Squalene Compounds Research Articles

A novel amphiphilic squalene-based compound with open-chain polyethers reduces malignant melanoma metastasis in-vitro and in-vivo

Squalene (SQ) is a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that provides promising anti-aging and UV-protective roles on human skin. However, its strong hydrophobic nature, accompanied by issues such as poor solubility and limited tissue permeation, has created challenges for scientists to investigate its untapped potential in more complex conditions, including cancer progression. The present study assessed the potent anti-metastatic properties of a newly synthesized amphiphilic ethylene glycol SQ derivative (SQ-diEG) in melanoma, the most fatal skin cancer. In vitro and in vivo experiments have discovered that SQ-diEG may exert its potential on melanoma malignancy through the mitochondria-mediated caspase activation apoptotic signaling pathway. The potent anti-metastatic effect of SQ-diEG was observed in vitro using highly proliferative and aggressive melanoma cells. Administration of SQ-diEG (25 mg/kg) significantly decreased the tumor burden on the lung and inhibited the metastasis-associated proteins and gene markers in B16F10 lung colonization mice model. Furthermore, global gene profiling also revealed a promising role of SQ-diEG in tumor microenvironment. We anticipated that the amphiphilic nature of the SQ compound bearing ethylene glycol oligomers could potentially augment its ability to reach the pathology site, thus enhancing its therapeutic potential in melanoma.

Role of different oils and cooking materials on chemical compounds and antioxidant properties of garlic

This study determined the effects of cooking Taşköprü garlic, which is grown with a geographical indication in Turkiye, in three cooking materials (unbleached parchment paper (UP), bleached parchment paper (BP), and oven bag (OB)) and four vegetable oils (sunflower oil (SO), hazelnut oil (HO), corn oil (CO), and olive oil (OO)) on total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, phenolic compound profile, and chemical compound profile. The effects of cooking material (CM) and oil type (OT) on garlic samples’ TPC were found to be insignificant (p > 0.05). However, cooking material (CM) and oil type (OT) impacted antioxidant activity. According to cooking material, statistically, the highest antioxidant activity with the DPPH method was identified in garlic cooked using UP and BP, while the highest antioxidant activity with the ABTS method was found in garlic cooked with BP and OB. The garlic samples roasted with the mentioned oils and cooking materials were analyzed by LC-MS/MS in terms of thirty-five phenolic compounds. However, only five of these compounds (quinic acid, fumaric acid, hesperidin, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid) were detected in the samples. The chemical components of the cooked garlic samples primarily consist of terpenoids (β–sitosterol and squalene). The use of cooking material affected the amount of squalene compound in all garlic samples cooked with olive oil. Among these samples, the lowest squalene rate (52.11%) was found in only roasted garlic. In addition, according to GC-MS results, we can say that the use of hazelnut oil and unbleached parchment paper in the roasting process has a protective effect on the cis-vaccenic acid compound, which is known to show anticancer properties.Graphical

Amaranth and Its Oil Inhibit Cholesterol Biosynthesis in 6-Week-Old Female Chickens

All amaranth varieties contain tocotrienols and squalene compounds which are known to affect cholesterol biosynthesis. Therefore, in the present study, the influence of dietary supplementation of whole seed, popped, and milled amaranth and amaranth oil on cholesterogenesis was studied in 6-wk-old female chickens. Serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were lowered 10–30% and 7–70% (P < 0.01), respectively, in birds fed amaranth-containing diets. HDL-cholesterol was not affected by amaranth supplementation. Activities of liver cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (the enzyme responsible for cholesterol breakdown into bile acids) were 10–18% higher (P < 0.01) than those of controls for birds fed most forms of amaranth and its oil, whereas activities of liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis) were lowered by about only 9% (P < 0.01) by popped, milled amaranth and its oil. This lack of marked inhibition of this enzyme suggests the presence of some other potent cholesterol inhibitor(s) apart from toco-trienols and squalene in amaranth.

Isolation of a Flavone Apigenin and a Steroids Squalene from Peronema canescens Jack Leaves with Anti-Inflammatory Activities

The leaves of the P. canescens are ethnobotanically used by the community as a remedy for bruises and fever. This study aims to isolate both of ethanol and n-hexane fractions of P. canescens Jack leaves. Isolate then characterized and determined their anti-inflammatory activity with male white mice. Anti- Inflammatory was determined by the volume of exudate and % inflammation inhibition. The isolates with good anti-inflammatory activity were characterized using UV-Vis and IR spectrophotometry. Our findings showed that the ethanolic (F1) and n-hexane (F2) fractions of P. canescens extract had a good anti-inflammatory activity with percent inhibition values of 58.12% and 56.59%, respectively. The characterization results showed that isolate F1 was a flavonoid group, Apigenin compound, while isolate F2 was a steroid group, Squalene compound.

Symbiotic microbiota and odor ensure mating in time for giant pandas.

To achieve reproduction, male solitary mammals need to locate females using chemical communication with high levels of precision. In the case of giant pandas, the total estrus period of females was usually 15 days each year, however, successful mating activity is finished within 3 days from respective home range. The mating pattern of giant pandas, where multiple males compete for each female requires females employ efficient systems to communicate their estrus phases. To verifying whether the scent secretions of giant pandas changes by gender and estrus progression, the microbiota and compounds in 29 anogenital gland samples from 14 individuals during estrus were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and GC-MS. We show that the microbiota communities covary by gender with 4 particular compounds of scent secretions. Among 597 genera, 34 were identified as biomarkers that could be used to distinguish between different estrus phases. By bacterial-compounds co-analysis, 3 fatty ester acids and squalene compounds covaried with the development of estrus in the bacterial communities of female giant pandas. This study helps clarify how a large, solitary mammal expresses accurate information to improve the likelihood of successful reproduction by changing the composition of microbiota and odor compounds of anogenital glands during estrus.

Isolation and identification of squalene as an antioxidative compound from the fruits of Prunus mume

We investigated an antioxidative compound from the fruits of Prunus mume. The DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of ethanol extract was 96.08% ~ 97.71%. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of the ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 90.05% ~ 95.06%, 88.42% ~ 92.13%, and 69.76% ~ 89.07%, respectively. The antioxidant compounds in ethanol extract from P. mume fruits were isolated using silica gel column chromatography with 100% ethanol. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were measured, and the highest activities were observed in fraction 2. Thereafter, antioxidant compounds in fraction 2 from P. mume fruits were isolated using column chromatography. The fractions were then subjected to secondary column chromatography to obtain subfractions 1–2, which showed high antioxidant activities. Purified subfractions 1–2 were obtained from P. mume fruit fractions using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the eight purified subfractions, fraction code D showed the strongest antioxidative effect. Finally, purified subfraction code D was identified as squalene compound by nuclear magnetic resonance and HPLC. Practical applications In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the impact of harmful oxidative species on human health, including cancer, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and aging. Research has shown that Prunus mume, commonly known as the plum blossom, has a large number of antioxidative compounds, which are known to have beneficial effects against a variety of disorders. This study along with prior results suggests that squalene may be an antioxidant substance present in P. mume flesh.

A new and rapid analysis method for the most important herbal squalene source: Comparison of UV–visible, fluorescence, and FTIR techniques for the quantification of squalene in amaranth seed oil

A new method for the quantification of squalene in amaranth seed oil (ASO) is proposed. The spectroscopic techniques of ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were tested using partial least square (PLS) calibration models. Based on the results obtained from the reference chromatographic method, two ASO samples with the highest and lowest concentrations among totally 40 ASO samples were selected to prepare the calibration set (CS) (n = 20). All ASO samples were also kept as prediction set (PS) for the control of the predictive capacity of the chemometric model to be developed. To quantify the squalene compound in ASO, a totally of 26 PLS calibration models were tested using all spectroscopic techniques with various spectral pretreatments, and the best PLS model was selected by evaluating their statistical values of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), and R-square. The best calibration model was obtained from normal spectra in FTIR spectroscopy (4000–400 cm−1) with the lowest RMSEC of 0.0930, RMSECV of 0.1301, and the highest R-square of 0.9989 for calibration. The results of this study revealed that FTIR spectroscopy coupled with PLS regression could be used for fast, accurate, and environment-friendly quantification of squalene present in ASO samples.

Anti-inflammatory activities of squalene compound of methanol extract of Abroma augusta L

Abroma augusta L plant traditionally was used to treat swellings, cuts, sores, and bruises. In the province of Jambi, A. augusta is used in folk medicine to treat wounds. This study aims to isolate the steroid compound from the root of A. augusta L and determine its anti-inflammatory activities. Extraction and fractionation have been done with graded maceration using solvents with different polarities, which are n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The separation was performed by column chromatography, followed by preparative thin-layer chromatography. The characterization of the isolate was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and infrared spectrophotometry, GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract and isolate of A. augusta was performed in this study was designed to evaluate the dose-response relationship of the anti-inflammatory activity in rat models of chronic inflammation chromatography to obtain isolate 2.1.1 that characterize and showed maximum absorbance at 265. The result of IR showed the presence of functional groups, -C=C-H, -C=H, -CH, CH3, CH2, and –CO belongs to the steroid compound. The results of the GC-MS show that isolates contain squalene compounds with a value of m/z 410, Isolate and crude extract showed an anti-inflammatory activity that almost approached the positive control of sodium 4-chlorophenolate. It could be concluded that isolate and extract provide good anti-inflammatory activity, that promise for new drug candidate squalene-based A. augusta.

Microwave pretreatment on microstructure, characteristic compounds and oxidative stability of Camellia seeds

Camellia is an important woody oil crop and a primary source of edible vegetable oil. To optimize the extraction process of camellia (Camellia oleifera Abel.) seed oil, the similar impacts of microwave (MV) pretreatment (640 W, 0–8 min) on microstructure of camellia seeds (i.e. colour, oxidation-stability changes, tocopherol contents, sterol, squalene compounds, and fatty acid (FA) compositions were investigated. Generally, total carotene and sterol and squalene compounds of camellia oil were higher in microwave pretreated seeds than which in raw seeds (control). Seed samples were heated with the microwave (7%–8%) for 5 min, to demonstrated the excellent oxidative stability during accelerated oxidation. Tocopherol composition of the oil reached the maximum at different microwave treatment times, according to different moisture contents of camellia seeds. The fatty acid composition of microwave-pretreated camellia seeds variated insignificantly (p > 0.05). In conclusion, microwave pretreatment could improve the content of characteristic chemical composition and oxidative stability of camellia oil, while the moisture content and microwave time of camellia seeds needed to be controlled before oil extraction.

Characteristics Squalene of Smallfin Gulper Shark (Centrophorus moluccensis) Livers From Aru Islands, Mollucas, Indonesia

Smallfin gulper sharks (Centrophorus moluccensis) commercially exploited as food ingredient and contain high squalene in their livers. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality and composition of smallfin gulper shark liver oil compounds from the Aru Island waters, Mollucas, Indonesia. Smallfin gulper shark liver oil extraction uses a dry rendering method. The quality was analyzed based on the analysis procedure in SNI 01-2730-1992 regarding the quality standards of fish oil. Meanwhile, to find out the fatty acid content, an analysis was performed using GC-MS. The results showed that the quality of smallfin gulper shark liver oil generally met the quality standard with a yield of 83%, while the compounds composition was dominated by squalene compound of the remaining 95.10% in the form of palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA.

A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH ON UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL INTERACTIONS OF ENVELOPE PROTEIN OF DENGUE VIRUS BOUND WITH SQUALENE, A PROTOTYPE ANTI-VIRAL COMPOUND

Objective: The objective of the work was to validate the structural binding affinity of Squalene with the envelope protein of Dengue virus by means of molecular simulations.Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) structure of dengue 2 virus envelope protein was retrieved from Protein Data Bank PDB and Squalene compound from the ZINC database. Molecular docking between the E protein and Squalene were carried out by means of Auto Dock 4.2.Results: Based on the study, it was observed that the binding/docking energy for the complex structure was calculated to be-5.55 kcal/mol. Critical residues to interact with E protein were scrutinized by analyzing the interface of the complex within 4 Å proximity. Residues such as Thr 48, Glu49, Ala 50, Val 130, Leu 135, Ser 186, Pro 187, Thr 189, Gly 190, Leu 191, Phe 193, Leu 198, Leu 207, Thr 268, Phe 279, Thr 280, Gly 281, His 282 and Leu 283 were found to be non-covalently located around the squalene.Conclusion: Scopes to design de novo anti-viral compounds to the dengue viruses by using squalene as a new class of template structure have also been concisely brought into fore.

Avicennia alba mangrove derived squalene compound inhibited the MNNG induced gastric cancer in Albino rats

ABSTRACTThe chemo-preventive effects of Squalene compound from Avicennia alba leaves on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis (intragastrically) in albino rats were analyzed. The animals were divided into four groups with six animals in each group. Group 1 was the control, Group 2 was administrated 150mg bw−1 MNNG for two times at 3-week interval. Group 3 was given MNNG and Squalene 50µg bw−1 and group 4 was given only Squalene at the end of the experiment (25 weeks). Squalene prolonged the survival of MNNG-induced cancer bearing animals and delayed the onset of tumor in animals administrated with Squalene and MNNG simultaneously. The incidence of gastric tumors in group 2 was 91.5% (5/6 animals) with a mean tumor burden of 117.14mm3. The lipid peroxidation in the stomach tumor tissue was associated with enhanced antioxidant levels. The level of antioxidant effects increased in Squalene group, while it decreased in MNNG groups. Data suggested that Squalene from A. alba extract may have a beneficial effect on patients with gastric cancer.

Characteristic Squalene compounds Shark Liver Oil of home industry product in Pelabuhan Ratu

Omega-3, Omega-6, Omega-9 fatty acids and Squalene are an active component of fish oil that are&lt;br /&gt;beneficial to the human health. Squalene is countained in shark liver oil (Centrophorus sp.). The aim of&lt;br /&gt;this research was to determine the quality and characterization of fish oil from of household production&lt;br /&gt;at Pelabuhan Ratu. The analysis is the fatty acid profile, primer and sekunder oxidation and determine&lt;br /&gt;the content of compounds squalene contained in the shark liver oil. The fatty acid profile showed that the&lt;br /&gt;dominant fatty acid is oleic aced (28.22%). EPA and DHA of shark liver oil are 1.54% and 4.78% respectively.&lt;br /&gt;The test results of parameter value of primary and secondary showed shark liver oil has a high oxidation&lt;br /&gt;value of PV (17.73 mEg/kg), p-AV (29.32 mEg/kg), TOTOX (64.78 mEg/kg) and FFA (4.65%). The value&lt;br /&gt;of the density and viscosity of the shark liver oil of 0.91 g/cm3 and 38.18 cPs. Clarity shark liver oil at a&lt;br /&gt;wavelength of 450 nm is 84.98%. GC-MS showed that squalene peak appears at the retention time of 23.357&lt;br /&gt;and 23.285 minutes with a total area of 12.49% and 22.14% for crude and pure (reffine) shark liver oil and&lt;br /&gt;its molecular weight was 410.391 g/mol.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

In Vitro antigastric cancer activity of squalene, a triterpenoid compound isolated from Rhizophora Mucronata mangrove plant leaves against AGS cell line

Background: Mangrove plants have high potential in medical research and they have been used in traditional medicine for any diseases. Squalene, a natural 30-carbon triterpenoid compound, was originally obtained from Shark and for the first time isolated from mangrove plant species. From the historical background, it was known that squalene display protective actions against several diseases and carcinogens. Objective: Herein, we desire to report the in vitro evaluation of squalene on AGS cell line. In the present investigation, after 24 h incubation, the inhibitory effect of squalene was found to have significant activity on AGS cell lines proliferation. Materials and Methods: Mangrove plant isolated squalene compound was treated with gastric adenocarcinoma cancer cell line AGS for 24 h with control. The cells were treated at varying concentration range 10, 30, and 50 μg/mL. The cytotoxicity effect of squalene was studied by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, mitochondria membrane potential, etc., Results: Among the tested concentrations, squalene at 50 μg/mL showed a higher level of mitochondrial depolarization, DNA fragmentation, and induced apoptosis in AGS cells when compared to control. A similar but lower activity was observed in minimum doses of 20 and 30 μg/mL compared to maximum dose of 50 μg/mL. A 50% and 100% cell viability was observed at 30 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Likewise, there was a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substrate and lipid hydroperoxides levels, while antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. Catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, reduced GSH, Vitamin-C (Vit-C), and Vitamin-E were increased on squalene treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: On the basis of results, it was concluded that isolated compound (squalene) from Rhizophora mucronata had a potent antigastric carcinogenic effect at 50 μg/mL in AGS cell lines and appeared to be more sensitive toward the AGS cell line. Abbreviations used: PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; FBS: Fetal bovine serum; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium; MTT: 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide; DCFH-DH-7: Diacetyl dichlorofluorescein; Rh 123: Rhodamine 123; EB: Ethidium bromide; AO: Acridine orange; TBA: Thiobarbituric acid; NBT: Nitro blue tetrazolium; PMS: Phenazine methosulfate; DTNB-5: 5-dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid; GSH: Reduced glutathione.

Studies of 4-arylthiazolylhydrazones derived from 1-indanones as Trypanosoma cruzi squalene epoxidase inhibitors by molecular simulations.

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Its squalene epoxidase (SE) is a target for drug design and development because it is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol, which is essential for the life cycle of the parasite. Previously, we reported that some 4-arylthiazolylhydrazones derived from 1-indanones (TZHs) active against T. cruzi are able to accumulate squalene probably by SE inhibition. In this work, we performed a series of theoretical studies to verify that TZHs act as inhibitors of this enzyme. Since the crystal structure of SE is unknown for all species, we built a 3D enzyme model of T. cruzi SE by homology modeling. Based on this model, we carried out docking, molecular dynamics, and MM/PBSA calculations and the results were compared with those found for the reference inhibitor compound terbinafine (Tbf). The binding free energy values allowed the discrimination between accumulators and non-accumulators of squalene compounds, in agreement with the experimental findings. Pairwise residue free energy decomposition showed that the key amino acids involved in inhibitor binding for TZHs and Tbf were the same. Also, molecular superposition analysis between these compounds revealed high structural similarity. In addition, we proposed a pharmacophore model for T. cruzi SE inhibitors, which confirmed that TZHs and Tbf share chemical features with respect to their biochemical interaction characteristics at similar positions in 3D space. All theoretical calculations suggest that the experimentally observed squalene accumulation is produced by T. cruzi SE inhibition.

In-vitro cytoprotective activity of Smilax zeylanica leaves against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in L-132 and BRL 3A cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the cytoprotective effect of different solvent extracts of Smilax zeylanica leaves against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress in L132 pulmonary cells and BRL 3A liver cells. Powdered leaves of Smilax zeylanica were defatted with petroleum ether and subjected to successive extraction in soxhlet extractor using solvents of increasing polarity (benzene, chloroform and methanol). Initially, the solvent extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis and assessed for its potential protective effect against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative stress in L132 and BRL 3A cell lines. Some biochemical assays were carried out to determine the cytoprotective activity, including cell viability, lipid peroxidation by determining the formation of malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase leakage into culture medium, the catalase activity and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the cells. Exposure of L 132 and BRL 3A to 2 mM H2O2, reduced the cell viability, increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, increased the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and caused reduction in antioxidant activities. It was observed that pretreatment of cultured cells with methanol extract of Smilax zeylanica leaves exhibited a significant cytoprotection by increasing the cell viability, decreasing lipid peroxidation, LDH leakage and increasing the catalase and reduced glutathione content in the cells. These findings suggest that methanol extract of Smilax zeylanica leaves has a strong cytoprotective activity against oxidative injury caused by reactive oxygen species. GC-MS analysis was carried out to determine the possible chemical components from methanol extract of Smilax zeylanica leaves. The analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents hydroxytyrosol, trans-iso-eugenol and squalene. Hydroxytyrosol is believed to be one of the most powerful antioxidants. Trans-iso-eugenol is reported to have potent antioxidant activity. In addition, squalene compound is reported as an antioxidant, antitumor, cancer-preventive.

GC-MS analysis of phytocomponents in the ethanol extract of Polygonum chinense L.

Background:The presence of diverse secondary metabolites has been reported from species of the genus Polygonum. However, there has been not much information available on phytochemical components and biological activity in the whole plant ethanol extract of Polygonum chinense L.Objective:This study was designed to determine the phytocomponents in the whole plant ethanol extract of P. chinense.Materials and Methods:GC-MS analysis of the whole plant ethanol extract of P. chinense was performed using a Perkin-Elmer GC Clarus 500 system comprising an AOC-20i auto-sampler and a gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS).Results:This investigation was carried out to determine the possible chemical components from P. chinense by GC-MS. This analysis revealed that the ethanol extract of P. chinense (whole plant) contained mainly a triterpene compound–squalene (47.01%), and a plasticizer compound–1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-ethylhexyl]ester (40.30%). All identified compounds were, generally, reported as having antimicrobial activity. In addition, the squalene compound also having anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, chemo-preventive, pesticidal and sun-screen properties, while the plasticizer compound –1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, mono[2-ethylhexyl] ester reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. No activity was reported in the alcoholic compound-4-hexene-1-ol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethanyl)-acetate-(R)-.Conclusions:From the results, it is evident that P. chinense contains various bioactive compounds and is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Amaranth oil application for coronary heart disease and hypertension

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the Nation's leading killer for both men and women among all racial and ethnic groups. Development and progression of CVD is linked to the presence of risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. It is known that cholesterol is an indicator of increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Low-density cholesterol (LDL) above 130 mg/dl high-density cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol below 35 mg/dl and total blood cholesterol above 200 mg/dl are indicators of problematic cholesterol. Proper ranges of cholesterol are important in the prevention of CVD.It has been suggested that a reduction in the consumption of saturated and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids is beneficial and prevents CVD. Amaranth grain contains tocotrienols and squalene compounds, which are known to affect cholesterol biosynthesis. The cholesterol precursors squalene, lanosterol and other methyl sterols, reflect cholesterol synthesis [1-3], whereas plant sterols and cholestanol, a metabolite of cholesterol, reflect the efficiency of cholesterol absorption in normal and hyperlipidemic populations [4-6].Qureshi with co-authors [7] showed that feeding of chickens with amaranth oil decreases blood cholesterol levels, which are supported by the work of others [8]. Previously, we have shown that Amaranth oil modulates the cell membrane fluidity [9] and stabilized membranes that could be one reason as to why it is beneficial to those who consume it. It is known that in hypertension, the cell membrane is defective and hence, the movement of the Na and K ions across the cell membranes could defective that could contribute to the development of increase in blood pressure. Based on these properties of amaranth oil we hypothesize that it could be of significant benefit for patients with CVD.