire is used in the form of 90 questions. The result of this study showed that extroverts have larger signature while introverts sign smaller. There is a relation between individuals’ favorite colors and personality characteristics. No relation observed between individuals signatures (up to forth signature) and personality characteristics. According to results, extroverts sign embowed especially unstable extroverts. Introverts sign vertical and a line is observed around the signature. Complicated and horizontal signatures are more observed in unstable introverts and stable individuals respectively. Stable introverts often have annulated signatures.

Emotional correlates of the basic traits of personality

Most previous research has demonstrated relatively high correlations between two main traits – Extraversion and Neuroticism – and personality emotional predispositions. It has been shown that Extraversion and Emotional stability are predictors of positive emotions, while Introversion and Neuroticism are predictors of negative emotions (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985; Wilson & Gullone, 1999). However, some other research reveals the complexity and certain discrepancy of the above-mentioned links (Williams, 1993; McFatter, 1994; Matthews, 1998). The main aim of the present research is particularization of parameters of everyday emotional life in structures of two personality super factors: Extraversion and Neuroticism, i.e. examination the relationships between daily emotions indices and basic traits and types of personality. The second aim is to find out what influence the kind and character of everyday activity has on the relation between personality and emotions. In other words, the hypothesis of the research is that Extraversion and Neuroticism influence the modality structure of emotions, experienced during the concrete everyday activity.The method of chronological registration of everyday emotions, or „emotional diary“, has been used. For 2–4 weeks the 80 subjects (university students, aged 17–24 years) using special form have been chronologically registering the kind of everyday activity (learning, chores, aesthetic, spiritual activity, etc.), the sign, modality (joy, anger, fear, grief), intensity and duration of emotions. Personality traits were examined by EPI.Considerable emotional differences were found in subjects having high and low score in the both two scales. There were no significant differences between extraverts and introverts. Studying dynamics of subjects’ everyday emotions we found no correlation between neuroticism and index of emotional stability we obtained. Research revealed the specificity of the emotional regulation of kinds of everyday activities determined by the personality traits. However, they are not so expressed as it was expected. The most significant differences in the most kind of activities are revealed between stable extraverts and unstable introverts. Also, some important parameters of everyday emotional life (stability, intensity, hedonic level) and their relation with the basic personality traits are being discussed. The conclusion of the present research is as follows: the kind and character of everyday activities do not have a significant influence on the relation between the two personality super-factors – Extraversion and Neuroticism – and everyday emotions. The research has revealed that the link between the basic personality traits and everyday emotions tends to be stable enough, that is why it is little influenced by the character and specificity of everyday activity.

Social Withdrawal: Self-Efficacy, Happiness, and Popularity in Introverted and Extroverted Adolescents

Prior research has not concurred on whether withdrawn children are at-risk for maladjustment, and therefore whether intervention is of value to them. The present study hypothesized that when assessing possible future maladjustment one must look not only at introversion but also emotional stability (neuroticism). Participants were 243 grade 7 and 8 students identified by self-report measures as stable introverts, stable extroverts, unstable introverts, and unstable extroverts. Results confirmed that unstable introverts regarded themselves as less happy and popular than other subjects. They saw themselves as less academically self-efficacious than extroverts and emotionally stable, introverted adolescents. Introverts and unstable adolescents regarded themselves as less socially self-efficacious than extroverts or stable children. The results in general suggest that it is not simply introversion that determines negative social consequences, but that emotional stability or neuroticism must also be considered and that unstable introverts may be more likely than stable introverts to suffer from maladjustment. The findings may help psychologists, teachers, and counsellors determine which socially withdrawn children benefit from intervention.

LSD response in Eysenckian trait types identified by polypredictive CFA

The four personality type combinations derived from high and low extraversion ( E+ E− ) and high and low neuroticism ( N+ N− ) have been related to response patterns composed of three symptoms (affective disturbances, thinking disturbances, and blackouts) scored as present (+) or absent (−) after a single oral dose of the hallucinogenic drug LSD-25. Hypotheses for expected response patterns for each personality group were derived from a data set obtained by Kohnen and Lienert (1987). Significance of associations was tested by two strategies of polyprediction configural frequency analysis (CFA): multiple uniprediction and biprediction CFA. Both strategies yielded a significant hyperpresentation of all three symptoms present in E+N+ (hysterics), merely thinking disorders in dysthymics (E−N+), merely affective symptoms in E+N− (stable extraverts), and merely blackouts in N−E− (stable introverts). Authors tried to relate these symptoms to Kretschmer's temperament types and could afterwards show by a chessboard modification of prediction CFA, that by applying two combined hypotheses for two personality types each, the significance of the predicted associations could be increased.

Anxiety and academic achievement: Further Furneaux factor findings

The investigation examined the relationship between neuroticism, anxiety and academic achievement in a sample of 108 Modular Degree Students and found that neuroticism correlated positively with degree marks ( P < 0.01) only for students with high superego strength. This replicated the finding of a neuroticism-superego interaction or Furneaux Factor in a previous study by McKenzie (1989a; Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 509–515). Correlations between measures of anxiety, obtained by resolving the vector sum of the neuroticism and extraversion scores, and degree marks were even higher ( P < 0.005) than for neuroticism. The correlations were also higher at degree as opposed to diploma and certificate levels, which supported the contentions, by Eysenck and Eysenck (1985; Personality and Individual Differences. London: Plenum Press), that neuroticism only correlates positively with achievement in groups that have been highly selected and, by McKenzie (1989a), that the Furneaux Factor is more apparent in more academically rigorous programmes of study. The results of a zone analysis revealed low, negative correlations between verbal ability and achievement for neurotic introverts only, which confirmed the relevance of applying drive theory to the relationship between anxiety and academic achievement advanced by Furneaux (1980; Personality and Academic Performance. Guildford: SRHE). Very high positive correlations ( P < 0.001) between verbal ability and degree marks were found for stable introverts only, which places the role of intelligence in its proper context.

Human values and personality dimensions: A test of the social values inventory

The results of two studies examining the personality correlates of human values are reported. Whereas previous work has used the well-known Rokeach Value Survey, the present report details findings using the Social Values Inventory. The results of canonical correlation analyses indicated that Eysenckian Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism interact in complex ways in predicting the endorsement of values. Certain value correlates of personality types are noted. Results indicated that emotionally stable high P-scores were distinguishable from emotionally stable introverts. Findings are discussed in the light of previous work into individual differences. Some suggestions for further research are also made.

Job Satisfaction, And The Social, Occupational And Personality Characteristics Of Male Chartered Accountants From Three Professional Bodies

Members of the ICAEW (N = 111) and ICAS (N = 97) were compared with members of the ICAI (N = 92) for their social, occupational, and personality characteristics, career satisfaction, current job satisfaction, and their ratings of importance of job characteristics for job satisfaction. While significant differences in some social and occupational characteristics were found in the three groups, personality and job satisfaction do not differ significantly for male accountants across the three professional bodies. Male accountants, irrespective of professional membership body, are tender-minded, socially conforming, emotionally stable introverts who are generally satisfied with their career choice, and show high levels of job satisfaction. These findings point to the conclusion that accountants choose a career which is congruent with their personality characteristics.

Differential effects of reward and punishment cues on response speed in anxious and impulsive individuals

Four groups of subjects—neurotic extraverts, stable extraverts, neurotic introverts, and stable introverts—were instructed to trace a circle template as slowly as possible. The tracing task was performed under one of three conditions: Condition Rw entailed the presence of reward cues, Condition Pn entailed the presence of punishment cues, and Condition G(while involving the presence of goal stimulus) entailed neither type of conditioned stimulus. As predicted, high impulsive (neurotic extravert) subjects exhibited inappropriately rapid tracing speeds (i.e. behaved impulsively) to a greater extent than did low impulsive (stable introvert) subjects in Conditions Rw. Although, as expected, high anxious (neurotic introvert) subjects manifested the fastest tracing speeds among the four subject groups in the presence of punishment cues (i.e. in Condition Pn), they did not trace significantly faster than low anxious (stable extravert) subjects. Finally, replicating earlier research in which the presence of a salient goal stimulus was sufficient to engender rapid responding, high impulsive subjects traced significantly faster than did low impulsives in Condition G. These results are discussed in the context of a model of impulsive behavior that is primarily a synthesis of Eysenck's ( The biological basis of personality, 1967) personality theory and Gray's ( Elements of a two-process theory of learning, 1975) three arousal model. This synthesis maps the extraversion dimension onto the relative strengths of Gray's behavioral activation and inhibition systems, and identifies the neuroticism dimension with Gray's nonspecific arousal system.

Personality, average mood and mood variability

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between personality and mood. Within the mood realm, it is possible to identify separate higher-order dimensions of positive affect and negative affect. In addition, individuals may differ in terms of both their mean mood level and their mood variability. These are theoretical reasons for predicting that all of these aspects of mood should be related to the higher-order personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism. The subjects in this study completed a mood questionnaire three times a day over a period of three weeks. Mean mood levels were best predicted by extraversion, but mean negative affect was also strongly related to neuroticism. Mood variability was related to extraversion and to neuroticism, with neurotic extraverts having the greatest mood variability and stable introverts having the smallest mood variability. The strength of the observed effects indicates that individual differences in mean mood and mood variability are determined in an important way by personality characteristics.

Personality correlates of Benton's visual retention test

Bivariate correlations revealed that only L was highly significantly (negatively) correlated with the ability to retain and reproduce geometrical figures (Benton Visual Retention Test). Personality groups were generated using extreme cut-offs for E and N, as well as P and L. Extraverts produced similar error profiles to introverts. High trait N Ss tended to emit more errors of omission compared to low trait N persons, otherwise the performance profiles were not statistically different. Several E × N interactions emerged however, with stable introverts yielding significantly more correct reproductions and a lower error frequency than the other groups, with dysthymics (introverted neurotics) performing worst, the latter group further characterised by a greater number of perseveration and mislocation errors. High and low P-scoring Ss did not differ significantly in their ability to reproduce figures, with the exception of perseveration errors which were more common amongst P + Ss. L + individuals displayed inferior performance compared to L− Ss. An analysis of error categories revealed that L + emitted more distortion, left- and right-handed errors. There was no indication of any P × L interaction effect.

The influence of personality on induced depressive mood

An experimental group ( n = 40) of normal female undergraduates underwent a Velten type of depressive mood-induction procedure (DMIP) and was compared with a control group ( n = 40) which underwent a neutral mood-induction procedure (NMIP). Ss were selected on the basis of scores on the EPI to give a composition in each group of 10 neurotic introverts (NI), 10 neurotic extraverts (NE), 10 stable introverts (SI) and 10 stable extraverts (SE). Depressive mood was assessed before and after each MIP using a measure of psychomotor retardation (writing speed). An ANOVA applied to residualized change scores on the writing-speed measure showed that the DMIP produced a significantly greater depressive effect on mood than the NMIP and that neurotic Ss displayed a significantly greater degree of depressive deficit than stable Ss regardless of type of MIP undertaken. However, a significant interaction between neuroticism and type of MIP showed that neurotic Ss were especially prone to depressive deficits in the DMIP. No effects of extraversion/introversion on susceptibility to depressed mood were detected. The results are discussed in terms of Eysenck and Gray's theory of personality predisposition to depression and it is suggested that the Velten technique may have limitations for the induction of depressed mood.

Personality, hypnotic susceptibility and EEG responses: preliminary study.

22 men and women, students in psychology, were given the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, also percent theta, alpha and beta EEG spectral powers were evaluated during an hypnotic induction induced according to Barber's method. The EEG performance was compared with two baseline eyes-open, eyes-closed conditions and with a neutral control situation of listening to a weather report. No relation was found between Extraversion-Introversion scores and scores on the Barber Suggestibility Scale. The difference in EEG powers was nonsignificant for groups high and low in suggestibility, while a significant interaction was found for eyes open or closed X suggestibility groups when extreme scores of Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism were considered according to Eysenck's (1966) method. The right theta power of the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, high in susceptibility in eyes-open condition was higher than the neurotic extraverts, and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis. The right theta power of the neurotic extraverts and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis showed a tendency to increase in eyes-closed conditions, while an opposite observation was made for the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, subjects who were high in susceptibility. It is interesting to notice, according to Galbraith, et al. (1970) that it was the eyes-open condition which yielded the best EEG predictor of hypnotic susceptibility.

Self-monitoring, ethical position, personality, values and cognitive performance

The results of two studies examining the personality correlates of human values are reported. Whereas previous work has used the well-known Rokeach Value Survey, the present report details findings using the Social Values Inventory. The results of canonical correlation analyses indicated that Eysenckian Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism interact in complex ways in predicting the endorsement of values. Certain value correlates of personality types are noted. Results indicated that emotionally stable high P-scores were distinguishable from emotionally stable introverts. Findings are discussed in the light of previous work into individual differences. Some suggestions for further research are also made.

EEG and cardiac correlates of neuroticism: A psychophysiological comparison of neurotics and normal controls in relation to personality

In the context of Eysenck's theory of personality the contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded in 60 psychiatric patients (30 introverted and 30 extraverted neurotics) and 60 normal controls (30 stable extraverts and 30 stable introverts) under three experimental conditions, i.e. the standard CNV-paradigm (St: tone-light-MR) and two discrimination tasks. In these tasks either S 1 (info S 1) or S 2 (info S 2) contained task-relevant information with respect to the motor response (MR). At a 4 sec CNV-interval the O- and E-wave, the P300 elicited by S 1, the alpha power, the heart rate and the heart rate variability were measured. The EEG, recorded from C z to the linked earlobes, P 4 vs. O 2 and the EOG were sampled at a frequency of 100 c/s over a 12 sec epoch (starting 8 sec before S 1 till the onset of S 2. The increase in informative properties of S 1 (as is the case during ‘info S 1’) resulted in enhanced amplitudes (and increased latencies) of O-wave and P300, producing evidence that these two slow waves are related to cortical orientation. The E-wave is not influenced, as expected, by the informative properties of ‘info S 2’ and there is no linear relationship between task complexity and the E-wave. Reaction time increased from ‘St’ to ‘info S 2’ as did the heart rate. The present results indicate that there is no simple way to characterize CNV-components that can best distinguish neurotics from controls. Neurotics showed during all three conditions shorter P300 latencies than controls indicating that the P300 seems to be a better ERP-parameter than the CNV-components to differentiate between neurotics and controls.

Autokinetic Word Technique and Personality

24 male subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of their scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and were administered the autokinetic word technique test as elaborated by Rechtschaffen and Mednick (1955), with numbers of words and letters reported constituting the response measures. Stable introverts reported significantly more words and letters than stable extraverts; there was no difference between neurotic introverts and neurotic extraverts. On the basis of the large inter-subject variability, the usefulness of the autokinetic-word situation in the investigation of projection is doubted.

EXTRAVERSION, NEUROTICISM AND STRENGTH OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The hypothesized identity of the dimensions of extraversion-introversion and strength of the nervous system was tested on four groups of nine subjects (neurotic extraverts, stable extraverts, neurotic introverts, stable introverts). Strength of the subjects' nervous system was estimated using the electroencephalographic (EEG) variant of extinction with reinforcement. Introverted subjects were found to have weak nervous systems, according to the EEG index, while extraverted subjects had strong nervous systems, thus confirming the hypothesis. It was also found that the dimension of strength of the nervous system was unrelated to differences in neuroticism. The results are interpreted as adding support to Eysenck's theory relating differences in extraversion-introversion to differences in cortical arousal.

Personality, emotional state, and perception of nonverbal communications.

The study investigated whether emotionally provoking disagreements between 36 marriage partners influenced their ability to identify each other's feelings from tone of voice cues. The results suggested that among the males the ability of stable introverts to identify increased after disagreements, while that of neurotic introverts decreased (p smaller than 0.01).

The effects of chlorpromazine and dextroamphetamine sulfate on the visual stimulation preference of extraverts and introverts.

ABSTRACTThe study was design to assess the hypothesis that preference for visual stimulation is at least in part determined by physiological mechanisms which can be modified by depressant and stimulant drugs. Thirty‐six undergraduate females representing stable extroverts and stable introverts were used under diversive and specific exploration paradigms. While the specific exploration paradigm failed to reveal drug effects, the diversive exploration paradigm revealed that preference patterns of introverts were influenced by chlorpromazine, while dextroamphetamine sulfate had no significant effect on the preference patterns of extraverts. The relationship between the RAS, cortical arousal, and preferences for stimulation is discussed.

DIVERGENT THINKING: A COMPLEX FUNCTION OF INTERACTING DIMENSIONS OF EXTRAVERSION‐INTROVERSION AND NEUROTICISM‐STABILITY*

Divergent thinking was measured by word fluency and word originality in a sample of 300 university students. After controlling for verbal intelligence, divergent thinking was found to be a complex function of extraversion–introversion and neuroticism–stability. Stable extraverts were significantly more fluent than stable introverts, but neurotic extraverts and introverts attained fluency scores approximating the mean of the extreme stable counterparts. The effect is explained in terms of Eysenck's arousal theory of personality types.

The interaction of extraversion and neuroticism in orienting response habituation.

ABSTRACTTwenty different consonant trigrams were presented individually to 38 observers in a standard OR habituation paradigm while the GSRs and BSRs were recorded. The observers were later categorized according to extraversion and neuroticism (anxiety) scores. All observers evidenced habituation in varying degrees to these dissimilar stimuli; however, the stable observers responded to more of the stimuli than did the neurotics. This basic neuroticism effect was modified by the extraversion factor as shown by response magnitudes: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts habituated differently than did the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts. This significant extraversion × neuroticism interaction was also present, in the same form, in the BSR data: stable introverts and neurotic extraverts had declining BSR values, while with stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, the BSRs increased (i.e., they became less attentive).