Stable Cooperation Research Articles

Comparison between Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine for Awake Fiberoptic Intubation

Background: Currently Awake fibreoptic intubation- (AFOI) is the gold standard for the management of patients with an anticipated difficult airway. Various medications have been used to perform intubation during AFOI. The ideal drug for AFOI must provide comfort, cooperation, amnesia and hemodynamic stability along with maintenance of spontaneous respiration. The study aimed to compare fentanyl, clonidine and dexmedetomidine in providing favourable intubating conditions along with hemodynamic stability during AFOI. Methods: This prospective and randomized trial was carried out in 90 patients who were scheduled for elective surgery and required awake fibreoptic intubation. The patients were randomly divided into three different groups; Group A: Received Injection Dexmedetomidine-1ug/kg over 10 minutes; Group B: Received Injection Clonidine-2ug/kg over 10 minutes; and Group C: Received Injection Fentanyl- 2ug/kg over 10 minutes. Cough score, post-intubation score, Ramsay sedation score (RSS) and the changes in hemodynamic, were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intubation condition and the results were then compared among the groups. Results: Demographic variables such as gender, age, weight and American Society of Anaesthesiologists-Physical Status ASA-PS (I/II) were comparable among the three groups and not statistically significant. The cough score and the post intubation score were lower in Group A. RSS was noted to be higher in Group A and there was a lower incidence of desaturation. Hemodynamic parameters were also favourable in Group A. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine was found to be more effective than clonidine and fentanyl in those undergoing awake fibreoptic intubation. There were fewer adverse effects such as coughing, discomfort, oxygen desaturation, and intolerance to intubation.

Variables and Dynamics of the Middle Eastern System

Background This study explores the transformative impact of three significant events on the Middle Eastern regional system: the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the Arab Spring of 2011, and the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack on Israel. These events have altered the regional balance, leading to an evolving, complex, and multi-polar system. This research assesses the role of both state and non-state actors, examining their influence on the region’s stability and overall structure. Methods Employing a mixed-method approach that combines area studies and international relations (IR) theory, this study examines the regional power dynamics using twelve indicators to assess hard and soft power, including economic, military, and socio-political metrics. The analysis positions regional actors within a multi-tiered structure, evaluating the interplay between internal and external influences to explain the current distribution of power. Results The study finds that the Middle Eastern system has developed into a hierarchical yet anarchic structure, characterized by a competitive and multi-polar power distribution. Although external actors, such as the United States, continue to play pivotal roles, regional powers – including Saudi Arabia, Israel, Turkey, and Iran – exert significant influence, leading to an inherently unstable system. This dynamic interplay fosters competition and limits cooperative stability. Conclusion The findings suggest that the Middle Eastern regional system’s volatility is rooted in this unique distribution of power, where continuous struggles among actors contribute to persistent instability. Understanding these dynamics is essential for assessing future developments and potential stability within the region.

Indirect reciprocity under opinion synchronization

Indirect reciprocity is a key explanation for the exceptional magnitude of cooperation among humans. This literature suggests that a large proportion of human cooperation is driven by social norms and individuals' incentives to maintain a good reputation. This intuition has been formalized with two types of models. In public assessment models, all community members are assumed to agree on each others' reputations; in private assessment models, people may have disagreements. Both types of models aim to understand the interplay of social norms and cooperation. Yet their results can be vastly different. Public assessment models argue that cooperation can evolve easily and that the most effective norms tend to be stern. Private assessment models often find cooperation to be unstable, and successful norms show some leniency. Here, we propose a model that can organize these differing results within a single framework. We show that the stability of cooperation depends on a single quantity: the extent to which individual opinions turn out to be correlated. This correlation is determined by a group's norms and the structure of social interactions. In particular, we prove that no cooperative norm is evolutionarily stable when individual opinions are statistically independent. These results have important implications for our understanding of cooperation, conformity, and polarization.

Cooperative stabilization of calcium carbonate powder, blast furnace slag, and white cement in composite concrete: Volume variation and hydration behavior

Volume stability was an important property of white concrete in long-term service. The purpose of this research is that volume stability of composite concrete was advanced by synergy of calcium carbonate powder and blast furnace slag, and its related hydration behavior was revealed. The results manifested that the early shrinkage, dry shrinkage, and creep of calcium carbonate powder-blast furnace slag-based white concrete (C20) were the lowest as content of calcium carbonate powder and blast furnace slag were 20 % and 10 %. Furthermore, early shrinkage, dry shrinkage, creep, and 120-days compressive strength of C20 were 52.49 %, 24.83 %, 22.47 %, and 82 MPa respectively, which superior to those of others white concrete. These results indicated that the long-term volume stability and strength of C20 was optimal. Information of hydration heat showed that accumulate hydration heat about C20 was minimum (226.91 J/g). This find proved that the effects of thermal expansion and cooling shrinkage on the volume of C20 were ameliorated efficiently. The results of microstructure, mineral phase, and pore structure demonstrated that dense degree of white concrete was boosted by flocculation gel product and rod ettringite. Therefore, the volume stability of white composite concrete could be enhanced by synergy of calcium carbonate powder, blast furnace slag, and white cement.

Research on cooperative control and stability of variable refrigerant flow refrigeration system

Research on cooperative control and stability of variable refrigerant flow refrigeration system

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation on seismic performance of self-centering bridge bents with energy-dissipation beams

This study explores the creation of self-centering bridge bents with energy-dissipation (ED) beams to enhance seismic resilience. This design combines the concepts of cast-in-place bridge bents with ED components and self-centering rocking piers. The self-centering bridge bent with ED beams integrates cooperative mechanisms, for bearing, stability, energy dissipation, and recoverable capacity. Two types of specimens were designed and constructed: self-centering bridge bents with and without ED beams, referred to as specimens SCB-EDB and SCB, respectively. Quasi-static tests were conducted to thoroughly assess the seismic performance, including lateral force, stiffness, energy dissipation, and self-centering capacity, of these specimens. The results show that both specimens exhibit a distinct flag-shaped hysteresis curve, demonstrating good self-centering capacity. However, the ED beams slightly reduce the self-centering capacity of the bridge bent. Specimen SCB-EDB shows significantly higher lateral force, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity than specimen SCB. The ED beams also contribute to reducing damage and sliding of the column. Numerical models were established in OpenSees to reproduce the test results of specimens SCB-EDB and SCB. The numerical results closely match the corresponding test results, effectively capturing the hysteresis behavior, skeleton curves, stiffness variations, and energy dissipation capacity. Consequently, both numerical models could accurately replicate the quasi-static test results.

Differential Games between a Brand Manufacturer and an Internet Celebrity Regarding Fairness Concerns

With the rapid growth of social media and live-streaming technology, live-stream selling has become integral to the digital economy. Using differential game theory, this paper examines how fairness concerns impact the profits of internet celebrities and brand manufacturers under the “pure commission” model. We analyzed no fairness concern, gap fairness concern, and self-due fairness concern models, to investigate the optimal decisions and corresponding profits for an internet celebrity and a brand manufacturer. The results show that the internet celebrity earned the highest profits with low commission rates under the self-due fairness concern model, whereas higher commission rates yielded higher profits for the internet celebrity under the gap fairness concern model. Simultaneously, fairness concerns significantly affected the cooperation stability and long-term benefits, motivating the internet celebrity to maintain efficient collaborations with the brand manufacturer. Furthermore, the self-due fairness concern model was more practical than the gap fairness concern model.

Hierarchical Assembly of High-Nuclearity Copper(I) Alkynide Nanoclusters: Highly Effective CO2 Electroreduction Catalyst toward Hydrocarbons.

The pursuit of precision in the engineering of metal nanoparticle assemblies has long fascinated scientists, but achieving atomic-level accuracy continues to pose a significant challenge. This research sheds light on the hierarchical assembly processes of two high-nuclearity Cu(I) nanoclusters (NCs). By employing a multiligand cooperative stabilization strategy, we have isolated a series of thiacalix[4]arene (TC4A)/alkynyl coprotected Cu(I) NCs (Cux, where x = 9, 13, 17, 22). These NCs are intricately coassembled from the fundamental building units of {Cu4(TC4A)} and alkynyl-stabilized Cu5L6 in various ratios. By capturing active anion templates such as O2-, Cl-, or C22- that are generated in situ, we have further explored the secondary structural self-assembly of these clusters. Cu13 serves as a secondary assembly module for constructing Cu38 and Cu43, which exhibit the highest nuclearity reported to date among Cu(I) NCs encased in macrocyclic ligands. Notably, Cu38 demonstrates an impressive Faradaic efficiency of 62.01% for hydrocarbons at -1.57 V vs RHE during CO2 electroreduction, with 34.03% for C2H4 and 27.98% for CH4. This performance establishes it as an exceptionally rare, large, atomically precise metal NC (nuclearity >30) capable of catalyzing the formation of highly electro-reduced hydrocarbon products. Our research has introduced a new approach for constructing high-nuclearity Cu(I) NCs through a hierarchical assembly method and investigating their potential in the electrocatalytic transformation of CO2 into hydrocarbons.

The impact of technological cooperation on Russian-Chinese relations: prospects and challenges

The study of technological cooperation between Russia and China is an in-depth analysis of the interrelationships that have developed between the two countries in the field of science and technology. The focus is on ongoing projects and initiatives, such as joint research, which play a key role in the development of both States. The influence of the international situation on these relations is considered as global changes and economic sanctions against Russia can affect the dynamics of cooperation with China. The study also analyzes the challenges that may arise in the development of these ties, including issues of intellectual property and competitiveness in the international arena. An important place is occupied by studying the role of technological exchange in strengthening the strategic partnership between the two countries, as well as its possible geopolitical consequences, such as strengthening the positions of both countries on the world stage, reducing dependence on Western technologies and influencing global supply chains. The study highlights the importance of technology cooperation as a tool to achieve a sustainable and secure future for Russia and China in a changing world order. The article uses methods of qualitative analysis based on data from scientific publications and reports. An important place is given to the interdisciplinary approach, which includes elements of system analysis, economic theory, international relations and political science. The methods used help to investigate the influence of technological factors on the dynamics of Russian-Chinese relations and assess their long-term prospects. Technological cooperation between Russia and China demonstrates great significant potential, despite the existing challenges. The study highlights the impact of political, economic and technological factors, as well as risks such as political instability and cyber threats. Deepening high-tech collaboration opens up new horizons for both countries, allowing knowledge sharing in strategically important sectors such as artificial intelligence and 5G. This study makes an innovative contribution, emphasizing the need to integrate technology and policy solutions. Technological cooperation also contributes to strengthening geopolitical cooperation in the face of sanctions pressure and instability. To achieve long-term success, it is important to develop stable cooperation mechanisms, minimize risks and ensure stability based on trust and joint strategies.

The guidance of neutral human populations maintains cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game

In game theory, the emergence and maintenance of cooperative behavior within a group is a significant topic in evolutionary game theory and complex network theory. However, the limitations of a single mechanism in traditional networks restrict a thorough analysis of the sustenance and development of cooperative behavior, given the challenges posed by the diversity of social groups. To address this issue, this paper combines reinforcement learning game strategies with traditional prisoner's dilemma strategies based on two-layer coupled network to investigate the transmission of cooperative behavior among individuals in games. In our research, we study the evolutionary pattern and phase transitions using the Monte Carlo method. We use the prisoner's dilemma game as a mathematical model, establishing two subpopulations in each layer, with mutually payoff-neutral players between different subpopulations. This configuration results in intriguing spatiotemporal dynamics and patterns, leading to the spontaneous emergence of a cyclic dominance, where defectors from one group become prey for cooperators in another group, and vice versa. By simulating game evolution, we explore individual strategy changes and the impact of individual abilities on cooperative behavior in reinforcement learning. Extensive validations indicate that, in social dilemmas, adjusting the abilities of groups through effective guidance can sustain cooperative behavior. This guidance enables us to comprehend the stability of cooperation under adverse conditions. Simultaneously, the coexistence of two subpopulations greatly amplifies the complexity of evolutionary dynamics, causing a increase in cooperation rate.

The stability of cooperation in the context of cross-border cooperation: The example of Poland's borderlands

Abstract The objective of this paper was to conceptualise the issue of cooperation stability in research on cross-border cooperation. On this basis, regularities related to selected aspects of the stability of cross-border cooperation were identified using the example of the Polish border regions. The analysis was based on a complex review of the Interreg, ETC, ENPI, and ENI cross-border cooperation programmes implemented in the Polish border regions between 2007–2013 and 2014–2020, taking into account both internal and external EU borders. The study covered a total of 1,577 projects realised between 2007–2013 and 2014–2020 by more than 4,500 beneficiaries, comprising 2,307 organisations. A survey of these organisations was also conducted. The resulting analysis helped to identify the relative stability of partner types and the thematic scope and spatial dimension of cross-border cooperation, while at the same time revealing a lack of stability in the organisational dimension. In addition, the study showed that the initiation and subsequent maintenance of cross-border relationships are the result of a complex process, in which many factors co-exist simultaneously, whereas the break-up of cooperation can be the product of individual factors.

Mixing prisoner’s dilemma games on higher-order networks

The prisoner’s dilemma game is a paradigmatic example of a plight situation in which different individuals vie for maximal payoffs. And it has been shown that interaction networks that host such individuals have an immense impact on individual strategy choices. In this paper, we advance this subject by mixing the two-person prisoner’s dilemma and various multiplayer prisoner’s dilemma games and explore the role of 2-order simplicial complexes on the evolutionary dynamics. In the studied model, the fraction of multiplayer prisoner’s dilemma games on the network can be indirectly controlled by adjusting the ratio of 2-simplex complexes in the network. Through large-scale simulations, we show that by adjusting this ratio, the level of cooperation can be enhanced by a mechanism that is unique to higher-order networks. In particular, the strategic unity of the triangles in the network can foster the stability of cooperation and its spreading through enhanced network reciprocity. These results thus reveal benefits of higher-order interactions on cooperation that have thus far, on classical networks, been reserved only for games played in groups, such as the public goods game.

Altered assembly paths mitigate interference among paralogous complexes

Protein complexes are fundamental to all cellular processes, so understanding their evolutionary history and assembly processes is important. Gene duplication followed by divergence is considered a primary mechanism for diversifying protein complexes. Nonetheless, to what extent assembly of present-day paralogous complexes has been constrained by their long evolutionary pathways and how cross-complex interference is avoided remain unanswered questions. Subunits of protein complexes are often stabilized upon complex formation, whereas unincorporated subunits are degraded. How such cooperative stability influences protein complex assembly also remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that subcomplexes determined by cooperative stabilization interactions serve as building blocks for protein complex assembly. We further develop a protein stability-guided method to compare the assembly processes of paralogous complexes in cellulo. Our findings support that oligomeric state and the structural organization of paralogous complexes can be maintained even if their assembly processes are rearranged. Our results indicate that divergent assembly processes by paralogous complexes not only enable the complexes to evolve new functions, but also reinforce their segregation by establishing incompatibility against deleterious hybrid assemblies.

Nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped carbon layer-confined cobalt phosphide-anchored nickel molybdate heterojunctions for efficient electrocatalytic overall water splitting

Aiming at the problems of low catalytic activity and poor stability of nickel molybdate-based catalysts. Herein, we successfully prepared nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon (NPC) layer-confined cobalt phosphide (CoP)-anchored nano-cuboid nickel molybdate (NNM) catalysts (NNM-CoP@NPC/NF) on nickel foam (NF) by hydrothermal and phosphating methods. The strong interaction between CoP and NNM is verified by experimental characterization and theoretical calculation, which improves the electronic structure of NNM and reduces the orbital energy of the central anti-bond, thus optimizing the adsorption and desorption of reaction intermediates/products. NiOOH and MoO42− formed by reforming the catalyst under the action of NPC-confined layer maintain catalytic activity and stability in cooperation with CoP and NPC, respectively. Accordingly, in the assembled two-electrode system NNM-CoP@NPC/NF, the cell voltage of only 1.51 V is needed to drive a current density of 10 mA cm−2. More importantly, the current density remained at 100 mA cm−2 for 100 h under the voltage of 1.66 V with almost no attenuation. This strategy of constructing interface regulation and confinement provides a new insight for improving the activity and stability of water splitting in alkaline media.

Game Model of Stable Cooperation During Resource Distribution in Self-Organized Emergency Management System

Game Model of Stable Cooperation During Resource Distribution in Self-Organized Emergency Management System

Intergenerational Cooperation and Justice between Age Groups

In this paper, I bring together the problems of justice between age groups and intergenerational cooperation in light of real-life demographic trends. I begin by presenting a simple model of intergenerational cooperation based on indirect reciprocity and show how cooperation can break down due to exogenous factors, including demographic change. I use the model to make the argument that principles for justice between age groups must be sensitive to the stability of intergenerational cooperation. I illustrate my thesis by considering the debate between distributive and relational egalitarians on justice between age groups.

EXPORT POTENTIAL OF KYRGYZSTAN IN THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

The article examines the export potential of Kyrgyzstan in the agro-industrial complex. The unique geographical location of the country and eco-friendly agriculture contribute to the cultivation of fruits with a large amount of useful micronutrients. In such conditions, Kyrgyz products receive certificates of compliance with international standards. Financial and non-financial export support measures by the Government of the country and the EAEU help farmers to promote their products on international markets.In turn, in the UAE one can observe an increase in the popularity of organic products, including dried fruits. Customs agreements have been concluded between the countries, contributing to stable cooperation. To assess the prospects of trade relations between the countries, the authors conducted a PEST and SWOT analysis. The article presents recommendations for the promotion of Kyrgyz dried fruits in the UAE market.

Particle-hole mixed Bogoliubov quasiparticles and Cooper instability in single-unit-cell FeSe/SrTiO3 films

In conventional superconductors, Bogoliubov quasiparticles and Cooper instability provide a paradigm to describe the superconducting state and the superconducting transition, respectively. However, whether these concepts can be adapted to describe Fe-based superconductors requires rigorous examinations from experiments. Here, we report angle-resolved photoemission studies on single-layer FeSe films grown on SrTiO3 substrate. Due to the improved clarity, our results reveal both particle and hole branches of the energy band with clear quasiparticles. The dispersion and coherence factors are extracted, which unveil the particle-hole mixed Bogoliubov quasiparticles in the superconducting state of the FeSe/STO films. Effective pairing susceptibility is also deduced as a function of temperature, which indicates the persistence of Cooper instability in Fe-based superconductors.

Stabilizing Civil Wars without Peacekeeping: Evidence from South Asia

Abstract Peacekeeping is helpful in resolving civil wars, but there is little chance of peacekeeping operations or other international peace-building interventions for many conflicts. How do internal wars stabilize in the absence of meaningful international involvement? Two key factors, the government's political space for bargaining and the relative power of armed groups, help to explain when it is possible to reach either stable cooperation between states and armed groups or negotiated settlements. We analyze three conflict trajectories—“long-term limited cooperation” arrangements, state incorporation or disarmament, and ongoing conflict—to show that the paths to stabilization are often ethically fraught and empirically complicated but exist even when international involvement is off the table. We use quantitative and qualitative data to study the relationships between armed groups and governments in much of post-colonial South Asia, including during periods of little or no violence. Understanding these trajectories provides policymakers, analysts, and scholars with useful tools for identifying policy options and political trade-offs as they seek to reduce the human costs of war.

Benefit distribution and stability analysis of enterprise digital servitization ecosystems from the perspective of value cocreation

PurposeA digital servitization ecosystem (DSE) is a cooperation model based on the concept of value cocreation. However, capability asymmetry among enterprises can lead to unfair benefit distribution and hinder value cocreation and digital service transformation. This paper aims to investigate the impact of the varying capabilities of enterprises (manufacturers, service providers and digital technology providers) on revenue distribution when these enterprises collaborate on digital servitization transformation. This analysis is performed from an ecosystem perspective to facilitate the stable development of DSEs.Design/methodology/approachThe rise of DSEs has engendered extensive literature, and the distribution of benefits within DSEs is in dire need of new mechanisms to adapt to the new competitive environment. The importance of investment contribution, digital servitization level, digitalization level, risk-taking ability, digital servitization effort level and brand awareness is determined by combining the expert scoring method and the entropy value method to determine different weights for manufacturers, service providers and digital technology providers. The Shapley value is used to design the benefit distribution mechanism for stable cooperation among DSE enterprises, thus providing a more scientific basis for the development of cooperative relationships.FindingsDigital servitization is a collaborative process that involves multienterprise activities, and it is significantly affected by digital servitization level and digitalization level. Moreover, constructing the modified Shapley value benefit distribution mechanism according to the relevant capabilities of digital servitization can promote the stable development of DSEs and value cocreation among members.Originality/valueThe main contributions of this study are as follows: First, it summarizes the stability-influencing factors of DSEs on the basis of empirical and literature research on the demand for enterprise digital servitization capabilities and transformation difficulties, delves deeper into the capability composition and cooperative relationship of DSE members and combines the expert scoring method and the entropy value method to determine the weighting to design the benefit distribution mechanism. Second, it reflects system stability and development by studying the revenue distribution of DSE members, thereby expanding the ecosystem construction and business model transformation of digital servitization in the existing research.