Square Meter Of Surface Research Articles

Genesis of thunderstorm ground enhancements

Proceeding from a stormy day of 22 September 2022, when 7 thunderstorm ground enhancements occurred (TGEs, 3 of them very large), we perform an analysis of the most important conditions, on which depend the origination of the large particle fluxes in the thunderous atmosphere. Among these conditions are the near-surface electric field (NSEF), graupel fall, and lightning activity. We estimate the intensity of the largest particle flux of 1,25 mln gamma rays hitting each square meter of surface on Aragats with energy spectra extended up to 70 MeV. Only one TGE from 7 meets the conditions to recover the electron energy spectrum; the fraction of electrons with energies above 10 MeV relative to the gamma ray flux reaches 45%. By carefully examining the graupel fall, we demonstrate that the lower dipole, which accelerates electrons, is formed by the main negative and lower positively charged regions. The lower dipole decays with a graupel fall that coincides with TGE terminations (usually by a lightning flash).

Estimation of the potential of Lemna minor for effluent remediation in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture using newly developed synthetic aquaculture wastewater

Aquaculture is an important source of animal protein and a key contributor to global food security. However, aquaculture can exert a negative effect on the aquatic environment due to the release of effluents containing high nutrient levels. In integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), the waste produced by one species is the input for another, referred to as extractive species (ES). Potential ES include plants. In the present study, it was explored whether Lemna minor can be used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from aquaculture wastewater. A representative synthetic wastewater was designed based on the composition of aquaculture effluents found in the literature. Synthetic wastewater was found to be a suitable medium for growth of Lemna minor, and plants readily took up NH4+-N, NO3-N and PO43--P. In particular, NH4+-N concentrations rapidly decreased. The highest removal rates per square meter of water surface, calculated for NH4+-N, NO3-N and PO43--P, were, respectively, 158, 206 and 32 mg·m-2·day-1, and these rates were achieved at a plant surface density of 80%. As removal of nutrients is essentially a surface area–related process, the effect of plant density on nutrient uptake was determined. Uptake of nutrients per square meter of surface area was highest at the highest plant density. Yet, when uptake rates were calculated per square meter of water area covered by Lemna fronds, the highest removal rates were found at the lowest plant density, and this is likely to be associated with a reduced intraspecific competition. The present work enables the calculation of potential nutrient uptake by Lemna minor and lays the foundation for a more scientific approach to the design of duckweed-based aquaculture wastewater treatment systems.

Impact of surface ozone interactions on indoor air chemistry: A modeling study.

An INdoor air Detailed Chemical Model was developed to investigate the impact of ozone reactions with indoor surfaces (including occupants), on indoor air chemistry in simulated apartments subject to ambient air pollution. The results are consistent with experimental studies showing that approximately 80% of ozone indoors is lost through deposition to surfaces. The human body removes ozone most effectively from indoor air per square meter of surface, but the most significant surfaces for C6 -C10 aldehyde formation are soft furniture and painted walls owing to their large internal surfaces. Mixing ratios of between 8 and 11ppb of C6 -C10 aldehydes are predicted to form in apartments in various locations in summer, the highest values are when ozone concentrations are enhanced outdoors. The most important aldehyde formed indoors is predicted to be nonanal (5-7ppb), driven by oxidation-derived emissions from painted walls. In addition, ozone-derived emissions from human skin were estimated for a small bedroom at nighttime with concentrations of nonanal, decanal, and 4-oxopentanal predicted to be 0.5, 0.7, and 0.7ppb, respectively. A detailed chemical analysis shows that ozone-derived surface aldehyde emissions from materials and people change chemical processing indoors, through enhanced formation of nitrated organic compounds and decreased levels of oxidants.

3D SURVEY AND AUGMENTED REALITY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE. THE CASE STUDY OF AURELIAN WALL AT CASTRA PRAETORIA IN ROME

Abstract. The development of close-range photogrammetry has produced a lot of new possibility to study cultural heritage. 3D data acquired with conventional and low cost cameras can be used to document, investigate the full appearance, materials and conservation status, to help the restoration process and identify intervention priorities. At the same time, with 3D survey a lot of three-dimensional data are collected and analyzed by researchers, but there are a very few possibility of 3D output. The augmented reality is one of this possible output with a very low cost technology but a very interesting result. Using simple mobile technology (for iPad and Android Tablets) and shareware software (in the case presented “Augment”) it is possible to share and visualize a large number of 3D models with your own device. The case study presented is a part of an architecture graduate thesis, made in Rome at Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University. We have developed a photogrammetric survey to study the Aurelian Wall at Castra Praetoria in Rome. The surveys of 8000 square meters of surface have allowed to identify stratigraphy and construction phases of a complex portion of Aurelian Wall, specially about the Northern door of Castra. During this study, the data coming out of 3D survey (photogrammetric and topographic), are stored and used to create a reverse 3D model, or virtual reconstruction, of the Northern door of Castra. This virtual reconstruction shows the door in the Tiberian period, nowadays it's totally hidden by a curtain wall but, little and significative architectural details allow to know its original feature. The 3D model of the ancient walls has been mapped with the exact type of bricks and mortar, oriented and scaled according to the existing one to use augmented reality. Finally, two kind of application have been developed, one on site, were you can see superimposed the virtual reconstruction on the existing walls using the image recognition. On the other hand, to show the results also during the graduation day, the same application has been created in off-site condition using a poster.

3D SURVEY AND AUGMENTED REALITY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE. THE CASE STUDY OF AURELIAN WALL AT CASTRA PRAETORIA IN ROME

The development of close-range photogrammetry has produced a lot of new possibility to study cultural heritage. 3D data acquired with conventional and low cost cameras can be used to document, investigate the full appearance, materials and conservation status, to help the restoration process and identify intervention priorities. At the same time, with 3D survey a lot of three-dimensional data are collected and analyzed by researchers, but there are a very few possibility of 3D output. The augmented reality is one of this possible output with a very low cost technology but a very interesting result. Using simple mobile technology (for iPad and Android Tablets) and shareware software (in the case presented “Augment”) it is possible to share and visualize a large number of 3D models with your own device. The case study presented is a part of an architecture graduate thesis, made in Rome at Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University. We have developed a photogrammetric survey to study the Aurelian Wall at Castra Praetoria in Rome. The surveys of 8000 square meters of surface have allowed to identify stratigraphy and construction phases of a complex portion of Aurelian Wall, specially about the Northern door of Castra. During this study, the data coming out of 3D survey (photogrammetric and topographic), are stored and used to create a reverse 3D model, or virtual reconstruction, of the Northern door of Castra. This virtual reconstruction shows the door in the Tiberian period, nowadays it's totally hidden by a curtain wall but, little and significative architectural details allow to know its original feature. The 3D model of the ancient walls has been mapped with the exact type of bricks and mortar, oriented and scaled according to the existing one to use augmented reality. Finally, two kind of application have been developed, one on site, were you can see superimposed the virtual reconstruction on the existing walls using the image recognition. On the other hand, to show the results also during the graduation day, the same application has been created in off-site condition using a poster.

Adsorption Enthalpy Calculations of Hydrogen Adsorption at Ambient Temperature and Pressures Exceeding 300 bar

Hydrogen adsorption isotherms were measured at ambient temperature to pressures exceeding 300 bar for three benchmark adsorbents: two metal-organic frameworks, Cu3(btc)2 (btc = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) and Zn4O(btb)2 (btb = 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoate), and the activated carbon MSC-30. The Dubinin-Astakhov model was applied to calculated absolute adsorption isotherms as a function of the fugacity to determine the adsorption enthalpy at ambient temperature. Comparisons of the calculated enthalpies and the surface excess concentration (excess adsorption per square meter of surface) show that Zn4O(btb)2 has an adsorption enthalpy comparable to MSC-30, but that the spacing between adsorbed molecules is much larger.

The total radiant energy, and the average depth of all the photons, in the water column

Using radiative transfer theory I show that for a given waveband, the total radiant energy, Qt, present within the water column (per square meter of surface) is proportional to the scalar irradiance just below the surface [E0(0)] and inversely proportional to the irradiance‐weighted vertical attenuation coefficient for scalar irradiance (wK0,av), in accordance with[eqn] where cw is the speed of light in the water. Further, Qt = E(0)/cwa where E(0)is the net downward irradiance just below the surface, and a is the absorption coefficient of the water for the waveband in question. The average depth, zp, of all the photons in the water column in a given waveband is equal to [wKE,av]−1, the reciprocal of the irradiance‐weighted vertical attenuation coefficient for net downward irradiance. This conclusion, at which we arrive on theoretical grounds, is confirmed by numerical modeling of the underwater light field.

A new design of wire locators for drift tubes

Every position-sensitive wire detector needs to solve the problem of wire positioning with a defined accuracy all over its sensitive volume. In particular, thin-walled drift tubes ("straws"), which are currently being attached to large detector units of several tens of square meters of surface, need to be equipped with wire locators along their signal wires. A wire locator has been developed together with an insertion device, especially for medium-sized drift tube systems, which significantly reduces the production time and avoids the danger of applying epoxy glue to the signal wire. The wire locator is being inserted in one single time-saving production step together with the signal wire itself. The proposed design is being compared to the rigid wire locators in use in the COMPASS straw tracking system at CERN. The investigation comprises both wire-centering capability and influence on the efficiency of adjacent detector regions, demonstrating the competitive performance of the proposed new system. Its sufficient mechanical reliability could be shown by means of an X-ray tomography; the attractively small influence on the drift field was determined in a test measurement using a silicon tracking system in a hadron beam.

The influence of cork oak pruning on the yield and growth of cork

Bearing in mind the importance of pruning as a silvicultural treatment in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) open woodland of the dehesa type, an experiment was designed to assess the effect of pruning on cork yield. This work was carried out in two ways: synchronically, compa- ring pruned sites with others which were either unpruned or pruned at different times, and diachronically, comparing pruned and unpruned trees within the same site. The five test sites (with forty trees in the synchronic and eighty in the diachronic plots) were selected in south-west Spain. In all cases measurements of the cork production were made in kilos per square metre of surface stripped, total cork yield per tree, and the mean thickness of stripped cork. Analysis was carried out using a paired data comparison test. The effect of pruning on yearly cork growth was also analysed by examining the annual growth rings. In the five plots analysed there were no significant differences (95% confidence intervals) bet- ween pruned and unpruned trees in terms of kilos of cork produced per square metre of surface stripped, nor for total cork yield per tree. Neither were there significant differences in annual cork growth rings, even when the pruning was carried out during the cork-stripping period.

Quantitative Effects of Feed Protein Reduction and Methionine on Nitrogen Use by Cows and Nitrogen Emission from Slurry

The effects on N use and N volatilization from slurry were investigated in 24 early-lactation Brown Swiss cows (32 kg/d milk) fed four diets with 128, 124, 147 and 175 g/kg DM of crude protein (CP). All diets were supplemented with 0.75 g/kg of rumen-protected Met except for one of the low-protein rations (128 g/kg of CP). The unsupplemented low-protein ration was calculated to be deficient in Met by approximately 20%. No significant treatment effects on performance, water intake and excretion, and slurry quantities were observed. Differences in N intake were closely reflected in the daily excretions of total and urea N via urine, and in urine N as a proportion of total excretory N. These values were higher for the unsupplemented low-protein ration than for the Met-supplemented low-protein ration. The treatment effects on fecal N excretion were generally smaller, and milk N excretion and N balance were not affected. Feed N utilization for milk N excretion increased with decreasing CP content from 27% for the high-protein group to about 35% for the two low-protein groups. Comparing the Met supplemented rations only, ammonia N emission from fresh slurry (excreta:water = 1:0.5) decreased from 231 to 160 and 55μg/s per square meter of surface with 175, 147 and 124 g/kg of CP, respectively, and the corresponding total N losses during 7 wk of slurry storage declined from 89 to 57 and 25 g/d per cow. Regression analysis demonstrated the basic suitability of milk urea N excretion to estimate urine N excretion and, consequently, potential N emissions.

Trophodynamic model of the Black and Azov Sea pelagic ecosystem: consequences of the comb jelly, Mnemiopsis leydei, invasion

The logic, structure and preliminary results from a mathematical model of the Black and Azov Sea ecosystems are presented in response to the need for a theoretical framework to analyse recent drastic decreases in catches of anchovy. The modelling approach is dictated by incomplete data for many key processes involved in the disastrous ecosystem changes that have impacted fisheries in these inland seas since the late 1980s. These not only resulted in environmental changes and negative impacts on fisheries, but also in the introduction of the exotic planktonic predator, the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leydei; however, their relative importance is unclear from the limited data available. The objectives of this first project phase are to: reconstruct the introduction of M. leydei, study different hypotheses of its trophic interaction with anchovy, and consider alternatives for rehabilitation of the commercial stocks. The model is modular, with subsystems for the Black and Azov Seas and linked flows and migrations of energy, organic matter and fish biomass, specified, as a system of difference and algebraic equations, both at the system level and the level of energy balance of individual organisms. Emphasis is on documenting hypotheses for transformation of incoming energy by pelagic zooplankton and fish of the two seas to average densities per square metre of surface. The Black Sea trophic chain is more detailed, including 18 components (excluding age groups), but the Azov Sea model is limited to 11 components. The anchovy population is the only one with age structure specified (larvae, juveniles and three adult stages). The model does not represent detailed transformations of organics or the biogenic cycle, which, with primary production, are considered as model driving factors, and impacts of pelagic production on benthic/demersal ecosystems are only considered incidentally, via pelagic detrital outflows to sink. The model is aimed at a parsimonious description of the main processes and mechanisms of inter and intra-annual population dynamics, the impacts of environmental conditions, of spawning and seasonal migrations for anchovy, with or without specified impacts by jelly predators. Simulations considered three scenarios covering 1966–2000, divided into three phases. Model identification was based on 1996–1982 data, verification in 1983–1993, and the last phase (1994–2000) was used to validate model reliability. Three scenarios were considered: (i) absence of M. leydei, (ii) only food competition between anchovy and the ctenophore and (iii), in addition to (ii), predation of anchovy larvae by M. leydei. Results are presented as graphic and tabular outputs of annual and seasonal variations, energy balances, and values for other system variables. The model is available for operation under the Windows 95/NT environment.

Variability of House Dust Mite Allergen Exposure in Dwellings

The variability of repeated house dust mite (HDM) allergen determinations at the same site within 3-24 months was evaluated on previously collected samples. Between two and four repeated measurements of Der p 1, a major allergen of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Der f 1, a major allergen of D. farinae, on 46 carpets and 31 mattresses were analyzed. In 90% of carpets and mattresses, HDM allergen concentrations were clinically relevant (at least one measurement >0.1 microg Der p 1 + Der f 1/g dust). The coefficients of variation (CVs) for allergen concentrations in repeated samples over time (55.3-82.0% for the two allergens in beds and carpets) were clearly greater than the CVs for multiple samples collected at the same time (4.0-32.6%). Determination of allergen mass per square meter of surface instead of concentration per gram of dust resulted in an even greater CV (72.3-86.7%). The 95% range of expected values was about 10-fold above and below the result of a single determination. We conclude that single determinations of HDM allergen in dust give very limited information about long-term exposure of an individual to the allergen. Repeated measurements are recommended. Studies of factors that affect HDM allergen exposure must be planned with appropriate sample sizes.

The Model of Hospital Emergency Departments in 2,000 Bed Hospital in Hungary

The first emergency department in Hungary was established in Hetenyi Geza County Hospital in 1976. It was organized as part of a research program commissioned by the Ministry of Health. Initially, the hospital had 1400 beds which have now increased to 2,000.The Emergency Department is located on the ground floor of a new building and occupies 1,100 square meters of surface. The operation of the department is divided into three main areas.

The impracticability of large-scale generation of hydrogen from water photolysis by utilization of solar radiation

The possibility of using solar radiation for the generation of hydrogen by the photolysis of water is discussed in relation to requirements of large-scale generation which would be needed in a hydrogen economy or in coal gasification. Although the point is conceded that solar energy is, for all practical purposes, an infinite source, the conclusion is that solar radiation is not available on the surface of the plant in energy densities which would allow large-scale hydrogen generation without overwhelming technical and economic difficulties. The particular restriction lies in the large ground areas required for generation of reasonably large quantities of hydrogen, since the volume of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure which can be generated per square metre of surface is only of the order of 0.2–0.4 m 3/day.

The importance of the gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral reef predators

The importance of the stenoglossan prosobranch gastropod Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck) and the amphinomid errant polychaete Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) as coral predators in Barbados, West Indies, was investigated. Coralliophila normally feeds upon the coral Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), can consume up to 9 cm2 of tissue in 24 h, and has a mean density of 13 individuals per square meter of living coral in shallow water. Hermodice normally feeds upon the zooanthid Palythoa mammillosa (Ellis and Solander) and the corals Porites porites (Pallas) and Porites astreoides Lamarck. The mean density of Hermodice was less than one individual per square meter of surface of living prey and large worms could consume up to 3 cm2 of living coral tissue in a 3-h feeding period. Because of the low densities of the predators the preference of Hermodice for the zooanthid Palythoa and the fact that Coralliophila feeds only rarely, they did not cause extensive damage to reef corals.

THE PERSISTENCE OF A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS IN THE HABITAT OF THE HOST INSECT, TRICHOPLUSIA NI II.: POLYHEDRA IN SOIL

AbstractThe viral activity of soil treated with polyhedra of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was determined at intervals by bioassay. Soil in plots treated in 1961 at a rate of 6.4 × 1010 polyhedra per square meter of surface contained about 25% of the original infective virus more than 5 years after treatment. A similar rate of decline in viral activity occurred in plots treated with polyhedra in 1963. Viral activity of soil retained under artificial conditions decreased more rapidly.Field and laboratory tests showed that foliage of cruciferous plants grown in soil treated with polyhedra was contaminated with the virus, probably largely by virus-laden soil being splashed onto foliage by rain.

Observations on blood sugar and serum calcium in relation to lactation in women, with a study of its possible relationship to parturient paresis

1.1. The recent theories of parturient paresis in cattle are discussed in the light of a possible relationship to similar disturbances in women.2.2. A lactation test of two hours' duration has been devised for women, and its relationship to the twenty-four-hour output of milk has been studied.3.3. Seventy-one per cent of the women examined secrete 10 to 40 c.c. milk per square meter of surface per two hours. This constitutes the average lactation group.4.4. Only 15 per cent of women secrete over 40 c.c. milk per square meter of surface per two hours, constituting a high lactation group.5.5. There is no essential difference in the blood-sugar level of the three lactation groups, the average figure being 95 mg. per 100 c.c.6.6. Hypoglycemias produced by insulin lower the milk output, if the hypoglycemia is accompanied by nervous or emotional symptoms.7.7. The average serum calcium level for 136 cases is 9.7 mg. per 100 c.c.8.8. There is no essential difference in the level of serum calcium between the three lactation groups.9.9. The administration of parathyroid extract has no influence on the milk production.10.10. It appears difficult to raise the serum calcium by parathyroid extract during lactation.11.11. Toxic symptoms have been noted by the administration of parathyroid extract to a human subject.12.12. Some abnormal chemical findings are reported in a case of puerperal septicemia.

Human Metabolism

THE first of the monographs before us deals with the prediction of basal metabolism from a knowledge of individual physical and biological constants. The usual process has been to multiply the subject's surface area, as deduced from the height and weight by du Bois's method, by the average Calorie output per square metre determined from a “standard” series, it being assumed that the metabolism per unit area in adults is approximately constant. The order of the error involved and the improvement effected by Drs. Harris and Benedict's process can be gauged by the following example. In these authors' series of 136 adult males, the mean twenty-four hours' basal output was 1631-7 Calories with a standard deviation of 204.7 Calories; the latter is 12.5 per cent, of the mean. The corresponding mean per square metre of surface was 925.5 Calories with a standard error of 74.5 Calories, about 8 per cent, of the mean.

CLINICAL CALORIMETRY

In order to establish more fully the law that the total body metabolism is proportional to the surface area, it is important to establish the law not only for people of normal size and shape, but also for those who are deformed. If the body surface be a true index of the metabolism, and if the body surface be accurately measured, then dwarfs or men with their legs cut off would show proportionally the same basal metabolism per square meter of surface as do normally shaped individuals. But if this relationship holds, is the increase in heat production which follows the ingestion of large quantities of meat the same as in persons of normal shape? It was to try to answer these questions that this series of dwarfs and legless men were studied in the Sage calorimeter at Bellevue Hospital. <h3>THE BASAL METABOLISM OF MEN OF</h3>

4. On the Elevation of the Earth's Surface Temperature produced by Underground Heat

Peclet found, by his own experiments, that a body with any common unpolished non-metallic surface, kept by heat from within at 1° higher temperature than that of the air and other objects round it, loses heat from each square metre of surface at the rate of about nine kilogramme-water thermal units per hour, or, which is the same, of a gramme-water unit from each square centimetre per second. The mean conductivity of the three Edinburgh strata, in which Principal Forbes's underground thermometers were placed, is 2¾ grain-water units per second per square foot per 1° per foot rate of variation of temperature, as I have shown previously.