Community Stability Research Articles

Mapping leadership and communities in EU-funded research through network analysis

Background Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe are flagship programs of the European Union aimed at supporting research and innovation, fostering collaboration among companies, academic institutions, and research organizations. Comprehensive data on projects, objectives, participants, funding details, and results of Horizon projects is available through the open access portal CORDIS (Community Research and Development Information Service). This paper introduces a novel methodology for utilizing CORDIS data to reveal collaborations, leadership roles, and their evolution over time. The case study focuses on the “hydrogen energy” sector, and specifically on the North Adriatic Hydrogen Valley project. Methods The methodology is based on network analysis. Data is downloaded from the CORDIS portal, enriched, segmented by year and transformed into weighted networks representing collaborations between organizations. Centrality measures are used to assess the influence of individual organizations, while community detection algorithms is used to identify stable collaborations. Temporal analysis tracks the evolution of these roles and communities over time. To ensure robust and reliable results, the methodology addresses challenges such as input-ordering bias and result variability, while the exploration of the solution space enhances the accuracy of identified collaboration patterns. Results A case study focusing on Horizon projects in the hydrogen energy sector demonstrates the application of this methodology, revealing the emergence of key leaders and stable communities, and highlighting significant collaboration within the sector. Conclusions The proposed methodology effectively identifies influential organizations and tracks the stability of research collaborations. The insights gained are valuable for policy-makers and organizations seeking to foster innovation through sustained partnerships. This approach can be extended to other sectors, offering a framework for understanding the impact of EU research funding on collaboration and leadership dynamics.

Dynamic Impact of One-Year Integrated Rice–Crayfish Farming on Bacterioplankton Communities in Paddy Water

As global food security issues become increasingly severe, an important innovation in agricultural production patterns, namely integrated rice–fish farming, has been widely implemented around the world, especially in Asia. To assess the impact of integrated rice–crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) farming (IRCF) on agricultural ecosystems, we used Illumina high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze differences in diversity, composition, co-occurrence network, and assembly process of planktonic bacterial communities in paddy water between traditional rice farming (TRM) and IRCF. Environmental factors and planktonic bacterial communities were evaluated during the tillering, jointing, flowering, and grain-filling stages on August 24, September 5, September 24, and October 16, respectively. Our findings revealed that, throughout the entire cultivation period, IRCF had no notable impacts on bacterioplankton community diversity in paddy water, but it changed the composition and relative abundance of the dominant bacterioplankton. Specifically, IRCF promoted the Chloroflexota during the tillering stage but reduced its presence during the grain-filling stage. It also significantly decreased the Bacillota during the jointing stage while notably enhancing Actinomycetota during the flowering stage. Furthermore, IRCF markedly improved the robustness and negative/positive cohesion within bacterioplankton co-occurrence networks during jointing and grain-filling stages. IRCF altered the assembly processes shaping planktonic bacterial communities, promoting a greater dominance of stochastic processes during the tillering, jointing, and flowering stages and a diminished dominance during the grain-filling stage. IRCF dramatically changed aquatic environmental factors, particularly during the jointing stage, by substantially increasing the TN, ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate levels in paddy water. These nutrient levels were closely correlated with the dynamics of the planktonic bacterial communities. Our findings underscore the considerable potential of IRCF in enhancing the stability of bacterioplankton communities and promoting rice growth while also providing valuable data and theoretical insights into the microbiological ecological impacts of IRCF on the agroecosystem.

Impact of government support policies on firm performance of Vietnam’s small and medium tourism enterprises: The mediating role of competitive advantage

The government plays a decisive role in the general stability and sustainable development of the business community and tourism enterprises in particular. The recent Covid-19 pandemic has served as clear evidence of the government’s crucial support for tourism businesses. This study was conducted to explore and measure the impact of government support on the firm performance of small and medium tourism enterprises in Vietnam from the perspective of business leaders. Data were collected based on a survey of 798 leaders working in small and medium tourism enterprises. The results showed that government support before, during, and after the Covid-19 pandemic, through tax policies, credit policies, legal procedure support policies, and labor and social welfare policies, positively influenced firm performance through the mediating role of enhancing competitive advantage. However, this study found that digital transformation in small and medium-sized tourism enterprises had an insignificant impact on improving competitive advantage and firm performance. The results contribute to enriching the overall theory and provide policy and managerial implications for stakeholders in the future. AcknowledgmentThis research is funded by the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam with code B2023-DHH-02 under decision No. 2036/QD-BGDDT dated July 22, 2022. Furthermore, this study is the result of collaboration between a group of scientists from the Faculty of Law, Hue University, and School of Business and Economics, Duy Tan University. The authors would like to acknowledge the support and facilitation provided by both institutions for the publication of this article.

Variations in the Bacterial, Fungal, and Protist Communities and Their Interactions Within Sediment Affected by the Benthic Organism, Snail Bellamya purificata

In aquatic benthic environments, benthic organisms have been found to regulate important biogeochemical characteristics and perform key ecosystem functions. To further explore the ecological impact of the snail Bellamya purificata’s, presence on the benthic environment, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to investigate its effects on the bacterial, fungal, and protist communities in sediment and their intrinsic interactions. Our findings revealed that B. purificata’s presence significantly enhanced the diversity and evenness of the fungal community while simultaneously decreasing the diversity and richness of the protist community, and it also altered the composition and relative abundance of the dominant phyla across the bacterial, fungal, and protist communities. The snail B. purificata considerably altered the co-occurrence networks of the microbial communities, particularly by enhancing the intrinsic complexity of the protist community and by strengthening the interconnections among the protist, bacterial, and fungal communities. Notably, the proportions of specialists within the sediment bacterial, fungal, and protist communities declined due to the snail B. purificata. Its presence also notably expanded the habitat niche breadth for sediment bacteria and protists. In terms of community assembly, B. purificata shifted the fungal community assembly from being dominated by stochastic processes to being dominated by deterministic processes, whereas the protist community assembly shifted from deterministic processes to being dominated by stochastic processes. The mainly altered ecological processes in the fungal and protist assemblies were drift and homogenizing selection. Additionally, the presence of B. purificata resulted in a notable reduction in the sediment ON level and a significant increase in the ammonia, FA, and EN concentrations. Sediment properties, particularly FA and nitrate, were strongly correlated with microbial communities and were key contributors to changes in microbial community dynamics. These research findings not only broadened our understanding of the ecological impacts of B. purificata on benthic microbial communities but also highlighted its substantial potential in enhancing microbial community stability.

Time-decay patterns and irregular disturbance: contrasting roles of abundant and rare microbial communities in dynamic coastal seawater.

The relative importance of rare and abundant taxa in microbial temporal patterns remains debated. Here, we identified taxonomically associated distinct diversity modes of abundant and rare subcommunities from a year-round time-series study in dynamic coastal seawater. We highlighted the significance of the rare subcommunity in maintaining community stability by serving as a repository to offer specialists driven by stochastic processes over time. The abundant subcommunity, by contrast, contributed mainly to temporal rhythmic variations. This study expands the current understanding of the temporal dynamics and stability of coastal microbial communities by revealing distinct variation patterns of subcommunities with different abundances.

Representing Refugees in Children’s Transethnic Literature: Two Multilingual and Intermedial Narratives as a Case Study

This contribution aims to explore two picture books of transethnic literature that open up intermedial narrative paths by supporting each of the proposed books with a free accessible illustrated audio book. Accordingly, it examines the extent to which implementing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) lessons with such multimodal stories about migration can engage students in deconstructing such tropes as the idea of a national literature, a mother tongue language, a stable community of belonging and a hostile country of arrival that typically characterise mainstream migration narratives and paradigms.

The Role of Private Funding and Collaborative Networks in Southern Italy's Socioeconomic Development: Insights from The Fondazione Con Il Sud

This study examines the impact of private funding and collaborative networks on socio-economic development in Southern Italy, with a specific focus on Fondazione Con il Sud’s (FCS) strategy. The Foundation strongly emphasizes social cohesion and social capital, moving beyond traditional economic indicators such as GDP to drive sustainable development in marginalized regions. The evaluative study examines the effectiveness of FCS's funded projects using a "positive thinking approach" as a framework. It aims to identify the key factors contributing to long-lasting positive changes in local communities, offering hope and optimism for socioeconomic development in Southern Italy. A mixed-methods approach applied to 205 projects funded by the Foundation, covering a wide range of sectors, including social, educational, environmental, and cultural domains. The results indicate that the type of network strategy used during project implementation significantly influences medium—to long-term outcomes. These strategies, including opportunistic collaborations, third-sector networks, and community-based relations, have significant implications for socioeconomic development. Projects that foster stable partnerships and active community involvement tend to create more sustainable and enduring impacts. In contrast, opportunistic collaborations, primarily driven by short-term funding goals, cannot often generate lasting structural change. The findings suggest that long-term success is more likely when projects emphasize inclusive, multi-stakeholder collaborations and prioritize the active engagement of local actors.

Ecosystem stability relies on diversity difference between trophic levels

The stability of ecological communities has a profound impact on humans, ranging from individual health influenced by the microbiome to ecosystem services provided by fisheries. A long-standing goal of ecology is the elucidation of the interplay between biodiversity and ecosystem stability, with some ecologists warning of instability due to loss of species diversity while others arguing that greater diversity will instead lead to instability. Here, by considering a minimal two-level ecosystem with multiple predator and prey species, we show that stability does not depend on absolute diversity but rather on diversity differences between levels. We found that increasing diversity in either level first destabilizes but then stabilizes the community (i.e., a reentrant stability transition). We therefore find that it is the diversity difference between levels that is the key to stability, with the least stable communities having similar diversities in different levels. An analytical stability criterion is derived, demonstrating quantitatively that the critical diversity difference is determined by the correlation between how one level affects another and how it is affected in turn. Our stability criterion also applies to consumer-resource models with other forms of interaction such as cross-feeding. Finally, we show that stability depends on diversity differences in ecosystems with three trophic levels. Our finding of a nonmonotonic dependence of stability on diversity provides a natural explanation for the variety of diversity-stability relationships reported in the literature, and emphasizes the significance of level structure in predicting complex community behaviors.

Root microbiome of Panax ginseng in comparison with three other medicinal plants in the families of Araliaceae and Apiaceae

The intricate interplay between endophytic microorganisms and plants in the upkeep of biodiversity, the stability of communities, and the operation of ecosystems needs to be more adequately extensive. Although root-associated microbial communities of plants have been revealed for the last decade, the understanding of bacterial and fungal communities associated with the roots of medicinal plants remains elusive. To highlight the importance of Panax ginseng Meyer (PG) in our research, we investigated the root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities of Panax ginseng Meyer (PG), alongside Aralia cordata (AC), Angelica gigas (AG), and Peucedanum japonicum (PJ), utilizing amplicon-based community profiling and advanced bioinformatic methodologies. The study aimed to investigate the root-endophytic microbiota of ginseng and three other medicinal plants and identify similarities in microbiome composition across different plant species and families. Results revealed that root-endophytic bacterial and fungal communities were influenced by plant species and phylogenetic differences at the family level. Differential abundance tests and random forest models showed microbial features within the same plant family. PG had a distinctive microbial profile with significant B1653_o_Enterobacterales and F8_o_Helotiales. PG had a core microbiome, B10_Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, and a more evenly distributed microbial network compared to AG, PJ, and AC. Our research reveals the intricate endophytic microbial communities within the roots of medicinal plants, pinpointing specific taxa that may be pivotal to their medicinal qualities and overall plant health. These insights carry notable implications for future studies, particularly those focused on the endophytes of PG and their secondary metabolites, as they deepen our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and their role in enhancing the plants’ therapeutic potential.

Effects of land cover and protected areas on flying insect diversity.

Widespread insect losses are a critical global problem. Mitigating this problem requires identifying the principal drivers across different taxa and determining which insects are covered by protected areas. However, doing so is hindered by missing information on most species owing to extremely high insect diversity and difficulties in morphological identification. To address this knowledge gap, we used one of the most comprehensive insect DNA metabarcoding data sets assembled (encompassing 31,846 flying insect species) in which data were collected from a network of 75 Malaise traps distributed across Germany. Collection sites encompass gradients of land cover, weather, and climate, along with differences in site protection status, which allowed us to gain broader insights into how insects respond to these factors. We examined changes in total insect biomass, species richness, temporal turnover, and shifts in the composition of taxa, key functional groups (pollinators, threatened species, and invasive species), and feeding traits. Lower insect biomass generally equated to lower richness of all insects and higher temporal turnover, suggesting that biomass loss translates to biodiversity loss and less stable communities. Spatial variability in insect biomass and composition was primarily driven by land cover, rather than weather or climate change. As vegetation and land-cover heterogeneity increased, insect biomass increased by 50% in 2019 and 56% in 2020 and total species richness by 58% and 33%, respectively. Similarly, areas with low-vegetation habitats exhibited the highest richness of key taxa, including pollinators and threatened species, and the widest variety of feeding traits. However, these habitats tended to be less protected despite their higher diversity. Our results highlight the value of heterogeneous low vegetation for promoting overall insect biomass and diversity and that better protection of insects requires improved protection and management of unforested areas, where many biodiversity hotspots and key taxa occur.

Changes in the Properties of Two Typical Plant Species and Their Rhizosphere Bacteria in Eco‐Restoration of Engineered Slopes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

ABSTRACTSlopes that are created by extensive engineering construction projects accelerate the degradation of the ecologically fragile Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. This adverse impact can be mitigated by implementing ecologically sound restoration programs in these degraded sites. This study investigated the changes in the physiology of two typical plant species and their rhizosphere bacteria on four different engineered slopes subjected to eco‐restoration on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The findings showed that the shear strength, nutrition, and enzymatic activity of the plant rhizosphere improved significantly, and these were positively associated with the restoration effect on vegetation. The growth and development of plants in the frame beam group and the shotcrete group were optimized. The microbial diversity in the plant rhizosphere soil in the restoration areas exhibited a comparable degree of change to the control soil, characterized by a decrease in the relative abundance of microbial phyla and alterations in the indicator species at the order level. However, the community stability in the restoration areas was notably higher than that in the control group. This study offers significant implications and practical value for the eco‐restoration of engineered slopes in alpine regions, which provides a sustainable development framework for protecting fragile ecosystems.

International legal arrangements for illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing: legal mechanisms and challenges in Bangladesh

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a significant global issue that threatens marine biodiversity, economic stability in coastal communities, and the international law of the sea and maritime law enforcement. This study analyzes the legal mechanisms and roles of international and regional arrangements in combating IUU fishing. It identifies enforcement challenges, resource limitations, and needs for capacity building as key gaps in the management of IUU fishing. This analysis focuses on a comprehensive identification of the current and enforceable laws within the international sphere. Furthermore, it specifically examines the legal framework of Bangladesh for IUU fishing and notes persistent enforcement and resource constraints. Challenges include enforcement gaps, inconsistencies in global coordination, and complexities in maritime jurisdiction. Bangladesh faces significant challenges with IUU fishing due to inadequate regulations, weak enforcement, and poor management. Foreign intrusions, unauthorized trawlers, and local violations exacerbate the depletion of crucial fish species and the loss of biodiversity. In the Bay of Bengal, the activities of Indian and Burmese fishermen within Bangladeshi territorial waters are leading to significant disturbances. These actions not only result in substantial economic losses for Bangladesh but also present major challenges due to their illegality. To effectively combat IUU fishing, Bangladesh requires robust legal frameworks, stringent monitoring, enhanced penalties, and international cooperation. Analysis and the identification of gaps in the case of Bangladesh can function as a pivotal guide for various stakeholders and may be employed as a critical model for academic and policy frameworks.

Bacterial community structure and metabolism response to antibiotic residue levels in pig manure anaerobic digestion

Bacterial community succession in pig manure anaerobic digestion and its correlation with antibiotic residues under combinations of digestion time, temperature, moisture, acidity, and alkalinity are unknown. In this study, bacterial communities and antibiotic residues in compost were analyzed under combinations of these influencing factors (digestion time, temperature, moisture, and acidity and alkalinity). The results showed a decrease in antibiotic residues in the digestion, including tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, cephalosporin, sulfamethoxypyrimidine, sulfamethazine, tylosin, and erythromycin. These combined conditions resulted in changes in the structure and composition of the dominant and rare bacterial communities. However, there were bacterial populations (containing 13 genera) that presented a stable composition. Antibiotic residue levels were significantly associated with the genus numbers of dominant bacterial communities (containing 29 genera), but not with rare and stable bacterial communities. Antibiotic residue levels were significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of microbial genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes, negatively correlated with the abundance of genes involved in main metabolic pathways, and positively correlated with the abundance of genes associated with resistance to environments. Our findings suggest insight into correlations between bacterial community structure and metabolism and antibiotic residues in pig manure anaerobic digestion under effects of key influencing factors.

De contemplatieve natuurvisie van Thomas Merton

In this article I unfold the contemplative vision on nature and the impulse for an ecological ethics of the Trappist monk Thomas Merton. After a short summary of the role of nature in his biography, I explore the sources of his contemplative vision, and then investigate the meaning that nature had for his contemplative life. Silence and solitude in nature makes the heart pure and receptive to perceive the oneness of all creation with the abiding Creator. This deep experience leads to an ethics of preservation of the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community

Recovery of intestinal microbial community in Penaeus vannamei after florfenicol perturbation

The concept and application of probiotic intervention for restoring intestinal microbial dysbiosis induced by antibiotics in aquaculture are still in early stages. This study aimed to investigate potential responses of various recovery strategies, including natural recovery and probiotic intervention, in restoring the growth and intestinal microbial community of Penaeus vannamei following florfenicol perturbation. The basal diet (control, CN) was supplemented with florfenicol (FC) or Lactobacillus plantarum W2 (LM) throughout the entire feeding trial. Meanwhile, the basal diet was supplemented with florfenicol for 7 days, followed by a period without florfenicol (natural recovery, FB), or with live strain W2 (probiotic recovery, FM), for a duration of 35 days. Results indicated that dietary supplementation of strain W2, whether continuous or following florfenicol perturbation, along with continuous florfenicol supplementation, significantly enhanced the growth performance of shrimp. Early natural recovery and probiotic intervention did not induce significant alterations in microbial diversity and community structure. Florfenicol perturbation resulted in a decrease in the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria in intestinal microbial community of shrimp. However, both probiotic intervention and natural recovery strategies gradually reduced the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria while increasing the abundance of potentially beneficial ones. The robustness of microbial network decreased during florfenicol perturbation, showed gradual improvement during probiotic recovery, and remained relatively low during natural recovery and continuous florfenicol supplementation. Moreover, the microbial community composition in intestinal habitat significantly differed under various recovery strategies compared to the control. Notably, the microbial community composition of intestinal habitat following probiotic recovery exhibited greater similarity to that of continuous strain W2 supplementation without florfenicol perturbation. In summary, dietary supplementation of florfenicol perturbed intestinal microbial community stability of shrimp, whereas probiotic intervention and natural recovery facilitated the attainment of new stable states by altering keystone taxa. Considering intestinal microbial community stability of shrimp, the recovery of microbial community through probiotic intervention appears to be more effective than natural recovery.

Dominant Species Composition, Environmental Characteristics and Dynamics of Forests with Picea jezoensis Trees in Northeast China

To describe the characteristics and dynamics of the Picea jezoensis (PJ) community, a survey of 48 forest plots containing PJ trees was conducted in Northeast China. Methods of community grouping, analysis of variance, and linear regression, and indicators of relative basal area (RBA, reflecting the dominance degree of species in the community) and temporary stability (TS, reflecting the stability of forest plant community), were employed. The objectives were to describe the dominant species composition and environment of the PJ community and to quantify the changes in PJ’s dominance status. Communities with PJ trees were divided into four groups: PJ as the first dominant species; PJ as the second dominant species; PJ being co-dominant but ranked third or lower; and PJ as a non-dominant species. Among them, the PJ community (i.e., where PJ is the first dominant species) occupied sites at the highest elevation with a mean value of 1408 m, on gentle slopes ≤ 10°, where the tree species occurring with PJ mainly included Betula costata and Abies nephrolepis. A linear relationship was found between the TS and RBA. The threshold for PJ shifting between being the first and second dominant species in the community was RBA = 0.387. This study provides a scientific basis for judging the attributes and status of PJ community and the protection and restoration of PJ forests. These findings also provide comparable information for ecological research and conservation of PJ forests in other areas.

Bayesian network analysis reveals the assembly drivers and emergent stability of Eurasian Pleistocene large mammal communities

Bayesian network analysis reveals the assembly drivers and emergent stability of Eurasian Pleistocene large mammal communities

Butterfly community dynamics in a monoculture‐dominated agricultural landscape

Abstract Understanding biodiversity dynamics in agricultural landscapes is essential for promoting sustainable land use and conserving wildlife. We examined butterfly communities in a monoculture‐dominated landscape, comparing remnant grassland sites surrounded by agricultural land (AGR), grasslands (GR), and forests (FOR). Data were collected from 30 sites across these three categories. We used non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to assess community composition, rank abundance curves for community structure, and Hill numbers for alpha diversity. Generalised additive models (GAMs) identified key drivers of rare species richness and the abundance of the most common species, Coenonympha pamphilus. Results showed a few dominant species, with most having low abundances. Species richness was similar across all site categories, but differences in evenness and species dominance highlighted variations in community structure. GR and FOR sites had higher numbers of both rare and abundant species, indicating a more balanced distribution compared to AGR sites. NMDS revealed significant differences in composition, especially between FOR and AGR. The GAM results showed that the combination of agricultural land and forest cover enhances rare species richness, while agricultural cover alone had a negative impact. Even for the most common species C. pamphilus, high agricultural cover negatively impacts its population but shifts positively when combined with greater vegetation height in adjacent grasslands. These findings highlight the critical role of forest habitats within monoculture‐dominated landscapes in enhancing butterfly community diversity and stability. The adaptability of butterfly species to agricultural landscapes is limited to a small number of species and only up to a certain extent.

An inconvenient impact: Unveiling the overlooked differences in crystalline forms of iron (hydro)oxides on anaerobic digestion

Iron (hydro)oxides are commonly used to enhance anaerobic digestion due to their cost-effectiveness and versatility. However, the influence of crystalline structure on digestion performance is often overlooked despite their unique characteristics. In this study, we investigated how different crystalline forms of FeOOH affect substrate utilization, sludge activity, and the microbiomes in up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The crystalline structure of FeOOH impacted reactor performance, with γ-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, and α-FeOOH showing decreasing effectiveness, as reflected in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of 99.0 %, 98.3 % and 97.1 %, respectively. FeOOH crystals influenced the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and sludge activity by releasing Fe ions at varying rates, leading to Fe accumulation in EPS in the order of β-FeOOH > γ-FeOOH > α-FeOOH. Additionally, γ-FeOOH supported the most stable microbial community structure, as indicated by the highest Alpha diversity index. This stability was associated with increased levels of Mesotoga and Syntrophus, along with the highest coenzyme F420 activity, which was approximately twice as high as in other groups. These findings underscore the crucial role of the crystalline structure of iron oxides in enhancing anaerobic digestion, emphasizing that biocompatibility should be a priority when optimizing digestion performance.

Nutrient addition alters drought resistance and resilience via forb abundance in a temperate grassland

Nutrient addition has resulted in profound effects on grassland ecosystems. Yet, the response and ecological mechanisms of grassland community resistance (the ability to maintain ecosystem function during drought) and resilience (the capacity to recover after drought) in relation to nutrient addition are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of nutrient addition on resistance and resilience of a temperate grassland experiencing a drought year. Our findings demonstrated that the resistance of both the whole community and forb species decreased under nitrogen (N) addition, while only forb resistance significantly decreased under phosphorus (P) addition. Interestingly, N addition also hindered the community and forb resilience, whereas community resilience significantly enhanced under P addition. Unexpectedly, even although nutrient addition significantly affected grass biomass, grass resistance and resilience were not significantly altered by nutrient addition. Furthermore, structural equation models revealed that nutrient addition affect community drought resistance and resilience via the abundance of forb species. Our outcomes highlight the crucial function of forb in sustaining grassland community stability in the face of global change. It provides crucial scientific evidence for the scientific management and sustainable preservation of ecosystem services in grassland ecosystems under global change.