Spring Corn Research Articles

Simulation and Evaluation of Spring Maize Growth Under Drip Irrigation with Fully Biodegradable Film Mulching Based on the DSSAT Model.

Fully biodegradable mulch film enhances temperature and moisture retention during the early stages of maize growth while naturally degrading in the later stages, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastic mulch films. However, there is no consensus on its impact on maize growth and yield. The present study utilized field test data from spring maize covered with fully biodegradable mulch film in the Xiliaohe Plain, aiming to improve the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model while focusing on soil temperature, irrigation, rainfall, and evapotranspiration. The parameters of the DSSAT model were calibrated and validated using field test data from 2016 to 2018. The improved DSSAT model accurately simulated the maize growth process under various induction periods of fully biodegradable mulch film. The simulation accuracy of this model was as follows: MRE < 10%, nRMSE < 12%, and R2 ≥ 0.80. Moreover, the yield of spring corn covered with fully biodegradable mulch film was predicted using meteorological data from 2019 to 2023. This study suggests that regions such as the Xiliaohe Plain, which share climatic conditions, should opt for fully biodegradable mulch film with an induction period of approximately 80 days to ensure high yields across different hydrological years.

Effects of autumn tillage with straw return on soil physical characteristics of corn fields in the eastern loess plateau

The implementation of unsuitable tillage practices has the potential to disrupt the structure integrity of the ploughed layer, as well as to influence the physical parameters of the soil. The application of a reasonable tillage method has been demonstrated to result in an improvement in the physical quality of the soil. Three autumn tillage practices have been implemented at the Dongyang Experimental Station of Shanxi Agricultural University since 2016: no-tillage with straw mulch (NTS), autumn rotary tillage with straw incorporation (RTS), and autumn plough tillage with straw incorporation (PTS). The impact of autumn tillage practices on soil physical quality in the 0–30 cm profile of spring corn fields was evaluated following the corn harvest in 2018 and 2019. The results showed that compared to the NTS treatment, the application of RTS was found to have decreased significantly by 9.6%–24.2% in soil bulk density, while it increased significantly by 12.8%–34.0% in total porosity and by 43.5%–146.4% in macroporosity at a depth of 5–10 cm. In comparison to the NTS treatment, the adoption of PTS was found to decrease significantly by 10.7%–30.5% soil bulk density, while it increased significantly by 9.9%–42.7% the total porosity and 23.1%–202.8% the macroporosity at a depth of 0–10 cm. Furthermore, the soil microporosity significantly increase of 7.5%–11.1% under the RTS treatment at the 0–5 cm soil depth and 7.7%–11.2% under the PTS treatment at the 10–20 cm soil depth. Soil physical quality index (SQI) significantly increase under the RTS and PTS treatments, with a 41.26% and 57.57% improvement, respectively, in comparison to the NTS treatment. In summary, the adoption of autumn tillage with straw return (RTS and PTS) demonstrated a reduction in soil bulk density, an increase in soil porosity, macroporosity, and a promotion of capillary porosity, and promoted the improvement of soil physical quality on the Eastern Loess Plateau when compared to no-tillage with straw mulch (NTS).

Effects of Long-Term Fertilizer Application on Crop Yield Stability and Water Use Efficiency in Diversified Planting Systems

Exploring crop yield stability and the relationship between the water–fertilizer effect and annual precipitation type in a broomcorn millet–potato–spring corn rotation system under long-term fertilization on chestnut cinnamon soil in loess tableland can provide a scientific basis for rational fertilization in the northwest Shanxi region in years with different precipitation. This study was based on a 33-year long-term fertilizer experiment, using four fertilizer treatments: no fertilizer as control (CT), single fertilizer nitrogen (N), single organic fertilizer (M), and nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer (NM). The results showed that broomcorn millet and maize had the highest yield in wet years, while potatoes had the highest yield in normal years and the yield under NM treatment was the highest. The sustainable yield index (SYI) values for potato and maize were higher than the SYI for the broomcorn millet during years with different precipitation and the SYI for the NM treatment was the highest. The water use efficiency of NM treatment was the highest. The yield of broomcorn millet and maize was affected by nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and precipitation during the growth period, while the potato yield was mainly affected by nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Therefore, the rotation of potato–maize and the rational allocation of organic and inorganic fertilizer (NM) is the best planting system in this region.

Crop rotation for management of plant‐parasitic nematodes in forage corn production

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) is an important silage source for dairy cattle production in the southeastern United States. Silage corn is often grown continuously, which frequently results in severe pressure from plant‐parasitic nematodes such as sting nematode (Belonolaimus longicaudatus). Crop rotation is one of the few nematode management options available in forage production. The research objective was to assess summer‐planted rotation crops, preceding spring silage corn, for management of plant‐parasitic nematodes. Rotation crops included field corn, pearl millet [Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone]—with or without fertilizer—, sorghum‐sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense Piper], and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), which was either incorporated into soil or harvested. Rotation crops were assessed in a 3‐year field study in central Florida. Sunn hemp treatments significantly reduced sting nematode soil abundances relative to corn by 84%, 90%, and 84% before spring corn planting in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 and at rotation crop termination in 2021–2022, respectively. Abundances of other plant‐parasitic nematodes were not consistently influenced by rotation. Biomass of winter rye (Secale cereale L.)—a bridge cover crop between summer and spring crops—was consistently increased following sunn hemp with significant increases of 87%, 106%, and 186% relative to following corn in 2019–2020, 2020–2021, and 2021–2022, respectively. Similarly, sunn hemp significantly increased spring corn yield by 70% and 136% relative to double‐cropped corn in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively. Overall, rotation with sunn hemp improved plant‐parasitic nematode management in forage corn production relative to rotations with only gramineous crops.

The Impact of Fertilizer Type on Dry Matter, Nitrogen Partitioning, and Yield of Spring Maize with Film-Side Sowing

Dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) transport from nutritive organs to the grain is critical for cereal crop yield and protein content. There is limited research on the effects of slow-release or controlled-release fertilizers on dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in the nutrient organs of spring corn. A field trial was conducted in the National Corn Industry Technology System Xinzhou Comprehensive Experiment Station, China. The effects of different fertilizer management on yield, photosynthetic capacity, and nutrient partitioning of spring maize were studied. We modeled local farmers’ planting and management practices (T3). Based on T3, we added a slow-release compound fertilizer (T2), which does not require a follow-up fertilizer, and a controlled-release formulated fertilizer (T1), which is highly efficient and has low carbon emissions. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) were 23%, 18.5%, 18%, 10.5% and 19%, 10.9%, 7%, and 5.5% higher in T1 compared to those of T3 and T2, respectively, at the ripening stage. The contribution of post-flowering DM transport to the kernel of T1 was 46% and 41.4% higher than that of T3 and T2, respectively. The nitrogen content of the kernel of T1 was 35.2% and 18.5% higher than that of T3 and T2, respectively. After a comprehensive analysis, T1 prolonged the photosynthetic effect through adequate nitrogen supply, provided nutrients to the kernel, promoted maize nitrogen uptake and utilization, and ultimately improved yield.

Identification of QTNs, QTN-by-environment interactions for plant height and ear height in maize multi-environment GWAS

Plant height (PH) and ear height (EH) are important traits associated with biomass, lodging resistance, and grain yield in maize. There were strong effects of genotype x environment interaction (GEI) on plant height and ear height of maize. In this study, 203 maize inbred lines were grown at five locations across China’s Spring and Summer corn belts, and plant height (PH) and ear height (EH) phenotype data were collected and grouped using GGE biplot. Five locations fell into two distinct groups (or mega environments) that coincide with two corn ecological zones called Summer Corn Belt and Spring Corn Belt. In total, 73,174 SNPs collected using GBS sequencing platform were used as genotype data and a recently released multi-environment GWAS software package IIIVmrMLM was employed to identify QTNs and QTN x environment (corn belt) interaction (QEIs); 12 and 11 statistically significant QEIs for PH and EH were detected respectively and their phenotypic effects were further partitioned into Add*E and Dom*E components. There were 28 and 25 corn-belt-specific QTNs for PH and EH identified, respectively. The result shows that there are a large number of genetic loci underlying the PH and EH GEIs and IIIVmrMLM is a powerful tool in discovering QTNs that have significant QTN-by-Environment interaction. PH and EH candidate genes were annotated based on transcriptomic analysis and haplotype analysis. EH related-QEI S10_135 (Zm00001d025947, saur76, small auxin up RNA76) and PH related-QEI S4_4 (Zm00001d049692, mads32, encoding MADS-transcription factor 32), and corn-belt specific QTNs including S10_4 (Zm00001d023333, sdg127, set domain gene127) and S7_1 (Zm00001d018614, GLR3.4, and glutamate receptor 3.4 or Zm00001d018616, DDRGK domain-containing protein) were reported, and the relationship among GEIs, QEIs and phenotypic plasticity and their biological and breeding implications were discussed.

Silage production potential of winter cereals and spring corn in rice‐based crop rotations

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.) is the main crop rotation in subtropical conditions of northwestern Indo‐Gangetic plains. To meet fodder demand, corn (Zea mays L.) is grown in spring (February–June) for silage making after short duration oilseed crop (Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera) in rice‐based crop rotation. To fulfill the increasing silage demands, production potential of winter cereals for silage making under rice‐based crop rotations was explored. Rice–wheat (for silage)–spring corn (for silage) (R‐W‐SpM) and rice–barley (for silage) (Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring corn (for silage) (R‐B‐SpM) crop rotations were evaluated for silage production in randomized complete block design with four replications during 2020–2021 and 2021–2022. Rice–wheat (for grains) (R‐W) crop rotation was also evaluated for economic comparison of silage production in rice‐based crop rotations. The silage yield of barley was 15.21% higher as compared with wheat, while silage yield of spring corn grown after barley and wheat was statistically similar. The quality of barley silage was better than wheat. The system silage yield (winter cereal + spring corn) was 9.61% higher in R‐B‐SpM than R‐W‐SpM crop rotation. Rice equivalent yield and gross margin of R‐B‐SpM crop rotation (based on silage yield) were 6.54% and 11.02%, respectively higher than R‐W‐SpM. Silage‐based R‐W‐SpM and R‐B‐SpM crop rotations resulted in 79.19% and 98.93%, respectively higher gross margin than R‐W crop rotation.

Impact of cattle grazing corn residue in spring on soil and subsequent soybean yield

AbstractThe effects of spring corn (Zea mays) residue grazing and stocking density on soil physical properties and subsequent soybean (Glycine max) yield were evaluated in an experiment with three treatments: no grazing (NG), normal stocking density (NSD), and high stocking density (HSD). The study was conducted over 2 years with four replicates per treatment each year. Steers (277 ± 4.4 kg) were stocked at 7.5 steers/ha for NSD with a target grazing of 45 days starting in mid‐February, and 22.5 steers/ha for HSD with a target grazing of 15 days in mid‐March, such that the stocking rate was equal. Bulk density, penetration resistance, and surface roughness were measured pre‐ and post‐planting. At 0‐to‐5‐ and 5‐to‐10‐cm depths, bulk density and penetration resistance were greater (p &lt; 0.01) for NSD than NG. There was no difference in bulk density (p ≥ 0.45) between grazed treatments. At 0–5 cm, penetration resistance was not different (p = 0.29) between grazed treatments. For 5–10 cm, penetration resistance was greater (p = 0.02) for HSD compared to NSD. Surface roughness was greater (p &lt; 0.01) for NSD than NG, and greater (p &lt; 0.01) for HSD than NSD. There was no difference (p ≥ 0.34) in soybean emergence among treatments. Soybean yield was less (p &lt; 0.01) for NG than NSD, but did not differ (p = 0.06) between NSD and HSD. The results indicate that spring grazing may cause minor compaction without reducing subsequent soybean yield.

A novel approach to detect the spring corn phenology using layered strategy

Accurate and continuous crop phenology information at a regional scale is important for agronomic management and yield estimation. However, detecting continuous crop phenology remains challenging due to the low sensitivity of remote sensing signals to certain phenological stages and the limited of availability remote sensing images. Therefore, this study developed a layered strategy to detect continuous crop phenology. First, a novel Phenology Separability Index (PSI) is established to select features from the Gaussian probability density distribution. PSI quantifies the capability of optical vegetation indexes (VIs), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signals, and meteorological factors to distinguish between various phenological stages. Then, the multi-temporal sample is established to enhance training sample representation and quantity. Finally, a random forest model is trained using features extracted from multi-temporal samples to improve detection accuracy. This model effectively reduces phenological stage confusion due to redundant features and limited samples. In addition, this study validated its extensibility by mapping crop phenology in the cities of Acheng, Zhaozhou, Lishu, and Buxin and assessed its uncertainty using the Sobol approach. Results indicated that growing degree day has the highest separability among meteorological factors, surpassing both SAR singles and optical VIs. Moreover, the proposed layered strategy was robust, explaining 96% of spatial variation in crop phenology at the regional scale. The accuracy of the layered strategy method (total RMSE = 8.74 days) surpassed that of the multi-temporal sample method (total RMSE = 15.76 days) and the traditional method with a single-temporal sample (total RMSE = 17.21 days). In addition, this study indicated that optical VIs are prone to confuse with the early or late phenological stage of corn, whereas SAR singles are highly sensitive to jointing date.

Trichoderma asperellum L. Coupled the Effects of Biochar to Enhance the Growth and Physiology of Contrasting Maize Cultivars under Copper and Nickel Stresses

Crop cultivation in heavy metal (HM)-polluted soils is a routine practice in developing countries that causes multiple human health consequences. Hence, two independent studies have been performed to investigate the efficiency of rice husk biochar (BC) and three fungal species, Trichoderma harzianum (F1), Trichoderma asperellum (F2) and Trichoderma viride (F3), to improve the growth and physiology of Zea mays L. plants grown on soil contaminated with Cu and Ni. Initially, a biosorption trial was conducted to test the HM removal efficiency of species F1, F2 and F3. Among them, F2 sp. showed the maximum Cu and Ni removal efficiency. Then, a pot study was conducted with two cultivars (spring corn and footer corn) having eleven treatments with three replicates. The results demonstrated a significant genotypic variation among both cultivars under applied HM stress. The maximum decreases in leaf Chl a. (53%), Chl b. (84%) and protein (63%) were reported in footer corn with applied Cu stress. The combined application of biochar and F2 increased leaf CAT (96%) in spring corn relative to Cu stress. Altogether, it was found that BC + F2 treatment showed the maximum efficiency in combatting Cu and Ni stress in spring corn.

Effect of agricultural meteorological disasters on the production corn in the Northeast China

<p id="C2">Agricultural meteorological disasters are the main natural disasters that threaten grain output. In recent years, with climate change, agricultural meteorological disasters are more and more frequent, and their impact on northeast China is also increasing. In this paper, to make better use of advantages and avoid disadvantages in actual production to ensure food production safety, spring corn in three provinces of northeast China was taken as the research object to discuss the impact of major agricultural meteorological disasters in this region on spring corn yield and its degree. The results showed that agricultural meteorological disasters could explain about 50% of the fluctuation of spring corn yield in Northeast China, and the main agricultural meteorological disasters that affected spring corn production had changed from cold damage in the traditional sense to drought. Under the background of climate warming, the main factor affecting spring corn production was changed from thermal condition to water condition, and drought had become the primary disaster threatening spring corn production. The agricultural meteorological disasters that affected the spring corn yield in Liaoning province were drought, flood, and wind in order of the degree of influence. The agricultural meteorological disaster that affected spring corn yield in Jilin province was only drought. The agricultural meteorological disasters affecting the yield of spring corn in Heilongjiang province were ranked as flood, drought, and cold damage according to the degree of impact. In conclusion, due to geographical differences, the main agro-meteorological disasters affecting the corn production in the three provinces of Northeast China were also different, and their complexity was not the same, which cannot be generalized in the specific study.

Факторы, оказывающие влияние на численность и пространственное распределение жужелиц (Coleoptera, Carabidae) в агроценозах с разным уровнем интенсификации агротехнологий

This paper describes the results of data analysis on species composition and population of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in agrocenoses of spring wheat and corn at different levels of intensification in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia in the period of 2019-2021. The research was aimed at identifying correlating factors with the abundance of ground beetle communities and assessing their significance. The data analysis methods were specified with regard to the peculiarities of the structure and nature of the initial data distribution. Analysis of the population dynamics was performed for 20 species common and abundant for all agrocenoses (represented by dominants and subdominants). A position of the crop in the crop rotation was a significant factor for the agrocenoses of spring wheat, given that the distance from the steam increases the total biomass of vegetation due to weeds, as well as the number of pests, which probably forms more favorable conditions for the activity of ground beetles. Another correlation was also established between the index of dynamic density of ground beetles in wheat crops and the sum of active temperatures (t&gt;5 ºC), revealing the significant role of heat supply for poikilothermic organisms. The correlation between the index of dynamic density of ground beetles and the vegetation index NDVI values in corn pointed to the features of microclimate formation, given the biology of corn and the ability to build up a large volume of biomass already by mid-summer. No significant correlation between the technology of cultivation (level of intensification) and the dynamic density of ground beetles in agrocenoses was found. Therefore, the level of intensification (the use of crop protection agents and fertilizers regulated by the cultivation technology) does not have a significant effect on the number of ground beetles in the crops. Keywords: GROUND BEETLES, SPECIES DIVERSITY, COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, COMMUNITY DYNAMICS, AGROCENOSIS, INTENSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

A joint learning Im-BiLSTM model for incomplete time-series Sentinel-2A data imputation and crop classification

Multi-temporal deep learning approaches can make full use of crop growth patterns and phenological characteristics, resulting in excellent crop classification performance in large areas. However, obtaining complete time-series remote sensing images during the growing season is challenging due to cloud contamination. Hence, given time-series multispectral data, it is important to impute missing data and accurately classify crops. A novel Imputation-BiLSTM model (Im-BiLSTM) was developed based on Bidirectional Long Short-term Memory network (BiLSTM) to jointly perform missing data imputation and crop classification. The Im-BiLSTM model regards missing data as network variables, which are efficiently updated during backpropagation. Im-BiLSTM treats the interaction between imputation and classification tasks, reducing the error and uncertainty caused by the separation operation of imputation to classification. Furthermore, we improved the interpretability of the Im-BiLSTM model by evaluating the importance of input features and visualizing hidden state units. In Shawan County, Xinjiang, China, we acquired a total of 10 Sentinel-2A images from April to October 2016, of which 3 images lost partial data due to cloud cover. The Im-BiLSTM model was applied to incomplete time-series data containing 10 time-steps for pixel-level crop classification, and the BiLSTM model was constructed based on cloud-free images for comparison. The performance of the proposed model was tested in four different cases of images missing and missing rates. The results showed that the classification of the Im-BiLSTM model outperformed the BiLSTM model, the overall accuracy was improved by a maximum of 4.2%, and the F1-scores of spring corn and tomato was improved by a maximum of 16.1% and 21.4%, respectively. Therefore, the Im-BiLSTM model can effectively improve classification performance by jointly imputing missing data. The imputation results (the coefficient of determination values range 0.4 ∼ 0.9) indicated that the bands with the larger contribution to the classification had higher imputation accuracy. Feature importance evaluation showed that the Im-BiLSTM model captured the key phenological periods and features from time-series input. The visualization of hidden units demonstrated that the Im-BiLSTM model accumulated useful information over time, and the learned high-level features made the crops more separable than the original inputs.

Study on the Effect of Straw Mulching on Farmland Soil Water.

Straw mulching farming is currently an effective dry farming technique for improving arid soil environments. Straw mulching technology can increase the infiltration capacity of soil water and improve crop yield and water use efficiency. In this study, the aim is to improve the soil water holding capacity, water retaining capacity, and comprehensive water use efficiency of crops in dry farmland. First, the response surface model is used to study and analyse the optimal parameters of straw returning and its mulching technology, and then, the crop yield, water consumption, and comprehensive water use efficiency of spring corn under different mulching conditions during 2017-2019 are studied. The test results show that the optimized parameters obtained by the response surface model are as follows: film thickness is 0.03 mm, straw returning amount is 4500 kg/hm2, straw particle size is 5 mm, and straw returning depth is 25 mm. At this time, the maximum soil water storage can reach 404.50 mm. The results of the straw mulching test show that under 4500 kg/hm2 mulching, the soil has more water storage, higher soil water content, and a simultaneous increase in water consumption, which is conducive to the efficient use of limited precipitation by crops. The field experiment for three years shows that 4500 kg/hm2 straw (wheat) mulching in the dry farming area of southern Ningxia can better store water and protect soil moisture, promote the virtuous cycle of farmland soil water, and show outstanding performance in improving corn yield and water use efficiency, which can be popularized and implemented in spring corn production in this area.

地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米农田土壤微生物碳源代谢的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米农田土壤微生物碳源代谢的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202107302071 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金国际合作与交流项目（31961143017）；国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作重点专项（2021YFE0101300）；国家自然科学基金项目（31871575，41601328） Effects of film mulching on soil microbial carbon source metabolism in dry-farmland Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:土壤微生物碳源代谢特征是评价土壤质量变化的重要指标。依托山西省东部晋中市寿阳县农业环境与作物高效用水科学观测试验站，采用Biolog-ECO微孔板技术探究覆膜（FM）与裸地不覆膜处理（LD）对旱作春玉米拔节期、灌浆期和收获期3个关键生育期不同土层深度下（0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm）土壤微生物碳源代谢的影响。结果表明：1） FM措施可以显著增加土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力，显著提高了土壤微生物的优势度指数，但降低了土壤微生物的均匀度指数。2）在0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层，FM与LD处理土壤微生物碳源利用情况均表现为灌浆期较高，而20-30 cm土层，表现为收获期较高，差异均主要体现在碳水类、羧酸类、氨基酸类3大类碳源上。3）拔节期和灌浆期0-10 cm土层中FM处理的土壤微生物碳源利用能力显著高于LD处理；然而收获期0-10 cm土层中恰好相反，呈现出LD处理下土壤微生物碳源利用能力显著高于FM处理。4）此外，Pearson相关分析表明，FM处理土壤微生物对碳水类碳源和羧酸类碳源2大类碳源的利用能力主要与土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量相关性较好，呈现出正相关关系；对氨基酸类碳源的利用能力主要与土壤含水量、pH、SOC、NH4+-N和NO3--N含量相关性较好。LD处理下，土壤微生物对碳水类、羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源的利用能力与土壤中TN含量的相关性较好，且呈现正相关关系。 Abstract:The metabolic characteristics of soil microbial carbon source are important indexes to evaluate the change of soil quality. Based on the scientific observation and experiment station of agricultural environment and efficient water use for crops in Shouyang County, Jinzhong City, eastern Shanxi Province, this study used Biolog-ECO microplate technology to explore the effects of film mulching (FM) and no film mulching (LD) on the carbon source metabolism of soil microorganisms in different soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm) in 3 key growth stages of dry-farming spring corn. The results show that:1) the FM measures can significantly increase the utilization ability of soil microorganisms to carbon sources, significantly improve the richness index of soil microorganisms, but reduce the evenness index of soil microorganisms. 2) In 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers, the utilization of microbial carbon sources in FM and LD treatments were higher in filling period, while in 20-30 cm soil layer, the harvest period was higher, and the differences were mainly reflected in 3 types of carbon sources:carbonaceous water, carboxylic acids and amino acids. 3) The utilization capacity of microbial carbon source in 0-10 cm soil layer of FM treatment was significantly higher than that of LD treatment at jointing stage and filling stage; However, in the 0-10 cm soil layer at harvest time, the oppositely is true, showing that the utilization capacity of soil microbial carbon source under LD treatment is significantly higher than that under FM treatment. 4) In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that under FM treatment in this study, the utilization ability of soil microorganisms to 2 kinds of carbon sources, namely, carbohydrate carbon source and carboxylic carbon source, had a good correlation with soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) content, showing a positive correlation; The utilization ability of amino acid carbon sources is mainly related to soil water content, pH, SOC, NH4+-N and NO3--N content. Under LD treatment, the utilization ability of carbon sources such as carbonaceous water, carboxylic acids and amino acids by soil microorganisms had a good correlation with TN content in soil, and showing a positive correlation. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Distribution characteristics of insect diversity in long-term fixed monitoring plots in Northeast China.

The spatial patterns of field arthropod communities are an essential part of ecology and can provide fundamental data regarding field ecological processes and reveal the mechanism of ecosystem biodiversity maintenance. This study investigated the spatial distribution pattern of field insect communities to detect the spatial relationships between insect communities in farmland. The study site was located at the Dehui Agro-ecological Experimental Station of Black Soil, Jilin, China. Insect communities and environmental factors were sampled at 121 uniformly distributed points in a 400 × 400 m plot in August, September, and October 2015. The analysis revealed that insect communities from June to October demonstrated significant spatial correlation, and 6085 samples of 47 species and 47 families in 11 orders were collected from the insect community in the farmland. The farmland insect community structure changes and dynamic changes of nutritional function groups occur with time. According to the 400 x 400 m plot, the diversity of farmland insect communities and functional groups is maintained at a relatively high and stable level. In this study, a total of 6085 samples of corn farmland insects were obtained using the fluke method and direct observation method, including 11 orders, 26 families and 47 species, 4 absolute dominant populations, 6 main dominant populations, and 37 other populations. These studies can provide help for pest control in the spring corn area of Northeast China.

气候变化下辽宁省春玉米水热时空特征及干旱风险

气候变化下辽宁省春玉米水热时空特征及干旱风险

Simulating winter rye cover crop production under alternative management in a corn‐soybean rotation

AbstractThe Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) was used to evaluate two alternative approaches for extending the cover crop growing window into corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) crop rotations in Nebraska, USA. We evaluated how: (i) shifting corn planting dates (mid‐April to early‐June) and (ii) altering comparative relative maturity (CRM) corn hybrids (80 to 115 days) influence cover crop biomass and corn yields over a 30‐year period. The APSIM model was tested using experimental data and was then used to simulate a range of cover crop planting and termination scenarios. Our results showed no significant yield differences within the same corn relative maturity when planted on April 20 and May 13 but that yield declined when planted in June. During a six week fall cover crop planting window (September 15–October 31), every day before October 31 that the cover crop was planted resulted in additional 62 kg ha−1 of biomass. We also simulated a one month spring termination window (April 1–April 30) and, every day delay in cover crop termination resulted in per day additional 35 kg ha−1 of biomass. Cover crop biomass accrual was highly dependent on weather, where for identical fall planting dates, a warm wet season accrued approximately four times more biomass than a cool dry season. Although we found significant yield differences between early, medium and late season CRMs, earlier fall cover crop planting associated with either earlier spring corn planting or planting an early to medium season variety leads to ten‐fold greater cover biomass. Delayed corn planting by mid‐May had no yield penalty relative to April planting, and could facilitate four‐fold greater cover crop biomass (cover crop terminated April 30 instead of April 1). Our results demonstrate that earlier cover crop planting in fall or later cover crop termination in spring can result in significantly more biomass which can be balanced with yield goals.

Effects of Conservation Tillage on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Crop Yield in an Arid Loess Plateau, China

Conservation tillage can improve soil physical structure and water storage, protect moisture, and increase crop yield. However, the long-term adoption of a single tillage method may have some adverse effects on soil and ecological environment, although crop yields have increased. Through informed allocation of soil tillage techniques, the combination and configuration of soil tillage measures, such as rotary tillage, subsoiling, and no tillage may reduce the shortcomings of traditional long-term farming. To explore the long-term production mode suitable for production of maize in the loess dryland area, a long-term experiment was conducted in Fuping County, Shaanxi Province, from 2013 to 2018. Six farming modes were used in the experiment: no tillage/subsoiling (N ↔ S), subsoiling/rotary tillage (S ↔ R), rotary tillage/no tillage (R ↔ N), continuous no tillage (N ↔ N), continuous subsoiling (S ↔ S), and continuous rotary tillage (R ↔ R). The changes in soil physical and chemical properties, soil water use patterns, soil water storage, conservation effects during the fallow and growth period, and the effects on farmland yield increase were analyzed. The results showed that rotary tillage can effectively improved soil structure and reduced soil bulk density, where N ↔ S treatment soil bulk density is low and in 0–60 cm soil layer averaged 1.31 g/cm3. Different tillage treatments could be used during the fallow period to store additional soil moisture: the N ↔ S treatment showed good water storage effect. Compared to traditional tillage, different tillage methods provided better soil moisture conditions for crops during the growth period, where N ↔ S treatment showed good soil moisture status during the growth period of spring maize. Among all the treatments, N ↔ S treatment effectively increased the organic carbon storage in the 0–60 cm soil layer, which was 54.3 t/hm2. Compared with traditional tillage, different tillage treatments effectively increased plant height and dry matter accumulation of spring maize, where N ↔ S treatment was found to be the best. Compared with the traditional rotary tillage model, the N ↔ S treatment significantly increased crop yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in continuous cropping fields of corn, the average yield of spring corn was 9340.2 kg/hm2, and the average WUE was 22.9 kg/(hm2·mm). In summary, for long-term sustainable development, the N ↔ S model is the best rotational tillage mode for continuous maize cropping in loess soil.

Effects of plough layer construction on soil three phase rate and root morphology of spring maize in northeast China

Establishing reasonable plough layer construction is regarded as one of important methods for solving some rainfed farmland problems, which is of great significance in the dryland of northern China. The experiment was conducted with four tillage treatment, including furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer (FLRC), all loose plough layer (AL), all compaction plough layer (AC), up loose and down compaction plough layer (ULDC, CK), at Fuxin National Agricultural Environmental Science Observation Experimental Station, at which the long-term plough layer construction position fixed experiment began in 2009. The data in 2015 and 2016 showed that the FLRC treatment optimized ( P 0−10 cm soil layer was optimized by AC treatment before spring corn sowing, while in 10−30 cm soil layer was optimized by FLRC and AL treatments. After the spring corn was harvested, the soil three phase’s rate in 20−30 cm soil layer in FLRC and AL treatments was better than that in ULDC and AC treatments. Compared with the ULDC treatment, FLRC treatment increased ( P P P P