SSF Method Research Articles

Lean 4.0 in port management: an alternative to support the development of the circular economy in the sector

Ports and terminals are directly related to world economic development due to international trade. In this sense, port management has expanded actions in terms of sustainability and mainly linked to circular economy (CE). The port environment is not alien to society's developments and for that it needs to improve its efficiency and operability, reducing the waste of time, processes and waste generated within it. In this context, this research links the Lean 4.0 concept with the circular economy as an alternative for the development of the port sector. The study is based on highlighting the challenges and advantages of implementing CE in ports through Lean 4.0. To achieve the objective of this research, a literature review was carried out based on the Sytematic Research Flow - SSF method proposed by Ferenhof and Fernandes (2016), followed by a content analysis based on Bardin (2011). Based on the findings, it was possible to list the key elements linked to Lean 4.0 correlated with the circular economy to stimulate the sustainability of the port sector. It was identified that Lean 4.0 presents itself as a simplifier for the implementation of the circular economy culture, since it enables the alignment of people to identify waste, stimulates innovation and the development of a culture aimed at continuous improvement in the sector.

Optimization of culture conditions for enhanced production of extracellular α-amylase using solid-state and submerged fermentation from Aspergillus tamarii MTCC5152.

Amylases are one of the main enzymes used in various industries such as food, fermentation, textile, and pharmaceuticals. Microorganisms are the potent sources of amylase enzyme, apart from plant and animal sources. Fungal amylases are more stable than bacterial amylases. The production of extracellular α-amylase from Aspergillus tamarii MTCC5152 using solid-state and submerged fermentation (SSF and SmF) and the various nutritional factors influencing its production were studied. A higher activity of α-amylase (519.40u/g) was attained in a medium having wheat bran (WB) alone as the substrate at an initial moisture content of 70% (v/w) with 2.5% (v/w) of inoculum level (containing 106 spores/ml) after 4 days of incubation at 28°C by SSF. Addition of 1% glucose to WB containing basal medium enhanced α-amylase production (6.49u/ml) after 4 days of incubation by SmF method. Comparative evaluation of enzyme production by SSF and SmF methods produced better results in SSF method.

Effect of Pretreatment and Composition of Trichoderma Viride and Zymomonas Mobilis Consortium on Bioethanol Production from Leaf Litter

Bioethanol is an alternative biofuel that is widely produced in bulk to replace and complement petroleum-based fuels. Bioethanol is produced through the alcoholic fermentation of sucrose or simple sugars. One of the potential source for bioethanol production that has not been studied is leaf litter. Various studies have shown that T. viride and Z. mobilis can be used for bioethanol production, but there has been no report on the production of bioethanol from leaf litter using a consortium of T. viride and Z. mobilis using the SSF method. This study aims to examine the effect of pretreatment and composition of the consortium of T. viride and Z. mobilis on the production of bioethanol from leaf litter. Leaf litter was dried and mashed, then pretreatment was carried out with 32% NH3 solution. The bioethanol production process using the SSF method uses a consortium of T. viride and Z. mobilis with a composition of 5%: 5%, 10%: 5%, 5%: 10% and 10%: 10% (w/v). SSF was carried out for 72 hours at a temperature of 35oC and pH 5. The bioethanol was purified by distillation and the ethanol content was tested with GCMS. Higher levels of bioethanol were found in leaf litter with pretreatment than without pretreatment. The highest ethanol content (0.6721%) was obtained from SSF with consortium composition of T. viride : Z. mobilis (10% : 10%) from leaf litter with pretreatment. Pretreatment and composition of the consortium T. viride and Z. mobilis affect the production of bioethanol from leaf litter.

Simple shear forging as a method for severe plastic deformation

Concerning the demand for upscaling in severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes, in this research, a novel method is presented, during which a billet with a rectangular cross-section is enforced under a cross-sectional shear strain, and its cross-section is changed to the parallelogram. Then the parallelogram is again enforced under another cross-sectional shear strain, and its shape is changed back to the original rectangular shape. Due to the form of the deformation and the manner in which cross-section changes, the method is entitled “Simple Shear Forging” (SSF). A new apparatus was designed and manufactured to impose plastic strain on the billet in a plane strain condition, while a hydrostatic pressure is applied, and without any change in the cross-sectional area, which ensures the repeatability of the process. In order to study the process parameters, most notably friction and pressure, simulation of the process was carried out using the commercial finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit, and the resultant strain distributions were investigated. The presented method is applied to Al 1050 billets, and the Vickers microhardness test was carried out for different numbers of applied passes. The results indicate that the SSF method is capable of introducing high strain values and grain refinement. Unlike most of the previous methods, it is not necessary to remove and reinsert the billet after each pass, which consequently enhances the productivity of the process significantly.

Bioethanol production using the SSF method (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) of microalgae anabaena sp.

Bioethanol is one of the alternative energy sources that answer the current energy crisis problems. The advantage of bioethanol compared to the fuel oil (BBM) is biodegradable. It contains an octane and high oxygen so it is flammable and reducing global warming emissions. Recently, the main ingredient of bioethanol has entered the third generation which is using microalgae. Anabaena sp. is one of the microalgae types from cyanobacteria which has the advantage of being used as bioethanol because it has carbohydrate biomass of about 20-30%. This research is aimed to produce bioethanol from microalgae Anabaena sp. The bioethanol production method used SSF because the advantage showed the converted polysaccharides into monosaccharides did not return to polysaccharides. It was caused monosaccharides directly fermented into ethanol. The use of one reactor reduced the cost of the process in the equipment used. This research was conducted in several stages, namely the preparation of raw materials, acid hydrolysis using H2SO4 1 M, and fermentation with the help of Saccharomyces cerevisiae microorganisms anaerobically. The results showed that using the SSF method was able to produce ethanol levels of 7%.

Comparison of sorghum and maize raw distillates: Factors affecting ethanol efficiency and volatile by-product profile

The potential of sorghum grain in the production of bioethanol was determined in comparison to maize and as an alternative to it. The effects of the raw materials, the raw material cultivars, and the fermentation process on ethanol efficiency and volatile compound profile of the raw distillates were investigated. The ethanol yield proved to be strongly determined by the variety of the raw material and by the fermentation method. The SSF method with a weight to water ratio of 1:4 proved to be the most effective for ethanol production in the case of both maize and sorghum. The highest ethanol yield at 86.94% of the theoretical value, was obtained from maize; the value from sorghum was 80.15%. The fermentation method, though not the grain cultivar, had a significant effect on the volatile compound profile of the raw distillates. The raw distillates obtained using the SSF method at a ground grain to water ratio of 1:4 had the lowest concentration of esters and aldehydes. The average content of volatile compounds in the sorghum distillates was lower than in the maize distillates. This study emphasizes the great potential of sorghum, a maize alternative, as an energy plant in the distillery.

Study on the decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass and subjecting it to alcoholic fermentation: Study on the decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass

The decomposition of lignocellulosic raw material included: mechanical grinding of plant biomass, delignification (removal of lignin – this process was conducted in alkaline environment) and detoxification process (removal of alcoholic fermentation inhibitory compounds).The study on producing ethanol from corn straw was based on SSF method which involved conducting simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and fermentation of obtained saccharides.Based on the study of corn straw alcoholic fermentation it was determined that the way of preparing the raw material in the initial stage of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, significantly influences the improvement of fermentation yield.In comparison with an attempt in which biomass detoxification process was not implemented, the attempt with detoxification resulted in gaining higher fermentation yield and in lowering the content of aldehydes, methanol and furfural in the produced spirit.Moreover, in the attempts in which detoxification of raw material was used, better actual speed, productivity and the yield of alcoholic fermentation of corn straw was noted. The conducted detoxification in the process of lignocellulosic biomass decomposition improved fermentation yield.

Statistical evaluation of transmission performance degradation originating with cross‐phase modulation

AbstractThis paper proposes a method which provides fast and precise evaluation of waveform degradation due to cross‐phase modulation (XPM) in intensity modulation‐direct detection systems with wavelength‐division‐multiplexing. The method consists of two corrections applied to the conventional method. The first is to take account of second‐order self‐phase modulation (SPM), which is induced by the waveform affected by XPM. The second is to take account of the higher‐order Kerr effect. The proposed method requires only a single evaluation of an infinite integral, which can be performed in a shorter time than the SSF method. It is shown by comparison to the conventional method that very precise evaluation can be realized despite the simplicity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(1): 58–67, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20306

Technical variability and required sample size of helminth egg isolation procedures

Measurements of parasite load are often very variable. This implies that little confidence can be attached to single measurements of parasite numbers and egg concentrations, and that many measurements are required for the detection of differences between groups of hosts or parasites. For studies that aim to detect these differences, it is important to increase the precision (closeness of repeated measures to each other) of parasite numbers, because it determines the number of samples that is needed to find significant differences among groups. In this study, sample sizes required to detect group differences were estimated using nematode egg counts of faecal samples of dairy cattle. They were found to be much lower for a centrifugation technique than for the widely used McMaster technique in replicate samples, in spite of a generally similar mean FEC. For example, the sample size required to detect FEC differences between groups of 10, 50, and 250 eggs per gram (EPG) were 46, 25, and 27 for the McMaster technique and 8, 5, and 12 for the SSF method, respectively. Interestingly, sample sizes required for faeces with a relatively high egg concentration (∼1000 EPG) were also considerably lower than for the McMaster technique in spite of a higher mean EPG of the latter method. This implies that technical variation can be reduced considerably by simple methods of egg isolation. Given that the range of egg concentration is similar for a number of nematodes of livestock and human helminths, a reduction of technical error will aid studies with many group comparisons such as vaccination strategies against parasites with typically low FECs and studies of the genetics of host resistance. It may also lead to improved guidelines for measures related to public health.

Outer inverses and multi body system simulation

In this paper, a numerical method for solving overdetermined differential algebraic equations that arise in multi body dynamics is proposed. The method is based on Newton type iterations using outer inverses. We prove that the ssf method and tangent space parametrization can be regarded as particular cases of our method