Pipeline Stability Research Articles

Study of hydraulic transport characteristics and erosion wear of twisted four-lobed pipe based on CFD-DEM

Pipeline hydraulic transportation is extensively utilized across diverse sectors, with enhancing the performance of pipeline hydrodynamic transport and minimizing erosion wear on the pipeline walls being essential for ensuring the stability of pipeline operations.This paper introduces a methodology for the hydraulic transport of a twisted four-lobed pipe, employing a numerical and erosion model developed through the CFD-DEM (computational fluid dynamics and discrete element) coupling approach. An experimental circulating flow platform is constructed for validation purposes. The performance of the pipe is assessed by analyzing key indices including fluid velocity, pressure drop, particle trajectory, and erosion wear. The results indicate that twisted four-lobed pipe enhances fluid flow rates, facilitating particle discharge and mitigating accumulation, with reduced wear compared to the twin twist triangle spiral pipe. The analysis of structural parameters’ impact on hydraulic conveyance is also presented. These findings offer theoretical insights for optimizing pipeline performance in hydraulic conveyance while minimizing wear.

TO THE ISSUE OF SOIL VARIOUS TYPES INFLUENCE ON PIPELINE LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT

Achieving and maintaining the required reliability of the linear part of the main gas pipelines is of great importance. Emergency destruction usually leads to large gas leaks into the atmosphere and undersupply to consumers, significant costs for the restoration of main gas pipelines. The rise in cost of repair work on main gas pipelines directly depends on the difficult conditions of the route. Special technical solutions are to be used for achieving the necessary stability and reliability of pipelines on low-bearing soils. Thus, on operating gas pipelines at variable temperatures of the transported product, their longitudinal movements occur, resulting in longitudinal forces appearance and correspondingly in increase of gas pipeline stress state and their possible destruction. The significant period of time of increase in gas pipeline movements indicates that these changes in pipeline position occur due to the rheological properties of soils. An analysis of the stress state of such sections of gas pipelines is necessary to assess their operational reliability and, as a result, the timing and methods of repair. This article discusses the maximum values of longitudinal displacements of a pipeline laid in various soils and the deflection values corresponding to these models for potentially dangerous sections.

Characteristics of Transient Flow in Rapidly Filled Closed Pipeline

In this study, a one-dimensional mathematical model based on rigid theory is developed to evaluate the maximum water filling flow rate and filling time of closed pipeline water supply systems during rapid-filling processes. Polynomial fitting is utilized for prediction, and numerical simulation results are analyzed to understand the variations in maximum water filling flow rate, filling time, and pressure with respect to opening valve time, air valve area, filling head, and segmented filling pipe length. The findings highlight the significant impact of the filling head on the maximum water filling flow rate, while the filling time is predominantly influenced by the gas discharge coefficient. Rapid changes occur only at the initial stage of rapid filling, reaching the maximum value with a very high acceleration (around t = 4 s). It is observed that pressure fluctuations in the gas–liquid two-phase flow inside the pipeline lead to velocity differences and periodic changes in gas pressure opposite to the filling head. When the gas discharge coefficient reaches approximately 0.3, pressure variation within the water supply system diminishes, and the time and flow rate required for pipeline filling become independent of the discharge coefficient. This study suggests the use of a segmented filling approach to ensure the effectiveness and stability of pipeline filling.

Effect of soil spatial variability on the stability of pipelines under horizontal loading

Submarine pipeline has been utilized more and more widely in offshore oil and gas transportation engineering. Given that these pipelines frequently subject horizontal loading during operation, thus precise predicting their horizontal bearing capacity is essential. However, most previous studies employ deterministic analysis without considering soil spatialvariability. This article introduces a two-dimensional (2D) random finite element analysis to study the horizontal pullout behaviour and failure mechanisms of a pipeline in a spatial variability soil. It is observed that the effect of soil spatial variability on the horizontal bearing capacity factor and failure mechanisms is remarkably substantial, with the distribution of the former showing a close approximation to a log-normal distribution. Furthermore, the average horizontal bearing capacity typically falls below the corresponding deterministic value. Consequently, the deterministic estimation of the horizontal bearing capacity tends to be inflated. Eventually, a reliability-based approach is formulated, where a factor of safety is incorporated to account for the uncertainties arising from spatial variability and ensure a sufficient safety margin. This methodology enables engineers to determine appropriate factor of safety tailored to the specific requirements of each project.

On-bottom stability of a radial fin integrated surface-laid pipe-section against vertical penetration

This study focuses on the on-bottom stability of surface-laid submarine pipelines during vertical penetration under thermal-induced buckling. Submarine pipelines are susceptible to buckling due to their high slenderness ratio, and the resistance to such displacement relies on pipeline stiffness and soil resistance. To investigate this, laboratory model tests were conducted using a scaled-down pipe section placed on a clay bed. The clay bed was prepared with remoulded Kaolin clay, ensuring uniform moisture content, and the model pipe was scaled down from a typical industry prototype. These tests were conducted in 2D plane strain conditions within a tank, equipped with observation windows to monitor pipe movement and soil behaviour. A significant improvement in the pipe section's penetration resistance and on-bottom stability was observed after incorporating fin in the pipe. The addition of fins altered the earth pressure distribution beneath the vertically loaded pipe, leading to a larger failure mechanism in the adjacent soil. Furthermore, the soil-surface-heaving progressed towards the tank wall with increasing angular distance between the radial fins. Thus, the research demonstrated the effectiveness of radial fins in enhancing the stability and resistance of submarine pipelines against vertical penetration, shedding light on potential improvements in submarine pipeline design and deployment.

Numerical method of lateral pipe-soil interaction and sensitivity analysis investigation

The pipe-soil interaction force is a crucial load that ensures the on-bottom stability of submarine pipelines and acts as a vital input parameter for the design of controlled pipeline buckling. It is necessary to precise prediction of soil lateral resistance and sensitivity to environmental parameters. This study developed a numerical simulation technique based on the coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) method to systematically analyse the deformation of the pipeline and the soil-pipeline forces on the seabed foundation during service. To validate the numerical method for large lateral displacement of pipe-soil interaction, an experimental approach employing parameter variation was utilized to conduct sensitivity analysis on the environmental parameters. The key parameters affecting soil-pipeline interaction were determined through an analysis of relative variation factors. The research findings demonstrate a satisfactory agreement, with an amplitude difference range of within 15 %, between the numerical simulation technique using the CEL method and the experimental results. This method resolves the issue of non-convergence due to grid distortion under conditions of large displacement, thereby enhancing computational accuracy. Sensitivity analysis shows that the relative variation factors for soil friction angle, initial burial depth, and soil density exceed 50 %, which is notably higher than the elastic modulus, friction coefficient, and Poisson's ratio of the soil. The results of this study enable the prediction of lateral forces in pipe-soil interaction and identification of environmentally sensitive parameters. This study establishes a foundation for calculating pipeline buckling strength in complex environments and holds paramount importance for the design and construction of pipelines to ensure on-bottom stability.

FEATURES OF CALCULATING LONGITUDINAL DISPLACEMENTS OF PIPELINES LAID IN HETEROGENEOUS SOILS

Achieving and maintaining the required reliability of the linear part of the main gas pipelines is of particular importance. Emergency destruction usually leads to large gas leaks into the atmosphere and undersupply to consumers, significant costs for the restoration of main gas pipelines. The difficulty and cost of carrying out repairs of main gas pipelines directly depends on the difficult conditions of the route and special technical solutions are needed to achieve the stability and reliability of pipelines on low-bearing soils. Thus, on existing gas pipelines, their longitudinal movements occur under the action of longitudinal forces, which leads to an increase in the stress state of gas pipelines and even the destruction of pipes. The significant time duration of the increase in gas pipeline movements indicates that these movements occur due to the rheological properties of soils. An analysis of the stress state of such sections of gas pipelines is necessary to assess their reliability, timing and methods of repair.

Investigation on vibration characteristics induced by gas–liquid two-phase flows in a horizontal pipe

The intrinsic characteristics of multiphase flow inevitably result in vibrations within the pipe structure. The evolution of vibration characteristics is crucial for monitoring the stability of the multiphase flow pipelines. However, under high liquid velocity condition, the influence of flow pattern on the gas–liquid two-phase flow-induced vibration (GTFIV) of the pipe remains unclear. In this paper, the vibration signals in the horizontal pipe under different flow patterns at high liquid velocity are measured by a vibration test system. Synchronously, images inside the pipe are captured to illustrate the flow mechanism. The results show that the α stable distribution model holds higher fitting accuracy than the standard normal distribution for the GTFIV. The random behavior of small-scale bubbles determines the structural richness of the GTFIV. The multifractal characteristics of the GTFIV are strongly dependent on the flow pattern. The formation of the gas plug leads to significant unevenness in the fractal structure of the GTFIV. The multifractal strength of the GTFIV gradually increases as the flow pattern transforms from dispersed bubble flow to slug flow. Some multifractal spectrum parameters of the vibration signal can be applied for the identification of flow patterns in the pipe.

Unleashing the Potential of a Hybrid 3D Hydrodynamic Monte Carlo Risk Model for Maritime Structures’ Design in the Imminent Climate Change Era

Submarine pipelines have become integral for transporting resources and drinking water across large bodies. Therefore, ensuring the stability and reliability of these submarine pipelines is crucial. Incorporating climate change impacts into the design of marine structures is paramount to assure their lifetime safety and serviceability. Deterministic design methods may not fully consider the uncertainties and risks related to climate change compared to risk-based design models. The latter approach considers the future risks and uncertainties linked to climate and environmental changes, thus ensuring infrastructure sustainability. This study pioneers a Hybrid 3D Hydrodynamic Monte Carlo Simulation (HMCS) Model to improve the reliability-based design of submarine pipelines, incorporating the effects of climate change. Current design approaches may follow deterministic methods, which may not systematically account for climate change’s comprehensive uncertainties and risks. Similarly, traditional design codes often follow a deterministic approach, lacking in the comprehensive integration of dynamic environmental factors such as wind, waves, currents, and geotechnical conditions, and may not adequately handle the uncertainties, including the long-term effects of climate change. Nowadays, most countries are developing new design codes to modify the risk levels for climate change’s effects, such as sea-level rises, changes in precipitation, or changes in the frequency/intensity of winds/storms/waves in coastal and marine designs. Our model may help these efforts by integrating a comprehensive risk-based approach, utilizing a 3D hydrodynamic model to correlate diverse environmental factors through Monte Carlo Simulations (MCS). The hybrid model can promise the sustainability of marine infrastructure by adapting to future environmental changes and uncertainties. Including such advanced methodologies in the design, codes are encouraged to reinforce the resilience of maritime structures in the climate change era. The present design codes should inevitably be reviewed according to climate change effects, and the hybrid risk-based design model proposed in this research should be included in codes to ensure the reliability of maritime structures. The HMCS model represents a significant advancement over existing risk models by incorporating comprehensive environmental factors, utilizing advanced simulation techniques, and explicitly addressing the impacts of climate change. This innovative approach ensures the development of more resilient and sustainable maritime infrastructure capable of withstanding future environmental uncertainties.

Essential Strategies for Continuous Monitoring and Alerting in Big Data Ecosystems

As the digital era evolves, the demand for reliable and efficient big data ecosystems intensifies, especially within financial institutions like Wells Fargo. This paper explores the critical role of continuous monitoring and alerting systems in maintaining the integrity and performance of these ecosystems. It draws on experiences and strategies implemented at Wells Fargo up to November 2023, showcasing how these practices ensure operational excellence and compliance. By examining a range of techniques, tools, and case studies, this paper provides a comprehensive guide on establishing effective monitoring frameworks that proactively identify potential issues, optimize resources, and maintain data privacy in line with regulatory standards. Continuous monitoring and alerting systems are indispensable components of modern big data ecosystems, serving as the backbone for maintaining system health and performance. This paper delves into the critical role played by these systems in ensuring the stability and efficiency of big data processing pipelines. Organizations can gain valuable insights into system behaviour, identify potential issues, and proactively mitigate risks by establishing robust monitoring mechanisms. By exploring various techniques, tools, and best practices, this paper aims to understand effective monitoring and timely alerting strategies comprehensively. Furthermore, real-world scenarios and case studies will be analyzed to offer practical insights into the challenges faced by organizations in maintaining the reliability and resilience of big data environments, along with the corresponding solutions employed to address them.

Analysis of vibration response characteristics of composite pipeline based on finite element method

In order to ensure the good stability of the composite pipeline under fluid dynamic loads, finite element analysis method was applied to simulate and calculate the modal characteristics under dry and wet mode conditions. According to the working principle and structural characteristics of composite pipelines, the model was parameterized and simplified to improve computational efficiency and convergence. The modal testing platform is constructed, consisting of a combination of pipeline structure and pipeline support structure. The movement direction of the slider is limited by the guide rail used, allowing the horizontal section of the branch to move only along its own pipeline axis direction. The fluid structure coupling analysis technology was applied to obtain the vibration mode and spectral response results of the composite pipeline, which was verified through an experimental platform. The research results indicate that the natural frequency in wet mode was about 16 % lower than that in dry mode. In addition, it could be proven that the simulation scheme had good computational accuracy, with a maximum error of 9.2 %.

On the onset of pipeline scouring: Reconciling waves and currents forcing

The combined action of waves and currents can lead to the generation of freespans that have significant influence on both pipeline on-bottom stability and structural integrity. Several studies have been carried out since the 80’s to analyse the onset of the scour process and the related phenomena in the presence of either waves or currents, while only a few studies regard the combination of waves and currents. Moreover, the main empirical expressions coming from such studies cannot adequately represent the physics of the phenomena and lead to non-conservative results. For that purpose, a reanalysis of existing datasets on the onset of scour due to waves and/or currents has been carried out to obtain a coherent method for the evaluation of the critical embedment associated to such mixed flow conditions. In addition, an analytical study has been used to quantify the Keulegan–Carpenter parameter when waves are combined with currents, for a more correct application of such empirical formulas. These results will be integrated into a probabilistic model for the long-time evolution of freespans for the evaluation of the structural stability of pipelines in the marine environment, although the present approach can be exploited for a broader range of offshore applications that deal with the combined action of waves and currents.

Experimental Investigation of Pore Pressure on Sandy Seabed around Submarine Pipeline under Irregular Wave Loading.

The propagation of shallow-water waves may cause liquefaction of the seabed, thereby reducing its support capacity for pipelines and potentially leading to pipeline settlement or deformation. To ensure the stability of buried pipelines, it is crucial to consider the excess pore pressure induced by irregular waves thoroughly. This paper presents the findings of an experimental study on excess pore pressure caused by irregular waves on a sandy seabed. A series of two-dimensional wave flume experiments investigated the excess pore pressure generated by irregular waves. Based on the experimental results, this study examined the influences of irregular wave characteristics and pipeline proximity on excess pore pressure. Using test data, the signal analysis method was employed to categorize different modes of excess pore-water pressure growth into two types and explore the mechanism underlying pore pressure development under the influence of irregular waves.

Mechanical characterization procedure of HMPE fiber for offshore mooring in deep waters

For several offshore installations, especially those for exploration of offshore resources, such as Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO), the stability of subsea pipelines and exploration risers are closely related to the mooring system. High performance polymeric fibers have been used in recent decades for offshore mooring, more recently polyester has been challenged by advancement in ultra-deep waters due to its considerable elongation. A candidate fiber for lower elongation mooring systems is high modulus polyethylene (HMPE). The work describes mechanical characterization procedures in high modulus polyethylene fibers envisioning the possibility of offshore mooring systems made entirely with HMPE, which allow deeper water depths, as well as stability to the pipelines. As a result, the fiber is suitable for mechanical strength and linear tenacity. It still shows good performance in abrasion resistance, and loss of inelastic portions in cyclic loads. However, the behavior in creep, due to its slightly high strain rates, restricts its use, but recent fibers known as "Low creep" can be studied, allowing complete mooring systems made with HMPE.

Application of artificial neural networks for predicting lateral and uplift capacity of buried rectangular box carrying pipelines

Urban and offshore subterranean comprehensive pipelines are currently utilized frequently as infrastructure for fitting different engineering pipelines used for electricity, signal transmission, natural gas, petroleum, heating, water supply, and drainage systems. This study utilizes the finite element limit analysis (FELA) and artificial neural network (ANN) to evaluate the pull-out capacity factor of the buried rectangular box carrying the pipelines with internal inclined force in cohesive soil. In FELA, rigorous upper bound and lower bound solutions are performed to achieve the exact result. In this study, a dimensionless parametric analysis is carried out by considering the effect of five parameters viz. buried depth ratio, width-depth ratio, overburden factor, internal inclination angles, and interface factor on the pull-out capacity factor of a buried rectangular box, which can be called as a rectangular pipeline. Two significant samples of the investigated parameters are selected to evaluate the soil failure pattern (failure envelope) using the shear dissipation of soil failure for the buried rectangular pipeline subjected to inclined loading. Using the FELA results, the predictive equations are proposed using ANN, and then sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the sensitivity of each investigated essential parameter on the stability of the underground rectangular pipeline. The predictive ANN model for the buried rectangular pipe subjected to inclined loading is presented as design charts for practice and further investigation.

Non-linear vibration of free spanning subsea pipelines with multi-dimensional mid-plane stretching

In the absence of full-length support, subsea pipelines can experience significant oscillations due to flow induced vortex shedding that may result in the accumulation of fatigue damage over time. Such oscillations reflect the intricate interplay between the structural characteristics of the pipeline and the unsteady flow field, which can generate periodic shedding of vortices and pulsating forces. Conventional finite element models and/or empirical relations (e.g. codes of practice) are usually sufficient to predict the frequencies and modeshapes of vibrating free-spanning pipelines, which facilitates the assessment of their fatigue damage. However, the effects of multi-dimensional mid-plane stretching (i.e. coupled non-linear deformations) on the stability and performance of pipelines are still unknown. Here, we formulate the governing equations of free spanning pipelines experiencing lateral and transversal non-linear deformation that apply to in-line and cross-flow vortex induced vibration (VIV), investigate the effect of lateral mid-plane stretching on the response of the structure when it is partially supported by seabed shoulders and constrained by uneven natural supports or buckle initiators, and demonstrate that transversal mid-plane stretching transforms the pipeline into a non-linear oscillator with hardening stiffness and single well potential energy (i.e. energy potential resembling a well-shaped curve).We found that lateral mid-plane stretching reduces the overall deflection of a free spanning pipeline, increases the frequency of vibration for various axial forces and seabed/support stiffnesses, and reduces the effective length at various seabed stiffnesses and axial forces. In addition, considering the transversal mid-plane stretching and solving the problem using Galerkin’s method showed that the frequency of resonance increases with the amplitude of vibration and the increase is a function of damping and non-linear stiffness. Our results prove that beyond a critical level of forced oscillation, the pipeline experiences a period doubling bifurcation, which has been overlooked in existing predictive tools and codes of practice.

APPLICATION OF VACUUM SUCTION CASTING OF IRON-CARBON ALLOYS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENGINE PARTS

The use of vacuum suction casting technology for iron-carbon alloys for the production of internal combustion engine parts will improve their quality and wear resistance, preserve metal, and reduce emissions. The technology is widely used for non-ferrous alloys. At the same time, its implementation for iron-carbon alloys (including cast iron) in modern engine construction requires careful scientific and practical preparation. Problematic tasks arise when improving the pneumatic system of vacuum suction (large volumes of gas release), the stability of the metal pipeline (thermal overload in a high-temperature cast iron melt), and the stabilization of the casting microstructure (high-speed crystallization). The authors suggest using a specialized titanium alloy VT3-1 for the metal pipeline, for which the article calculates thermal loads during cyclic operation in the “Deep – take-out” mode for the use of cast irons of the SCH25 and VCH50-1.5 grades. For reliable operation of the metal pipeline and the absence of solidification of the melt on its inner surface, a thermal calculation method was develop, which allows determining the time of heat removal of overheating of the melt according to the diameter of the metal pipeline. The pneumatic system of the vacuum unit is supplement with a patented gas jet ejector, which, in combination with a powerful shop compressed air system, provides a full gas outlet. Applying the developed law of change in the discharge between atmospheric pressure and pressure in the mold cavity, the authors of the article regulate the rate of crystallization of castings, which makes it possible to form much smaller phases of perlite in the microstructure and reduce the presence of Ferrite. At the Enterprise "Pervomaiskdizelmash" using vacuum casting technology, blanks of guide bushings of engine valves 6CHN25/34 made of cast iron SCH25 and VCH50-1,5, as well as oils of piston rings made of cast iron VCH50-1,5 were obtained. The obtained parts showed an increased service life by 15-30%. Vacuum casting technology is recommend for iron-carbon alloys in the production of engine parts.

Dynamic Behavior and Safety Criteria of Buried Concrete Pipeline System under Blasting

In urban blasting engineering, researching the dynamic response of buried pipeline is a method for evaluating the stability of the pipeline. The dynamic response of buried pipeline under blasting includes peak particle velocity (PPV) and peak effective stress (PES) on the pipeline. This paper aims to analyze the dynamic response of the concrete pipeline with bell-and-spigot joints under a metro-connected aisle blasting, and provide a PPV safety criterion for evaluating the stability of the field concrete pipeline. This includes an analysis of the dynamic response of the concrete pipeline in the field monitoring and numerical simulation. The monitoring results reveal that the PPV is affected by the field factor, such as the explosion source distance, and it is noteworthy that the Sadovsky’s formula considering the influence of explosion source distance (data correlation coefficient—0.708) has higher accuracy in predicting the PPV compared to the original Sadovsky’s formula (data correlation coefficient—0.632). The dynamic response distribution characteristics of the concrete pipeline are analyzed based on the numerical simulation, and the results show that the PES of the joint is three times stronger than that of the barrel. A PPV safety criterion (1.43 cm/s) is provided for the site to evaluate the stability of the concrete pipeline according to the dynamic response of the pipeline joint.

Aspects of Thermal Protection of Machine-Building and Power Equipment: Application of Oxidation-Resistant Combined Nickel-Based Coatings

Introduction. In the areas of power engineering where the thermal energy of superheated steam is used, an important aspect of providing the reliability and safety of equipment is the heat resistance of the materials employed. In the manufacture of induction superheaters, the optimal material for the steam pipe (coil) is copper. However, its ultimate resistance to oxidation does not exceed 400 °C, which significantly limits the efficiency of steam generators. Therefore, the objective of the work was to study the kinetics of oxidation of the combined galvanic coating of the Mo-Ni-Cr system applied to copper tubular samples and intended for thermal protection of steam generator coils.Materials and Methods. A combined electroplating of the Mo-Ni-Cr system with a total thickness of 12–35 μm was formed on the experimental copper tubular samples. A Mo sublayer with a thickness of about 1.5 μm on the surface of the copper tube was formed to prevent the diffusion of Cu into the Ni coating. A 1.5 μm thick chromium layer on the coating surface acted as an indicator of the oxidation process. A comparative analysis of the oxidation processes of the copper surface and the combined coating of the Mo-Ni-Cr system on a copper substrate was carried out using the methods of optical and electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis, and precision determination of the growth parameters of oxide films.Results. The intervals of thermal stability of the copper substrate and nickel coating were experimentally determined. The obtained experimental dependences characterized the parabolic law of copper oxidation with the formation of a single-phase diffusion zone of CuO at temperatures above 350 °C, and nickel at temperatures above 750 °C, when the transition of NiO monoxide into oxide Ni2O3 began. The growth of oxide films according to quadratic laws provided a rapid increase in the thickness of the films, the accumulation of stresses in them, cracking, and chipping.Discussion and Conclusion. It is shown that the Mo-Ni-Cr electroplating is resistant to heating during long-term operation up to temperatures of 750–800 °C. The functional roles of Mo and Cr in the coating architecture were described. The work focused on the applied aspect of using the coating under study to increase the thermal stability of the steam pipelines of industrial induction superheaters with low and medium power.

Seabed structures and foundations related to deep‐sea resource development: A review based on design and research

AbstractThe deep‐sea ground contains a huge amount of energy and mineral resources, for example, oil, gas, and minerals. Various infrastructures such as floating structures, seabed structures, and foundations have been developed to exploit these resources. The seabed structures and foundations can be mainly classified into three types: subsea production structures, offshore pipelines, and anchors. This study reviewed the development, installation, and operation of these infrastructures, including their structures, design, installation, marine environment loads, and applications. On this basis, the research gaps and further research directions were explored through this literature review. First, different floating structures were briefly analyzed and reviewed to introduce the design requirements of the seabed structures and foundations. Second, the subsea production structures, including subsea manifolds and their foundations, were reviewed and discussed. Third, the basic characteristics and design methods of deep‐sea pipelines, including subsea pipelines and risers, were analyzed and reviewed. Finally, the installation and bearing capacity of deep‐sea subsea anchors and seabed trench influence on the anchor were reviewed. Through the review, it was found that marine environment conditions are the key inputs for any offshore structure design. The fabrication, installation, and operation of infrastructures should carefully consider the marine loads and geological conditions. Different structures have their own mechanical problems. The fatigue and stability of pipelines mainly depend on the soil‐structure interaction. Anchor selection should consider soil types and possible trench formation. These focuses and research gaps can provide a helpful guide on further research, installation, and operation of deep‐sea structures and foundations.