Stability Of Perovskite Nanocrystals Research Articles

The Role of Alkylammonium Bromides on the Surface Passivation of Stable Alcohol‐Dispersed CsPbX3 Nanocrystals and on the Stability Enhancement in Light‐Emitting Applications

AbstractThe ligand passivation is considered an attractive strategy to prepare high‐quality perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with improved photophysical features in polar media. However, the long‐term stabilization of PNCs in these environments is still challenging, being pivotal to understanding the protection mechanism given by prominent surface ligands and avoiding material deterioration in polar solvents. In this work, how the nature of diverse alkylammonium bromides used during surface passivation influences the photophysical properties and quality of CsPbX3 PNCs fully dispersed in alcohol environments, exhibiting stability up to 10 months are investigated. By adding didodecyldimethylammonium benzyldodecyldimethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium bromides (DDAB, BDAB, and TBAB, respectively), DDAB and BDAB promote a suitable and partial surface coverage are observed, respectively, suppressing defect sites in the nanocrystals. Conversely, TBAB shows poor surface protection, decreasing the PL features of PNCs. The presence of DDAB and BDAB favors the fabrication of color converters, and efficient light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with external quantum efficiencies (EQE) of ≈23%. Interestingly, significant device stability with BDAB capping shows an LED half‐life of 20‐fold longer than for DDAB. This contribution offers a promising approach for preparing highly luminescent and stable alcohol‐dispersed PNCs, useful for fabricating efficient optoelectronic devices.

Regulating ligand length to improve the PL QY and stability of CsPbCl0.9Br2.1 nanocrystals for LEDs and photoelectric applications

Perovskite luminescent materials have been extensively investigated due to their comprehensive applications for full-color display, lighting, and communication. However, the development of blue-emissive perovskites has seriously lagged behind that of green and red counterparts, primarily because of their low photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) and poor stability. Here, we prepared blue-emissive CsPbCl0.9Br2.1 perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) and enhanced their QY from 61.3% to 90.4% by regulating the chain lengths of ligands. Post-treated PeNCs also exhibit good stability, their PL intensity is maintained at about 90% after storage at ambient conditions for 10 days. The exciton dynamics results obtained from time-resolved fluorescence spectra and transient absorption spectra show that dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), featuring double 12-hydrocarbon chains, is more capable of passivating surface defects and inhibiting non-radiative composites than the other double 8- or double 16-carbon chain ligands, which greatly improved the probability and rate of radiative recombination. Subsequently, the mechanism of ligand chain length regulation on the PL properties and stability of PeNCs was analyzed in terms of ligand-NC surface interaction, ligand polarity, hydrophobicity, and spatial effects. Furthermore, the device based on DDAB-CsPbCl0.9Br2.1 demonstrated stable EL and long operation lifetime, indicating its significant potential as an efficient blue emitter for backlighting in display technologies.

Luminescent Perovskite-Cross-Linked Polymer with Low Shrinkage and Excellent Stability.

When organic cross-linked polymers are combined with metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) for realizing luminescent perovskite-polymer display materials, the stability of PNCs is enhanced and their shrinkage is suppressed. This work presents a feasible strategy for preparing CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) within a polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) thermosetting cross-linked resin matrix simultaneously via a one-step reaction. The obtained PDCPD@PNCs composite exhibits narrow peak half-widths (15-20 nm), high light transmittance (80%), low curing volume shrinkage (1.4%), tunable tensile properties, excellent stability, and a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 44.3%. The composite material exhibits long-term stability in water, acid, and base solutions for over 90 days, with the PL intensity being maintained at over 90%. Furthermore, the composite is highly resistant to polar organic solvents owing to the insolubility imparted by cross-linking. White LEDs (WLED) fabricated using the as-prepared composite demonstrate excellent potential as light sources in optical devices.

Defect Engineering of Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals via Spontaneous Diffusion of Ag Nanocrystals.

Perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as a promising building block for the fabrication of optic-/optoelectronic-/electronic devices owing to their superior characteristics, such as high absorption coefficient, rapid ion mobilities, and tunable energy levels. However, their low structural stability and poor surface passivation have restricted their application to next-generation devices. Herein, a drug delivery system (DDS)-inspired post-treatment strategy is reported for improving their structural stability by doping of Ag into CsPbBr3 (CPB) perovskite NCs; delivery to damaged sites can promote their structural recovery slowly and uniformly, averting the permanent loss of their intrinsic characteristics. Ag NCs are designed through surface-chemistry tuning and structural engineering to enable their circulation in CPB NC dispersions, followed by their delivery to the CPB NC surface, defect-site recovery, and defect prevention. The perovskite-structure healing process through the DDS-type process (with Ag NCs as the drug) is analyzed by a combination of theoretical calculations (with density functional theory) and experimental analyses. The proposed DDS-inspired healing strategy significantly enhances the optical properties and stability of perovskite NCs, enabling the fabrication of white light-emitting diodes.

Surface Chemistry of Lead Halide Perovskite Colloidal Nanocrystals.

ConspectusThe surface chemistry of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) plays a major role in dictating their colloidal and structural stability as well as governing their optical properties. A deep understanding of the nature of the ligand shell, ligand-NC, and ligand-solvent interactions is therefore of utmost importance. Our recent studies have revealed that such knowledge can be harnessed following a multidisciplinary approach comprising chemical, structural, and spectroscopic analyses coupled with atomistic modeling. We show that specific surface terminations can be produced only by employing flexible and versatile syntheses that enable to work under desired conditions. In this Account, we first describe our studies aimed at synthesizing CsPbBr3 NCs with various surface terminations. These include CsPbBr3 NCs prepared under Br- and oleylamine-rich conditions, which feature a ligand shell composed of alkylammonium-Br species and a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of ∼90%. On the other hand, taking advantage of the inability of secondary amines to bind to the perovskite NCs surface, we could prepare cuboidal CsPbBr3 NCs bearing a Cs-oleate surface termination and a PLQY of 70% by employing oleic acid and secondary alkylamines. In the quest to identify ligands that can bind more strongly than oleates or primary alkylammonium ions to the surface of NCs already in the synthesis step, we used phosphonic acids as the sole ligands in the CsPbBr3 NCs synthesis, which yielded NCs with a truncated octahedron shape, high PLQY (∼100%), and a PbBr2-terminated surface passivated by hydrogen phosphonates and phosphonic acid anhydride. The surface chemistry and the stability of perovskite NCs were investigated via ad-hoc postsynthesis treatments. We found, for example, that reacting oleylammonium-Br-terminated NCs with stoichiometric amounts of neutral primary alkylamines (or their conjugated acids) led to a partial replacement of oleylammonium ions with new alkylammonium ions (following a deprotonation/protonation mechanism), which resulted in a boost of the PLQY (up to 100%) and of the NCs' colloidal stability. Similar results in terms of optical properties were achieved by treating Cs-oleate-terminated NCs with alkylammonium-carboxylate or quaternary ammonium-Br (namely, didodecyldimethylammonium-Br, DDA-Br) couples. Interestingly, when the native NCs are ligand exchanged with DDA-Br, the ligand shell is then composed of species not bearing any proton. This, in turn, enabled us to study the interaction of such NCs with a variety of ligands under completely aprotic conditions wherein these DDA-Br-capped NCs were basically inert. The only exceptions were carboxylic, phosphonic, and sulfonic acids that were capable of stripping surface DDA-Br couples. As a note, most studies on CsPbBr3 NCs to date have focused primarily on choosing ligands with specific anchoring groups rather than on tuning the length and type of alkyl chains, as this is time-consuming and requires a large number of syntheses. Our recent developments in the computational chemistry of colloidal NCs are expected to provide a pivotal role in this direction since they can be integrated with machine learning models to investigate with greater details the ligand-NC, ligand-ligand, and ligand-solvent interactions and ultimately find optimal candidates through the prediction of surfactant properties using high-throughput data sets.

Vitamins as Active Agents for Highly Emissive and Stable Nanostructured Halide Perovskite Inks and 3D Composites Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing

AbstractThe use of non‐toxic and low‐cost vitamins like α‐tocopherol (α‐TCP, vitamin E) to improve the photophysical properties and stability of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs), through post‐synthetic ligand surface passivation, is demonstrated for the first time. Especially interesting is its effect on CsPbI3 the most unstable inorganic PNC. Adding α‐TCP produces that the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of freshly prepared and aged PNCs achieves values of ≈98% and 100%, respectively. After storing 2 months under ambient air and 60% relative humidity, PLQY is maintained at 85% and 67%, respectively. α‐TCP restores the PL features of aged CsPbI3 PNCs, and mediates the radiative recombination channels by reducing surface defects. In addition, the combination of α‐TCP and PNCs facilitates the chemical formulation to prepare PNCs‐acrylic polymer composites processable by additive manufacturing. This enables the development of complex shaped parts with improved luminescent features and long‐term stability for 4 months, which is not possible for non‐modified PNCs. A PLQY ≈92% is reached in the 3D printed polymer/PNC composite, the highest value obtained for a red‐emitting composite solid until now as far as it is known. The passivation shell provided by α‐TCP makes that PNCs inks do not suffer any degradation process avoiding the contact with the environment and preserve their properties after reacting with polar monomers during composite polymerization.

Disordered metasurface-enhanced perovskite composite films with ultra-stable and wide color gamut used for backlit displays

Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are promising to replace the traditional phosphor color conversion layers in backlit displays due to their excellent optical properties, which can enhance the color gamut and saturation of displays. However, poor stability and low luminescence efficiency hinder the development of perovskite-based devices. Here, inspired by the Yunnan cicada wing, a low-cost, easy-to-fabricate, and large-area (> 78 cm2) all-dielectric metasurface based on the Purcell effect is developed to tune and improve the light extraction efficiency of PNCs. All-dielectric metasurfaces composed of weakly disordered TiO2/PS spheres are embedded in the PNCs/PVDF (Poly (vinylidene fluoride)) films prepared by in-situ fabrication strategy, resulting in 3.19-fold photoluminescence (PL) maximum enhancement of these composite films. The stability of PNCs is also markedly improved after PVDF encapsulation. As an application demo, these all-dielectric metasurface-modulated perovskite composite films are applied in LCD backlit, with the color gamut of 157% of commercial LCD and 107% of NTSC, showing tremendous potential in high-end lighting and display. Furthermore, combined with the scalability of large-area fabrication, cost-effective weakly disordered metasurfaces are a potential method to bridge the gap between high-efficient laboratory demonstrations and commercialization in the field of display.

Zwitterionic Block Copolymers for the Synthesis and Stabilization of Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Traditional hot injection methods for the preparation of cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbX3 PNCs, where X=Cl, Br, or I) rely on small molecule surfactants to produce PNCs with cube, plate, or rod-like morphologies. Here, we describe a new method whereby zwitterionic block copolymers are employed as macromolecular ligands in PNC synthesis, affording PNCs with excellent colloidal stability, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and in some cases distinctly non-cubic shapes. The block copolymers used in this study - composed of a poly(n-butyl methacrylate) hydrophobic block and zwitterionic methacrylate hydrophilic blocks - dissolve in useful solvents for PNC growth despite containing large mole percentages of zwitterionic groups. PNCs prepared with block copolymer ligands were found to disperse and retain their fluorescence in a range of polar organic solvents and were amenable to direct integration into optically transparent nanocomposite thin films with high PNC content.

Investigation of emission behaviour of perovskite nanocrystals using nano to microspheres of TiO2

The encapsulation of MAPbBr3 perovskites nanocrystals into the pores of TiO2 microspheres (m-TiO2) remarkably enhances the stability and PLQY to 95%.

Metal–organic frameworks protect perovskite

The stabilization of perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) by a surrounding metal–organic framework (MOF) results in a simple yet effective way to make extraordinarily bright PeNC-based LEDs, with stable continuous operation of up to tens of hours.

Surface Modification and Stabilization of Photoluminescence Perovskite Nanocrystals Via Atomic Layer Deposition

Photoluminescence perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have shown significant potential in optoelectronic applications in view of their narrow band emission with high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and color tunability. However, their poor stability in light, heat and water environments still hinders practical applications in optoelectronic and bioimaging fields due to their ionic character.Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been developed as an attractive method to stabilize the crystal structure of perovskite NCs through encapsulation and surface passivation. In this presentation, several stabilization methods through ALD are introduced. First, a low-temperature Al2O3 ALD process was developed to enhance the stability of CsPbBr3 quantum dots-silica sphere in light, water and heat, which originated from the crystal structure stabilization after ALD coating. Nonetheless, a significant photoluminescence (PL) quenching of NCs was typically observed upon Al2O3 ALD. Accordingly, a specially designed ALD reactor integrated a FTIR spectrometer was exploited, which enabled in-situ characterizations to investigate ligands exchange and evolution during deposition after each precursor dosing. It was found that the surface chemical reaction between ALD precursor and capping oleic acid (OA) ligands led to reorganization of OA ligands that increased surface trap sites, leading to PL quenching. Based on the reaction mechanisms observed, a hybrid passivation strategy was developed to simultaneously enhance the photoluminescence quantum yield and the stability of perovskite NCs by two-step modification with surface halogen replenishment and ALD. Consequently, the PL quenching was avoided and the perovskite NCs/Al2O3 nanocomposites exhibited exceptional stability against water, light and heat. Our work provides a versatile method for preparing ultrastable perovskite NCs through ALD method and significantly improves their potential in LED illumination and backlight displays.

Highly stable full-color display device with VLC application potential using semipolar μLEDs and all-inorganic encapsulated perovskite nanocrystal

A promising approach for the development of effective full-color displays is to combine blue microLEDs (μLEDs) with color conversion layers. Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are notable for their tolerance to defects and provide excellent photoluminescence quantum yields and high color purity compared to metal chalcogenide quantum dots. The stability of PNCs in ambient conditions and under exposure to blue light can be improved using a SiO 2 coating. This study proposes a device that could be used for both display and visible light communication (VLC) applications. The semipolar blue μLED array fabricated in this study shows a negligible wavelength shift, indicating a significant reduction in the quantum confined Stark effect. Owing to its shorter carrier lifetime, the semipolar μLED array exhibits an impressive peak 3 dB bandwidth of 655 MHz and a data transmission rate of 1.2 Gb/s corresponding to an injection current of 200 mA. The PNC–μLED device assembled from a semipolar μLED array with PNCs demonstrates high color stability and wide color-gamut features, achieving 127.23% and 95.00% of the National Television Standards Committee standard and Rec. 2020 on the CIE 1931 color diagram, respectively. These results suggest that the proposed PNC–μLED device is suitable for both display-related and VLC applications.

Spectral and dynamic analysis of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with enhanced water stability using sodium passivation

Sodium (Na) passivated CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) are synthesized using a modified ligand-assisted reprecipitation method at room temperature. With Na element introducing, small blue-shift absorption and photoluminescence (PL) are observed due to the surface passivation of NCs. The Na passivated NCs with the PL quantum yield of 66% have the improvement of water and thermal stability, with the reduction of 20% comparing with initial PL intensity in water/n-hexane after 12 h and a higher exciton binding energy of 150.8 meV. The spectral and dynamic excitonic recombination for Na: CsPbBr3 NCs are detected by time-resolved PL and transient absorption spectroscopy. The dynamics indicate that the coupling between the lowest excited state and exciton trapping state has significantly enhanced exciton recombination efficiency for Na: CsPbBr3 NCs. It can be observed that faster PL lifetime exists for CsPbBr3 NCs than that of Na: CsPbBr3 NCs in water/n-hexane, which indicates surface defects passivated through sodium incorporation. Na: CsPbBr3 NCs dispersing in NaBr aqueous/nonpolar solution remain bright after 60 days. The obtained results demonstrate that the effective strategies via sodium passivation can improve emission efficiency and stability of perovskite NCs, making them superior potential materials in optoelectronic applications.

Room-Temperature Diffusion-Induced Extraction for Perovskite Nanocrystals with High Luminescence and Stability.

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) serve as a kind of ideal semiconductor for luminescence and display applications. However, the optoelectronic performance and stability of perovskite NCs are mainly subjected to current ligand strategies since these ligands exhibit a highly dynamic binding state, which complicates NC purification and storage. Herein, a method named diffusion-induced extraction is developed for crystallization (DEC) at room temperature, in which silicone oil serves as a medium to separate the solvent from perovskite precursors and diethyl ether promotes the nucleation, leading to highly emissive perovskite NCs. The formation mechanism of NCs using this approach is elucidated, and their optoelectronic properties are fully characterized. The resultant NCs ink exhibits a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) over 90% with a narrow full width at half maximum of 17nm. The DEC method strengthens the interaction between ligand and NCs via the hydrophobic silicone oil. Therefore, the NCs maintain almost 95% of their initial PLQYs after aging more than seven months in air. The findings will be of great significance for the continued advancement of high PLQY perovskite NCs through a better understanding of formation dynamics. The DEC strategy presents a major step forward for advancing the field of perovskite semiconductor nanomaterials.

Highly Stable CsPbBr3 Colloidal Nanocrystal Clusters as Photocatalysts in Polar Solvents.

One of the main challenges of all-inorganic cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) in photocatalysis is their poor stability in hostile environments such as polar solvents. Herein, we report highly stable CsPbBr3 colloidal nanocrystal clusters (CNCs) with uniform morphology and size prepared by using a PVP-assisted reprecipitation method. A possible formation process through a self-assembly avenue is proposed. These CsPbBr3 CNCs exhibit much enhanced resistance against a variety of polar solvents in comparison with CsPbBr3 NCs obtained from the commonly used hot-injection method. In addition, this method can be generalized to the synthesis of lead-free perovskites CNCs. The as-prepared CsPbBr3 CNCs display good reactivity and high durability in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in alcoholic systems. This work will shed some light on the stabilization of perovskite NCs in polar solvents and perovskite NC-based photocatalysts.

Interface Matters: Enhanced Photoluminescence and Long-Term Stability of Zero-Dimensional Cesium Lead Bromide Nanocrystals via Gas-Phase Aluminum Oxide Encapsulation.

Cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs), while possessing facile chemical synthesis routes and high photoluminescence (PL) properties, are still challenged by issues of instability and degradation. Although atomic layer deposition (ALD) of metal oxides has been one of the common encapsulation approaches for longer term stability, its application inevitably resulted in severe loss of emission efficiency and at times partial loss of structural integrity of perovskites, creating a bottleneck in its practical viability. We demonstrate a nondestructive modified gas-phase technique with codeposition of both precursors trimethylaluminum and water to dramatically enhance the PL emission in zero-dimensional (0D) Cs4PbBr6 PNCs via alumina encapsulation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Cs4PbBr6 films reveals the alumina deposition to be accompanied by elemental composition changes, particularly by the reduction of the excessive cesium content. Ab initio density functional theory simulations further unfold that the presence of excess Cs on the surface of PNCs leads to decomposition of structural [PbBr6]4- octahedra in the 0D perovskite lattice, which can be prevented in the presence of added hydroxyl groups. Our study thus unveils the pivotal role of the PNC surface composition and treatment in the process of its interaction with metal oxide precursors to control the PL properties as well as the stability of PNCs, providing an unprecedented way to use the conventional ALD technique for their successful integration into optoelectronic and photonic devices with improved properties.

All‐Solution Processed Multicolor Patterning Technique of Perovskite Nanocrystal for Color Pixel Array and Flexible Optoelectronic Devices

AbstractIn the present study, a new patterning method is introduced through the surface modification and stabilization of perovskite nanocrystals, which is compatible with conventional photolithography process based on all‐solution processes. Chemically designed gel‐type silica‐coated CsPbX3 (X = Br, I, etc.) perovskite nanocrystals combined with dip coating method are introduced to form stable and uniform films. Analyses of the physical and chemical states of nanocrystals and investigation of the kinetics in silica formation are conducted. In an optimized condition, physically uniform and chemically stable perovskite thin films are deposited on various substrates such as flexible, stretchable substrates, or even nonflat objects. By adopting these advantages and developing stable photolithographic chemicals, the high resolution patterns are successfully patterned with green and red emitting CsPbBr3 and CsPbBr3I3−x perovskites with the size down to 5 µm of radius and even a multicolor pixel array which can be used for the color filter, light converting or detecting applications. Flexible white light emitting diode is also fabricated with a large color gamut coverage. This work provides a fundamental understanding of perovskite nanocrystals, and also offers a technological breakthrough enabling various optoelectronic applications.

Highly Luminescent and Water-Resistant CsPbBr3–CsPb2Br5 Perovskite Nanocrystals Coordinated with Partially Hydrolyzed Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Polyethylenimine

All inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) typically suffer from poor stability against moisture and UV radiation as well as degradation during thermal treatment. The stability of PNCs can be significantly enhanced through polymer encapsulation, often accompanied by a decrease of photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) due to the loss of highly dynamic oleylamine/oleic acid (OLA/OA) ligands. Herein, we propose a solution for this problem by utilizing partially hydrolyzed poly(methyl methacrylate) (h-PMMA) and highly branched poly(ethylenimine) (b-PEI) as double ligands stabilizing the PNCs already during the mechanochemical synthesis (grinding). The hydrophobic polymer of h-PMMA imparts excellent film-forming properties and water stability to the resulting NC-polymer composite. In its own turn, the b-PEI forms an amino-rich, strongly binding ligand layer on the surface of the PNCs being responsible for the significant improvement of the PLQY and the stability of the resulting material. Moreover, the introduction of b-PEI promotes a partial phase conversion from CsPbBr3 to CsPb2Br5 to obtain CsPbBr3/CsPb2Br5 nanocrystals with a core-shell-like structure. As-prepared PNCs solutions are directly processable as inks, while their PLQY drops only slightly from 75% in colloidal solution to 65% in films. Moreover, the final PNC-polymer film exhibits excellent stability against water, heat, and ultraviolet light irradiation. These superior properties allowed us to fabricate a proof of concept thin film OLED with h-PMMA/b-PEI-stabilized PNCs as an easily processable, narrowly emitting color conversion composite material.

Surface Ligand Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Nanocrystal-Based Light-Emitting Diodes.

Lead halide perovskites (LHPs) are emerging as promising materials for light-emitting device applications because of the tunability of the band gap, narrow emission, solution processability, and flexibility. Typically, LHP nanocrystals (NCs) with surface ligands show high photoluminescence quantum yields because of charge-carrier confinement with higher exciton binding energy ( Eb). However, the conventionally used oleylamine (OAm) ligands result in the low electrical conductivity and stability of perovskite NCs (PNCs) because of a long carbon chain without conjugation bonds and weak interaction with the surface of NCs. Here, we report the effect of bulkiness and chain length of ligand materials on the properties and stability of CsPbBr3 PNCs by replacing OAm with other suitable ligands. The effect of the bulkiness of quaternary ammonium bromide (QAB) ligands was systemically studied. The less bulky QAB ligands surrounded the surface of NCs effectively, and brought better surface passivation and less aggregation compared to bulky QAB ligands, and finally the optical property and stability of CsPbBr3 PNCs were enhanced. Furthermore, the electrical property of CsPbBr3 PNCs was optimized by tuning the long-chain length of QAB ligands for balanced charge-carrier transport. Finally, we achieved highly efficient green emissive CsPbBr3 PNC light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by using PNCs with optimized didecyldimethyl ammonium bromide ligands with a current efficiency of 31.7 cd A-1 and external quantum efficiency of 9.7%, which were enhanced 16-fold compared to those of CsPbBr3 LEDs using PNCs with conventional OAm ligands.

Effect of diphenylphosphinic acid on cesium lead iodide perovskite stability

A contribution to solving challenges in the stability of perovskite nanocrystals by using DPPA in BE so that they can fully be utilized for many applications such as in the field of green energy.