Squatter Area Research Articles

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЗАПАДНЫХ И ЮЖНЫХ ПРИГОРОДОВ ГОРОДА УЛАН-УДЭ

The article analyzes the processes of suburbanization and transformation of the spatial structure of the city of Ulan-Ude. Modern trends in the growth of Western and historical factors of development, due to socio-economic and historical factors of development. In the 1990s-2000s, because of the decline in agriculture and, as a result, the lack of jobs, the rural population began to migrate massively to the Buryat Republic’s capital. However, the prices for houses and apartments in the city center were unbearable for many migrants, so the purchase of land plots and the construction of houses were affordable for many. The estrangement of agricultural lands and their inclusion in residential areas allowed the city of Ulan-Ude and suburban areas to somewhat expand the territory of settlements and create a huge number of GNPP (gardeners non-profit partnership) and DNPP (dacha non-profit partnership). The city and suburban areas were not ready for such a flow and were not able to provide the newly arrived migrants with social, road transport and communal infrastructure. As a result, the city was surrounded by a suburbia almost devoid of any infrastructure. There are some elements of false urbanization or squatter area, which is a type of urbanization in which the urban population rapid growth is not accompanied by a commensurate increase in urban functions. In recent years, the growth rate of suburban settlements has decreased, mainly due to mortgages, which have become more affordable for the population and the growth of multi-storey construction. In addition, the village is slowly depleting the human resources that feed the city and the suburbs. In other words, those who wanted to move to the city have already moved

Gendering Residential Space: From Squatter and Slum Housing to the Apartment Estates in Turkish Renewal Projects

This article argues for the need to understand gendered dimensions of space in a contextualized way. It investigates residential space in three different types of housing settings of the poor, namely, a peripheral squatter neighborhood coded by rurality, a central slum neighborhood coded by criminality, and the housing estates in squatter/slum renewal projects coded by middle–class urbanity. Based on two field studies conducted in Ankara, Turkey's capital, it challenges the feminine–private versus masculine–public dichotomy: With women's presence inside the neighborhood, the squatter area was a “feminine space,” whereas, with the violent control of neighborhood spaces by local men, the slum area was a “masculine space.” Through its association with urban modernity, the public/private divide was enforced in the housing estates. While in the first housing estate, women's informal practices in its public spaces “feminized” and “ruralized” the estate, in the second housing estate, it made women feel safe inside apartments.

Doing Pentecostal Civic Engagement in the Squatter Area of Lower Rock Quarry, Baguio City, Philippines

AbstractPentecostals are frequently placed on the sidelines of civic engagement, seen as participating less in public life because of their preoccupation with other‐worldly eschatology and their one‐way‐ticket evangelistic efforts. This study does not share the above view, but argues that Pentecostal civic engagement has been increasingly recognized as resource capital that empowers the lives of the poor. This paper investigates the impact of Pentecostal/charismatic religion on civil society, asking what contribution the study of “spirit empowered” religion can make to our understanding of the role of religion in human society. Using a quantitative and qualitative approach to flesh out empirical evidence, this study reveals what Filipino Pentecostals believe and practise with regard to civic engagement. It provides a case study of findings to further point out that Pentecostals in the Philippines are not on the sidelines of civic engagement, but are one of the religious players in the creation of a just and loving society.

SPATIAL FORMATION OF RESIDENTIAL SETTLEMENTS ON SQUATTER AREA

The aim of this study is to clarify spatial formation of residential settlements on squatter area by analyzing spatial formation and utilization of houses and open spaces on Borei Keila which is one of the largest squatter areas in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We conclude the results as below from the data mostly based on the field survey. 1. Simple beds, fire equipment and big water pot are the basic components of interior space. Houses over thirty square meters generally have separate living, dining, private and sanitary rooms. 2. Small open spaces and narrow alleys compose the residential block. Though this residential area was made by each self-built house, definite levels exists on width of the alleys. 3. Around eighty percent of houses have devices such as deep eaves and outside bed to connect interior and exterior space. 4. Outside behaviors are cooking, eating, bathing, washing clothes, discharging, conversation, play, taking rest, sleep, selling and buying, working and others.

Leisure Physical Activity in Turkish Adults: Difference Between Urban and Squatter Areas

To determine the area level socioeconomic disadvantage is important in leisure physical activity. A cross-sectional data from questionnaires by 768 adults aged 40-64 years was analyzed. The results showed that age, employment and income-expenditure rate did not affect leisure activity for both men and women in urban area, while being educated and unhealthy for women and being illiterate for men correlated with being active. In squatter area, low educated women were more active than high educated women and employed women were more active than unemployed ones, while age, income-expenditure rate, education and total health status were not related with leisure activity in squatter men. Different factors affect leisure activity in the urban and squatter areas. Physical inactivity was related with unemployment in only squatter women. There is not any relation with health status and leisure physical activity.

Conditions of Residents Movement in a Squatter Area

This paper focuses on a squatter area in Kyoto City to clarify the conditions under which a residents movement can develop. My first purpose is to examine the difficulties of making residents' association in the underclass. In squatter areas, population fluidity is so high that it's difficult to make residents' association, so there are few research results about residents movements in lower class. Second is to approach minority and residents movements at the same time. The residents in the squatter area consist mainly of the Korean ethnic minority. For this reason, previous research has given more weight to ethnicity than to the viewpoints of the residents. This paper takes up a residents movement in a squatter area called ″40-banchi″ in Higashi-kujo. A marginal area, Higashi-kujo is located in south of Kyoto Station and is a Korean slum. Additionally, the slum is adjacent to a Buraku area. In fact, 40-banchi is lower than a slum or Buraku. Compared with these areas, it has stayed undeveloped and has been neglected by the local administration for a long time. 40-banchi is located in a river area between Takase and Kamo River, a substandard living environment where many shanties are squeezed together and which suffers damage from floods and fires frequently. The administration regarded 40-banchi as an illegal area. One could assume that making residents' association is difficult in such an area. But a powerful residents movement has risen up since the 1970s. In the 1990s, it made the administration build public housing that maintained characteristics of the community in the squatter area. The secretariat of the residents' association formed an NPO and is in charge of managing the housing. Thereby the practices in 40-banchi can be considered as an advanced reference point for community building of slums and Buraku.

A STUDY ON THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT IMPROVEMENT IN A SQUATTER AREA AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDENT, NPO AND GOVERNMENT

In this study, we focused on Higashi-Matsunoki, Kyoto city, where the squatter area exists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the improvement process of the residential environment in the area through the maintenance project of infrastructure and the residential environment and clarify the relationship between the actors involved in the process. In clarifying the relationship between the actors, we focused on the network built up by the residents.

Essay: The miracle boat

Essay: The miracle boat

Access to Conventional and Complementary Medicine in a Squatter Area in Alexandria

WHO [1996] stated that access to health is everybody’s right and the ethical basis of any country’s health policy should be “Health for All”. Meanwhile, there is a shift towards use of complementary and alternative medicine [CAM]. The reasons that people give for using CAM are diverse: some perceive that conventional health care is ineffective, while others consider CAM to be more consistent with their own values and beliefs about health. This study aims at determining utilization of conventional and complementary medicine of a population sample in Ancient Abou Qir region. A household survey was conducted during the period of March till May 2004, covering a number of 337 houses. The total population sample amounted to 1480. Results revealed that 33.9% of the sample was not covered by health insurance. Majority of the sample [80.4%] had no governmental hospital admissions during the last 5 years, which was attributed to lack of confidence of services offered [47.6%], lack of resources [specialists, investigations & medication] [37.9%], and bad art of care [17.5%]. On the other hand, one-fourth of the sample [24.9%] utilized complementary medicine. Herbal therapy was the most commonly practiced method [88.1%], followed by cupping therapy [Hegama] [14.3%]. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is recommended to improve the quality of governmental hospital inpatient services, increase health insurance coverage as much as possible, and including CAM in medical and nursing curricula.

Impact of improvement of water supply on household economy in a squatter area of Manila

To estimate the impact of the improvement of water supply, a comparative study on water collection and household expenditure on water was conducted between a former squatter community with an improved water supply (Leveriza: LE) and a typical squatter community with public water faucets (Maestranza: MA) in Manila, the Philippines. Data were collected from 201 structured household interviews and a focus group discussion among housewives in each community. To measure the time spent collecting water, observations of private and public water faucets were conducted. The residents in LE enjoyed significantly larger quantities of water from private water connections than in MA, where only three public water faucets were available as a water source. Conversely, the unit price of water in LE was much lower than in MA. In LE, 72.1% of the households started working for more income using time saved through the improvement of water supply and the proportion of the households under the poverty threshold was reduced from 55.6% to 29.9%. In MA, 68.0% of the households expressed their willingness to work for more income when time spent collecting water was saved. It would be possible for MA to reduce the proportion of the households under the poverty threshold through the improvement of the water supply. The results of the study indicated that the improvement of water supply would possibly encourage urban slum residents to increase their household incomes through reallocating time saved to income-generating activities. The underserved residents spent more money for less water compared to those with access to private water connections. In MA, it took 3–4 h, on average, to complete one water collecting task, even though the nearest public water faucet was within 100 m of any housing unit. This suggests that the definition of accessibility to safe water need to be reconsidered when discussing the urban poor.

Reproductive Health Profile of Women and Female Circumcision in a Squatter Area in Alexandria

Reproductive Health Profile of Women and Female Circumcision in a Squatter Area in Alexandria

Houseflies [Musca domestica] as a Vector for some Enteric Bacteria and Parasites in a Squatter Area in Alexandria

Houseflies [Musca domestica] as a Vector for some Enteric Bacteria and Parasites in a Squatter Area in Alexandria

Practices of Mothers towards the Health Status of Themselves and Their Children in a Squatter Area

Practices of Mothers towards the Health Status of Themselves and Their Children in a Squatter Area

Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services in a Squatter Area in Alexandria

Utilisation of Antenatal Care Services in a Squatter Area in Alexandria

Impact of improvement of water supply on reduction of diarrheal incidence in a squatter area of manila

To improve the quality of life in squatter settlements, the Zonal Improvement Program (ZIP), which aims to provide direct water connection and a private toilet to every housing unit, has been implemented in Metro Manila, Republic of the Philippines, since 1985. To estimate the impact of the program, particularly the improvement of the water supply, on diarrheal incidence among under-five-year-old children, a comparative survey between a ZIP area and a non-ZIP area was conducted. A significantly higher diarrheal incidence among under-five-year-old children was observed in the non-ZIP area. This may be attributed to the increase in water consumption as a result of the improvement of the water supply in the ZIP area. The Relative Risk (RR) of water consumption with diarrheal incidence was 2.67, indicating a positive association. A water supply that provides for consumption of 60 (lpcd) could be a possible appropriate measure to reduce diarrheal cases.

“Let's Reclaim Our History and Culture!”— Imagining Alevi Community in Contemporary Turkey

Istanbul squatter area killed two people and left several others injured. The mass rally that followed the shooting quickly turned into a violent political protest, and more than twenty people were shot dead by police. Though for some ten years the Alevis of Turkey had been the subject of a lively public debate in the country itself, the massacre drew world attention to a socioreligious group that had to then been more or less unknown. My contribution to the understanding of the process of revival and cultural self-assertion that has recently grasped the Alevi community will first sketch the background and contours of the theoretical problem and then will consider the role of history and tradition in the processes of the formation and maintenance of this movement. Simultaneously I hope to introduce orientalists to

Acetic Acid Visualization of the Cervix: An Alternative to Cytologic Screening

Objective : To investigate the value of acetic acid visualization of the cervix as an alternative to cytologic screening. Methods : A prospective study was conducted in a squatter area in Cape Town, South Africa, on 2426 women who underwent speculum examination, naked-eye inspection of the cervix after application of acetic acid, and cytologic smear. The smears were stained and processed at the screening site. Patients with a positive reading after acetic acid or a smear indicating a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) were referred for immediate colposcopy, biopsy, and when indicated, treatment by large loop excision of the transformation zone. Therefore, histology was obtained on all patients with a positive acetic acid test or a positive cytology. Results : Seventy-six women with positive reactions to acetic acid. Among the 2350 women with negative reactions, 254 had positive cervical smears; only 11 of these had histologic high-grade SIL. In contrast, 20 of the 61 women with positive cytology and positive acetic acid test had high-grade SIL on histology. Therefore, the acetic acid reaction enabled the observer to detect 20 of the 31 women (64%) who exhibited a high-grade SIL both on cytology and histology. Conclusion : In locations where access to cytopathology is limited, naked-eye visualization of the cervix after application of diluted acetic acid warrants consideration as an alternative in the detection of cervical premalignant lesions.

Acetic acid visualization of the cervix: an alternative to cytologic screening

To investigate the value of acetic acid visualization of the cervix as an alternative to cytologic screening. A prospective study was conducted in a squatter area in Cape Town, South Africa, on 2426 women who underwent speculum examination, naked-eye inspection of the cervix after application of acetic acid, and cytologic smear. The smears were stained and processed at the screening site. Patients with a positive reading after acetic acid or a smear indicating a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) were referred for immediate colposcopy, biopsy, and when indicated, treatment by large loop excision of the transformation zone. Therefore, histology was obtained on all patients with a positive acetic acid test or a positive cytology. Seventy-six women with positive reactions to acetic acid. Among the 2350 women with negative reactions, 254 had positive cervical smears; only 11 of these had histologic high-grade SIL. In contrast, 20 of the 61 women with positive cytology and positive acetic acid test had high-grade SIL on histology. Therefore, the acetic acid reaction enabled the observer to detect 20 of the 31 women (64%) who exhibited a high-grade SIL both on cytology and histology. In locations where access to cytopathology is limited, naked-eye visualization of the cervix after application of diluted acetic acid warrants consideration as an alternative in the detection of cervical premalignant lesions.

PRIVATIZATION OF SQUATTER SETTLEMENT REDEVELOPMENT IN KUALA LUMPUR: WINNERS AND LOSERS

Abstract Attention is focused on the Malaysian government's efforts to entice the private sector to play a greater role in redeveloping squatter areas and in providing low-cost housing. The Privatization Squatter Redevelopment Scheme of the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur is outlined and its implementation examined in one squatter area—Kampung Mariyamman. The response to the impact of forced resettlement on squatters is considered from the perspective of both those who have benefited and those who have suffered from the privatized redevelopment process. The case study highlights that state privatization policies can have important consequences for local communities.

Family Planning in Bamako, Mali

Researchers conducted a infant and child mortality survey which followed 6902 mothers who gave birth in Bamako Mali in 1982 and 1983 for 2 years. They also spoke in-depth with 78 women who lived near the city center or in an outlying squatter area of Bamako. They did this study to discern why contraceptive prevalence remained low despite the presence of quality and accessible family planning services. 31 women had used a traditional family planning method in the past and 8 currently did. The researchers interpreted this high use as a demand for natural methods rather than modern methods to space births. A cotton belt with knots tied around the waist and a combination of certain amulets and charms were some of the most common traditional methods used. 11 women knew the rhythm method and 5 actually used it but they tended to not accurately understand the menstrual cycle. Sexual abstinence was allowed for 2-3 months postpartum. Some women even tended to refuse sex on demand after the postpartum period. After delivery 10% of the women in the large survey knew a modern contraceptive and 3% knew at least 1 traditional method. Further only 3.4% ever used a modern method. Yet in the small sample 90% knew at least 1 method after prompting. In fact they tended to name all the methods available (oral contraceptives injectables and IUDs). But only 6 women currently used a modern method and 9 had used such a method in the past. Husbands and wives did not communicate well about family planning. Moreover many women held fatalistic beliefs and did not take charge in making childbearing decisions. Yet they did realize the importance of birth spacing. But they tended to consider contraceptives to be an unacceptable means to space births. Nevertheless some women questioned mens motives and considered a large family as a burden.