Chemical Stability Properties Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review of MXene-Based Emerging Materials for Energy Storage Applications and Future perspectives.

MXenes is a rapidly emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) materials. It exhibits unique properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and processing techniques for MXenes including both bottom-up and top-down approaches. The synthesis of MXene-based composites is explored in detail focusing on MXene-carbon composites, MXene-metal oxides, MXene-metal sulfides, MXene-polymer composites and MXene-ceramic composites. Key properties of MXenes are examined including structural, electrical, morphological, optical, mechanical, chemical stability, electrical and thermal properties, conductivity, magnetic properties, dielectric charge and catalytic properties. Characterization techniques used to study these properties are also reviewed. Their 2D structure provides a high surface area and unique interlayer spacing, making MXenes ideal for applications in energy storage devices (like supercapacitors and batteries) where surface area and ion transport are critical for performance. The diverse applications of MXenes are presented emphasizing their use in batteries, catalysis, sensors, environmental remediation and supercapacitors. Special attention is given to the supercapacitor applications of MXenes of their potential in energy storage devices. Due to their high capacitance, fast charge/discharge rates, and excellent stability, MXenes are used in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries.

Current Advances in Synthesis and Therapeutic Applications of Thiazole and its Derivatives

Thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen atoms, serves as a fundamental scaffold in medicinal chemistry. The aromatic nature and diverse substitution patterns of the thiazole ring system enable its extensive applications in drug development. Multiple synthetic routes, from classical Hantzsch synthesis to modern methods, yield varied thiazole derivatives under specific reaction conditions. The biological importance of thiazole-containing compounds extends to anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidepressant activities. Several thiazole-based drugs have demonstrated significant therapeutic effects - dasatinib and dabrafenib as antitumor agents target specific kinases to inhibit cancer cell growth, while ampicillin and myxothiazole exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Structure-activity relationship studies have revealed that substituents at different positions of the thiazole ring significantly influence the biological activity. For instance, attachment of thiourea linker at position 2 enhances anticancer properties, while aryl/alkyl substitutions affect chemical stability and pharmacokinetic properties. The mechanistic understanding of thiazole-based compounds has led to targeted drug development. Recent synthetic methods have produced novel thiazole derivatives with enhanced therapeutic properties, particularly in antimalarial activity where thiazolyl benzenesulfonamide carboxylates show promising results against Plasmodium falciparum

Bi2S3/BiOCl heterojunction-based photoelectrochemical aptasensor for ultrasensitive assay of fumonisin B1 via signal amplification with in situ grown Ag2S quantum dots.

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin mainly found in corn, peanuts, and wheat crops, which affects human health.Based on bismuth sulfide/bismuth oxychloride (Bi2S3/BiOCl) composite material, silver sulfide (Ag2S) was grown in situ as a quantum dot sensitization signal, and a photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was designed by layer upon layer modification to detect FB1. Bi2S3/BiOCl has a wide range of visible light absorption, stable chemical properties, and asimple synthesis method. In the construction process, L-ascorbic acid (AA) is selected to provide electrons and inhibit photogenerated electron-hole (e-/h+) recombination. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the detection range of the fabricated PEC aptasensor was 0.001 ~ 100ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.016pg/mL. The prepared PEC aptasensor has high sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility. The combination of aptamer and PEC sensor provides a novel method for the application of PEC sensor in mycotoxin detection.

Mathematical formulation of the machine learning backpropagation network and regression modelling of the chemical stability and thermal properties of PLA/HKUST-1 fabricated porous membranes

Mathematical formulation of the machine learning backpropagation network and regression modelling of the chemical stability and thermal properties of PLA/HKUST-1 fabricated porous membranes

Benzobisoxazole-based covalent organic frameworks for efficient photocatalytic oxidation

Covalent organic frameworks, as an emerging porous crystalline material, have attracted significant interest in heterogeneous photocatalysis, due to their tunable structure, large specific surface area, high chemical stability, and extendable π-conjugated skeleton. In this study, 4,4′-(2,6-dimethylbenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis(oxazolyl)-4,8-diyl)dianiline (OZDL) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde (BTCA) were utilized to construct 2D covalent organic frameworks OZBT-COF through aldehyde-amine polycondensation reaction under solvothermal conditions. Considering the high crystallinity, chemical stability, and outstanding photophysical properties, the benzobisoxazole-containing OZBT-COF was further employed as a photocatalyst for the synthesis of the benzothiazole derivatives and the oxidation of N-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines. The catalyst system exhibited high photocatalytic activity, moderate substrate applicability, excellent stability and recyclability. The suitable band gap, efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers, and enhancing mass transport inside the porous catalyst could be contributed to superior photocatalytic performance. This work provides valuable insights into the structure–function correlations of COFs-based photocatalysts, and further demonstrates promising opportunities for developing COF photocatalysts with practical applications.

Multi-layered quasi-2D perovskite based triboelectric nanogenerator

Inorganic-organic perovskites are considered as one of the emerging candidates as a tribopositive material in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) owing to their unique functionalities. Among them, quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskites are promising materials for TENG due to layered nature, excellent environmental and chemical stability, tunability, and excellent electrical properties. Herein, we investigate the performance of TENG based on multiple series of perovskite layers using simple solution processing technique. The dimensionality of the perovskite layers is attained by changing the stoichiometric ratios of phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI), lead iodide (PbI2), methylammonium iodide (MAI). The quasi-2D based TENG generates the maximum output electrical performance with a voltage of 306 V, current of 4.71 µA, and maximum power density of 3.48 µW/cm2 at the optimum value of (<n> = 5) due to the higher concentration of C–N and N–H groups. Moreover, the fabricated device shows stable performance for 12,000 cycles. The TENG device is further utilized to charge the various commercially available capacitors, for lightning of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and to power up low-power electronic devices. These results demonstrate the effect of the dimensionality of perovskites on the output performance of the TENG for use in next-generation energy harnessing.

Thermo-optic tuning of quasi bound state in continuum in lithium niobate thin film hetero-nanograting

Lithium niobate (LN) is difficult to etch precisely due to its stable physical and chemical properties. In recent years, more and more research has focused on etchless thin film lithium niobate (TFLN). Here, a one-dimensional SiO2 nanograting structure fabricated on lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) platform is designed in this study. This nanograting can generate one-dimensional diffraction waves. Then quasi-bound state in the continuum (q-BIC) can be introduced by aligning with the waveguide mode supported by the TFLN, which can achieve a high-quality factor and strong field enhancement, thus improving the interaction between light and matter. Furthermore, we validate the polarization characteristics of the nanograting structure, and measure the thermo-optical tuning sensitivity of the device to be 26.67 pm/K. This finding opens up potential avenues for realizing multi-dimensional tunable and dynamic photonic devices.

Guide for Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Organic Solvent Transport in Nanopores: The Case of 2D MXene Membranes.

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) stands out as an energy-efficient and low-carbon footprint technology, currently reliant on polymeric membranes. With their exceptional chemical stability and tunable sieving properties, two-dimensional (2D) nanolaminate membranes present distinct advantages over conventional polymer-based membranes, attracting tremendous interest in the OSN community. Computational approaches for designing innovative 2D nanolaminates exhibit significant potential for the future of OSN technology. Imitating the pressure gradient in filtration processes by applying an external force to atoms within a predefined slab, boundary-driven nonequilibrium molecular dynamics ((BD)-NEMD) is a state-of-the-art simulation method with a proven track record in investigating the water transport in nanopores. Nevertheless, implementation of (BD)-NEMD for a broad range of solvents poses a challenge in estimating the OSN performance of theoretical membranes. In this work, we developed a (BD)-NEMD protocol that elucidates the effects of several computational details often overlooked in water simulations but are crucial for bulky solvent systems. We employed a MXene (Ti3C2O2) nanochannel as a model membrane and examined the transport of nine solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, n-hexane, n-heptane, toluene, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and water) having different properties. First, the impact of ensemble type, thermostatting, channel wall model, and restraining force constant was elaborated. After optimizing the thermostatting approach, we demonstrated that the location of the force slab particularly affects the flux of bulky solvents by changing the density distribution in the feed and permeate sides. Similarly, the uniformity of intramolecular force distribution in bulky solvents and resulting flux are shown to be prone to manipulation by slab boundaries. Next, the magnitudes of the external force generating a linear relation between the pressure gradient and solvent flux were identified for each solvent to ensure that calculated fluxes could be extrapolated to experimentally related pressures. This linear relation was also validated for a mixture system containing 50% ethanol and 50% water. We then correlated the calculated solvent permeances with various solvent properties, such as viscosity, Hansen solubility parameters, kinetic diameter, and interaction energy. Remarkably, we observed a linear correlation with an R2 value of 0.96 between permeance and the combined parameter of viscosity and interaction energy. Finally, the solvent permeances calculated with our proposed methodology closely align with the experimentally reported data. Overall, our work aims to serve as a practical guide and bridge the gap in established simulation methods that are suited for a broad range of solvents and membrane materials.

Influence of calcium-doped on the conductivity of NASICON-type Na3Zr2Si2PO4 solid electrolyte

Sodium-ion solid electrolyte has many advantages such as high safety, good ionic conductivity, and strong chemical stability. NASICON-type Na3Zr2Si2PO4 solid electrolyte was prepared by high-temperature Solid State Reaction (SSR). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) show that the 20% excess addition of Na and P elements will reduce the formation of ZrO2 impurity phase and increase the ionic conductivity to 1.01×10−4 S cm−1. On the basis of this experiment, Ca was added to dope the Na site in Na3Zr2Si2PO4 with different contents. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the conductivity of Ca2+ doped Na2.7Ca0.15Zr2Si2PO4 is significantly increased to 1.53×10−4 S cm−1, the electronic conductivity is 3.99×10−8 S cm−1, and the activation energy is 0.32 eV. Cyclic voltammetry testing demonstrated stable chemical properties below to 5 V. Na | Na2.7Ca0.15Zr2Si2PO4 | Na3V2(PO4)3 battery still maintains a high capacity retention rate of 98.76% after 200 cycles at 25oC-0.2C. It indicating that the new 0.15molCa-doped Na2.7Ca0.15Zr2Si2PO4 has the highest electrical conductivity, which provides a new research idea for sodium-ion solid-state batteries and has great potential in solid-state battery applications.

Green and synergistic effects of buton rock asphalt and styrene-butadiene-styrene on asphalt performance: Focus on resistance to thermal oxygen aging

The enhancement of asphalt properties was investigated through utilizing the Buton rock asphalt (BRA) and styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) in this study. Despite of the splendid high-temperature resistance of the BRA-modified asphalt, it could be liable to low-temperature cracking. Hence, a composite BRA/SBS-modified asphalt was explored. The rheological tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed for analyzing the rheological, thermal, and chemical stability properties of the samples. The findings demonstrated that SBS promoted the low-temperature crack resistance of the BRA-modified asphalt, and BRA improved the thermal stability and thermal oxygen aging resistance of the SBS-modified asphalt. Considering the overall anti-aging and anti-fatigue effectiveness, 2 % SBS and 10 % BRA were proposed as the appropriate dosages for the modified asphalt. The analysis of correlation revealed that the BRA could be introduced to mitigate the influence of aging on the performance of SBS-modified asphalt to resist the irreversible deformation. This study could address the limitations of the BRA-modified asphalt and promote its application in road constructions.

Preparation Methods and Quantum Hall Effect of Graphene

Graphene is a two-dimensional ultra-thin functional material. It has the characteristics of light weight, and it exhibits stable chemical properties. In recent years, it has become an excellent candidate material for the modification of various functional devices due to its excellent electrical performance. The performance of graphene is significantly influenced by the preparation method. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the preparation methods of graphene. In addition, these functional devices typically operate in complex external environments, including magnetic fields, temperature fields, and electric fields. Therefore, studying the quantum Hall effect of graphene is of great significance for the use of graphene based devices. This article is written in order to provide a quicker understanding of this field. The preparation methods of graphene are briefly described. Among these methods, several industrialized methods of graphene production are also highlighted. Then, the progresses of quantum Hall effect in graphene are also presented. This work is of great significance for promoting the application of graphene based devices in complex external field environments.

Influence of Al2O3 and h-BN on Wear and Corrosion Performance of IN625 Nickel-Based Coating

IN625 offers high-temperature oxidation resistance, wear resistance, and stable chemical properties. To improve the corrosion and wear resistance of the Q345B steel surface, two types of metal matrix composites (IN625 + 1% Al2O3 and IN625 + 1% h-BN) were applied to the substrate surface using the laser cladding process. This study analyzed the hardness, electrochemical corrosion, friction, and wear properties of both the laser-clad specimens and the substrates. The results show that (1) the hardness and wear resistance of the fusion-coated coating were significantly improved compared with the base material. Notably, the hardness increased by 19%, and the coefficient of friction decreased by 41% compared with the IN625 + 1% h-BN coating. Furthermore, the hardness and wear resistance of the IN625 + 1% h-BN coating were superior to those of the IN625 + 1% Al2O3 coating, attributed to the formation of eutectic compounds such as NiB and Ni2B in the dendritic region. (2) The corrosion resistance of the IN625 + 1% Al2O3 coating exceeds that of the IN625 + 1% h-BN coating and is also superior to that of the substrate. This improvement is primarily attributed to the addition of Al2O3, which enhances solid solution strengthening within the dendritic crystals of the fused-coating layer, reduces the percentage content of inclusions, and elevates the corrosion resistance of the coatings.

Preparation of Poly(allylamine Hydrochloride) Grafted Porous Boron Nitride Fibers for Efficient Cr(VI) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution.

Cr(VI) pollution poses great harm to the cyclic utilization of groundwater and surface water resources. Efficient adsorbent materials have great potential to change this situation and assist in the restoration of ecosystems. This work chooses porous boron nitride fibers (pBN) with stable physical and chemical properties as the matrix, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as the coupling agent, and uses a one-step crosslinking method to graft poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) onto pBN, forming pBN-AS@PAH with fascinating Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. PAH is uniformly covered and modified on the surface of pBN, and the composite with high specific surface area (383.33 m2/g), large pore volume (0.37 cm3/g), and abundant amino groups. Its equilibrium adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) can reach up to 123.32 mg/g, and the adsorption behavior follows the quasi second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, indicating the chemical adsorption process of monolayer. The adsorption style belongs to a spontaneous exothermic process and has the optimal adsorption effect at a pH of ~2. Additionally, after cycling for 5 times, the decrease rate of adsorption capacity is less than 10 %, showing an excellent reusability.

A systematic study of carbon-free oxide-based lining for preventing submerged entry nozzle clogging in continuous casting of rare earth steel

AbstractThe reaction of carbon-free oxide-based (corundum, spinel, zirconia, and mullite) submerged entry nozzle (SEN) lining with rare earth inclusions and its anti-clogging effects under near working conditions were systematically studied. A variety of lining composite test methods were innovatively used to ensure the consistency of test conditions. The experimental results showed that the mullite (acidic oxide) has strong reactivity with rare earth inclusions, and the spinel (basic oxide) has stable chemical properties and weak reactivity with rare earth inclusions. Because alumina is one of the main reactants of clogging formation, corundum is not suitable for SEN lining. There are less clogs on the surface of zirconia, but it will be exsoluted and unstable. Therefore, solving the problem of zirconia exsolution will greatly strengthen its application in SEN lining.

Longitudinal torsional ultrasonic vibratory assistant milling of borosilicate glass material removal mechanism based on the thickness of undeformed chips

Borosilicate glass is an ideal material for microfluidic chip substrates due to its excellent light transmittance and stable chemical properties. However, it is also prone to brittle fracture during processing, making it a typical difficult-to-machine material. As an emerging processing technology, longitudinal torsional ultrasonic assistant milling (LTUVAM) can effectively reduce the surface damage of glass materials and improve the proportion of plastic removal of materials. The mechanism of LTUVAM of borosilicate glass was studied in this paper. Critical undeformed chip thickness (hc) is a key factor in achieving plastic material removal. At present, the influence of LTUVAM on the hc is not clear. Therefore, in this paper, the material-specific cutting energy model in the LTUVAM process was established to predict the hc. Firstly, the motion path of LTUVAM was analyzed, and the undeformed chip thickness model and the tool-workpiece separation rate model were established. Then, based on the above model, the material-specific cutting energy model was established according to the material removal principle. Finally, an LTUVAM orthogonal experiment was carried out to study the surface quality of the material. The experimental results showed that with the increase of ultrasonic power, the roughness and side damage area increased first and then decreased. With the increase of spindle speed, it showed that the roughness and side damage area decreased first and then increased. With the increase of feed per tooth, it showed that the roughness increased first and then decreased, and then increased, and the side damage area increased first and then decreased. Through the analysis of the experimental and model results, the increase of the separation rate between the tool and the workpiece contributes to the increase of the hc and the improvement of the processing quality.

Development, characterization and themo-physical analysis of energy storage material doped with TiO2 and CuO nano-additives

The paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on chemical stability, surface morphology, and thermo-physical properties of phase change material integrated with nano additives. The research aims to evaluate impact of varying nano-particle concentration on thermal performance of phase change material. The phase change material magnesium dichloride hexahydrate and potassium chloride mixed in different mass ratio along with different wt% concentration of nano-additives titanium dioxide and copper oxide to prepare novel phase change material. Characterization methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and Differential scanning calorimeter analysis were employed. The Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated physical interactions between phase change material and nano-additives, while Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed elemental composition, and Scanning electron microscope demonstrated uniform distribution. The improved thermal properties of samples were reflected in their phase change enthalpy (284.57 J/g to 324.63 J/g), minimal energy loss (0.91 %–2.96 %), and low supercooling (0.3 %–5.26 %). Notably, doping with 1.5 wt% of titanium dioxide and copper oxide enhanced thermal conductivity by up to 117.07 % and specific heat capacity by up to 48.09 %. The introduction of nanoparticles significantly improves heat transfer characteristics, resulting in enhanced energy retention, reduced energy loss during phase transitions, decreased supercooling, and increased physical stability. These results suggest that optimized phase change material with nano-additives is highly effective for applications requiring stable and efficient thermal management.

Photoinduced Nonadiabatic Dynamics of a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Porphyrin Complex.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have gained a lot of attention in the past few decades due to their promising optoelectronic properties. In addition, SWCNTs can form complexes that have good chemical stability and transport properties with other optical functional materials through noncovalent interactions. Elucidating the detailed mechanism of these complexes is of great significance for improving their optoelectronic properties. Nevertheless, simulating the photoinduced dynamics of these complexes accurately is rather challenging since they usually contain hundreds of atoms. To save computational efforts, most of the previous works have ignored the excitonic effects by employing nonadiabatic carrier (electron and hole) dynamics simulations. To properly consider the influence of excitonic effects on the photoinduced ultrafast processes of the SWCNT-tetraphenyl porphyrin (H2TPP) complex and to further improve the computational efficiency, we developed the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) method based on the extended tight binding-based simplified Tamm-Dancoff approximation (sTDA-xTB), which is applied to study the ultrafast photoinduced dynamics of the noncovalent SWCNT-porphyrin complex. In combination with statically electronic structure calculations, the present work successfully reveals the detailed microscopic mechanism of the ultrafast excitation energy transfer process of the complex. Upon local excitation on the H2TPP molecule, an ultrafast energy transfer process occurs from H2TPP (SWCNT-H2TPP*) to SWCNT (SWCNT*-H2TPP) within 10 fs. Then, two slower processes corresponding to the energy transfer from H2TPP to SWCNT and hole transfer from H2TPP to SWCNT take place in the 1 ps time scale. The sTDA-xTB-based electronic structure calculation and NAMD simulation results not only match the previous experimental observations from static and transient spectra but also provide more insights into the detailed information on the complex's photoinduced dynamics. Therefore, the sTDA-xTB-based NAMD method is a powerful theoretical tool for studying the ultrafast photoinduced dynamics in large extended systems with a large number of electronically excited states, which could be helpful for the subsequent design of SWCNT-based functional materials.

Efficient fabrication of conductive sponges for wearable flexible sensors

In recent years, flexible and wearable sensors, particularly piezoresistive sensors, have been widely used in various fields such as human–computer interface, soft robotics, and artificial electronic skin. Three-dimensional (3D) conductive sponges have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent sensor performance, ease of manufacture, and seamless integration into circuits. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used as an ideal substrate for these 3D conductive sponges due to its excellent chemical stability, good biocompatibility, and ideal mechanical properties. In this study, we synthesize a series of conductive silicone sponges (PCSs) by the one-pot thiol oxidative coupling reaction using commercially available multi-walled carbon nanotubes and poly((thiopropyl)methyl dimethylsiloxane). The PCSs possess controllable density and electrical conductivity. Moreover, the PCS-a sponge exhibits a wide pressure sensing range from 0.5 to 230 kPa with high-pressure sensitivity along with excellent mechanical and sensing stability. Pressure sensors fabricated using PCSs can be utilized in speech recognition systems and human activity monitoring such as arm/finger bending or walking while attached to joint positions. Additionally, they can also function as compressible switching devices for pressure alarms and LEDs.

Study of phase composition, microstructure and hardness of multicomponent zirconia-based ceramics

The manufacture of products from refractory ceramics requires high temperatures due to the high activation energies of the sintering process of refractory oxides. Processing temperatures for ceramics made of ZrO2, Al2O3, MgO can be reduced if a flux or glass-forming component is selected. Furthermore, in multicomponent ceramics it is possible to create more favorable thermoresistive properties. This study examines the synthesis, structural, phase and mechanical properties of multicomponent porous ZrO2-WO3-Al2O3-MgO ceramics with varying weight concentrations of components. Experimental samples were obtained by standard solid state reaction method. The analysis of fabricated samples was carried out using X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy and the Vickers microhardness test. In this work, a new approach to increasing the microhardness of porous refractory ceramics is presented, in which WO3-based flux forms a matrix composed of glass-like formations that “attach” particles of ZrO2 and MgAl2O4 phases. The obtained ceramics demonstrates high microhardness values HV0.05 for porous materials ranging from 500 to 600. Studies have shown that the selected composition of multicomponent ceramics (x = 0.10–0.25) can be used as a refractory material up to temperatures of ∼1300 °C. The fabricated refractory ceramics potentially possess chemical stability and optimal microhardness properties, which makes these materials promising as a heat insulating lining in the metals, ceramics and glass manufacturing, as well as for components in the chemical industry.

Endochondral Ossification for Spinal Fusion: A Novel Perspective from Biological Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.

Degenerative scoliosis (DS), encompassing conditions like spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis, is a common type of spinal deformity. Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) stands as a conventional surgical intervention for this ailment, aiming at decompression, restoration of intervertebral height, and stabilization of motion segments. Despite its widespread use, the precise mechanism underlying spinal fusion remains elusive. In this review, our focus lies on endochondral ossification for spinal fusion, a process involving vertebral development and bone healing. Endochondral ossification is the key step for the successful vertebral fusion. Endochondral ossification can persist in hypoxic conditions and promote the parallel development of angiogenesis and osteogenesis, which corresponds to the fusion process of new bone formation in the hypoxic region between the vertebrae. The ideal material for interbody fusion cages should have the following characteristics: (1) Good biocompatibility; (2) Stable chemical properties; (3) Biomechanical properties similar to bone tissue; (4) Promotion of bone fusion; (5) Favorable for imaging observation; (6) Biodegradability. Utilizing cartilage-derived bone-like constructs holds promise in promoting bony fusion post-operation, thus warranting exploration in the context of spinal fusion procedures.