Spread Of Settlement Research Articles

City growth and its impact on residential problems: A case study in the city of Jakarta

This study aims to examine housing and settlement problems, especially in the Jakarta area as a result of population growth which has caused a very large population by identifying the number of housing needs and housing deficits. This study takes the object of the city of Jakarta as a case study and focuses on the housing sector which includes 2731 residential neighborhoods (RW) where the city occupies an area of 664.01 km2. Studies show the cause of the problem is caused by relatively stable city growth with a growth rate of around 1% over the past 20 years, which is reflected in the number of families, which amount to 3,627,111 families, with a housing density of 5462 families/km2, living in 2,242,163 housing units. The findings show that another cause is the spread of slum settlements in the city, which total 445 RWs, which means 16.30% of the total RWs. The results of the research show that so far, the problem has not been resolved.

The Impact of Urban Zoning Regulations on Mitigating Urban Sprawl in the Saudi System

This study investigates the concept and boundaries of the urban boundary (scope) within the Saudi legal system, illuminating its definition as a policy for directing and controlling urban development. The urban scope is determined by outlining the appropriate boundaries for urban activities and accommodating urban growth within a specified timeframe. This approach aims to achieve the highest economic efficiency for available resources and realize the optimal size for cities and villages according to urban strategic directions. Furthermore, the study delves into the legal framework defining the urban boundary's limits, described as lines delineated on maps that illustrate the various stages of urban development and development protection limits. These boundaries are essential for locating urban activities and absorbing the growth of cities and villages over a specific period. The research highlights that the urban scope serves three primary purposes: directing and controlling urban development, providing public services and facilities efficiently, and achieving the optimal size for urban areas. The establishment of urban boundaries is depicted as a crucial step in preventing urban sprawl and ensuring orderly development. The study also addresses the impact of the urban boundary on preventing urban dispersion, noting that it contributes to reducing the financial costs associated with infrastructure development in low-density areas and addressing visual urban disfigurement. The urban scope's rules, issued by the Saudi government, play a significant role in limiting urban activities outside designated areas, thereby controlling urban sprawl and the spread of informal settlements. Overall, the research underscores the importance of the urban boundary in shaping the urban landscape of Saudi cities, highlighting its role in fostering sustainable urban development and preventing the adverse effects of unplanned urban expansion.

Reality vs Regulation: Informal Practices of Spatial Development in Krasnodar, Russia

In the research environment, informal urban development has traditionally been studied in the cities of the Global South. However, in the Eastern European context, informal urban development differs as land use regulation goes through the process of post-socialist transformation. Krasnodar is one of the biggest and fastest growing cities in Russia, where informal construction practices and bottom-up approaches in spatial redevelopment are widely spread despite the strict regulation of housing construction and precise tools for identification of informality. The work presentsa step towards the discovery of this phenomenon. In the spotlight we put the exploration of inner synergetic inconsistency of legal relations, connecting economic, institutional, demographic, and sociopolitical context to understand the contradiction between formal and informal urban life. The research methods include spatial and regulatory documents analyses, in-depth interviews with different collective actors (city administration, activists, experts in urban development, locals living in informal). The core of the research — the machinery of the conflict behind the legalization process. Findings of this work illustrate a number of reasons behind the spread of informal settlements in Krasnodar and their role in urban development. While administrative power does not seek compromise with locals and migrants, the mistrust of others embodies itself as unguided and spontaneous urban development.

PERANCANGAN RUMAH SUSUN SEDERHANA SEWA (RUSUNAWA)KOTA GORONTALO DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR PERILAKU

Population density in Indonesia is still a serious problem that has not been resolved to date. migration and urbanization carried out by people from year to year which has an impact on the density of urban areas in certain areas. Seeing that the current condition of the city is no longer possible to build large houses for those who live in urban areas, this is the main reason why it is important to design simple rental flats (Rusunawa) in Gorontalo City using a behavioral architecture approach. The methods used in this research are planning, design and descriptive methods. The sample in this research is site analysis, building plan concepts based on real field data taken from survey samples. The result of this design is the arrangement of outdoor space and spatial planning on the basis of behavior. Simple Rental Flats in Gorontalo City are designed to reduce the negative impact of the spread of slum settlements, changing people's lifestyles is important in environmental planning in Gorontalo City. The main objective of the research on the Rusunawa design itself is to produce housing that accommodates the lives of people with below average economic standards and improves the living environment of the city of Gorontalo which is becoming increasingly slum as time goes by.

Детские погребения городища «Белинское» и его некрополя

The research studies children’s burials at the ancient settlement “Belinskoye” and its necropolis. The authors conclude that the ritual of these burials strongly depended on a concrete military, political and ethnic situation in this western boundary area of the European Bosporus. Up to the middle of the 3 rd century AD, infants’ burials in the necropolis of “Belinskoye” fortified settlement generally corresponded to the similar rites in other ancient necropolises. However, later in the course of the changing ethnic composition of the population, the practice of burying adults and children directly in the settlement spread there. These actions were aimed at providing maximum divine protection to the settlement, by this time already completely deprived of defensive walls and virtually defenseless against enemies’ attacks.

Nothingarians: The Fear of the Unchurched in Early National America

The term nothingarian suggests an under-studied presence in the history of the early republic: the religiously unaffiliated. Scholars routinely mention the term nothingarian, but few have examined its origins, uses, or significance in American history. Although it seems to have originated much earlier, as a term for members of the little-known Gortonist sect in Rhode Island, "nothingarian" would come to connote the irreligious, ambivalent, or unaffiliated person, one whom pollsters of religion today might call a "none," or a person of no organized religion. The fear of nothingarians was especially acute in the early republic because of the widespread disestablishment of official denominations, rapid spread of settlement on the frontier, and deep uncertainties about American national cohesion after independence. Many observers in early national America feared that disestablishment and religious choice would lead not to massive numbers of conversions, but to masses of indifferent, skeptical, or unaffiliated people. The term nothingarian is important because it was widely used (if poorly defined), and because it reflected widespread fears about preserving religious affiliation and building a new American nation in the absence of state churches or a national establishment.

Challenges to the Practice of Good Governance in Urban Land Use Planning: The Case of Two Selected Ethiopian Towns

The main objective of urban land management is to support efficient land use and supply tracking techniques. The various decision-making stages of the planning process should allow urban land management affected by development projects to participate. In the towns of Gelan and Lega Tafo Lega Dadi, this study attempted to assess the difficulties in the practice of urban land use planning from a governance perspective. To find the gap in land use planning descriptive data analysis was used. Both qualitative and quantitative research techniques were employed. Data were collected using surveys, interviews, focus groups and secondary sources. Descriptive analysis was then used to examine the results. The research showed that citizens’ preferences or existing urban land rights were not taken into account throughout the process of infrastructure construction and urban growth. In addition, urban land expropriation occurred without sufficient consultation and agreement with affected parties. Urban land valuations and property compensation did not represent market values. Urban zoning and law also have not kept pace with urban growth, to control urban sprawl, protect cultural monuments and heritage regions and prevent the spread of informal settlements in metropolitan areas. The general conversion of the land use planning did not exist before the demand from the municipal actors. Last, but not least, the process of obtaining a building permit was lengthy and expensive, and in places of informal tenure, there was no viable concept of protecting urban tenure.

Coupling Relationship between Rural Settlement Patterns and Landscape Fragmentation in Woodlands and Biological Reserves—A Case of Nanshan National Park

Exploring the influence of settlement patterns on the landscape fragmentation in woodlands and biological reserves is key to achieving ecologically sustainable development. In this research, we chose the Nanshan National Park in Hunan Province, China, as a case study, to explore the influence mechanisms. First, we identified the biological reserves through the landscape security patterns of biological conservation. Second, we constructed a coupling coordination model to analyze the coupling relationship between the settlement patterns and landscape fragmentation in the woodlands and biological reserves. The analysis showed that, overall, the effect of the settlement area on the landscape fragmentation in the biological reserves was more pronounced, while the effect of the settlement spread and shape on the landscape fragmentation in the woodlands was more obvious. From a type-specific perspective, we analyzed the coupling relationship between the settlement patterns and (1) the landscape fragmentation in different woodlands and (2) the landscape fragmentation in the biological reserves, namely concerning Leiothrix lutea and Emberiza aureola. We found that the effect of the settlement patterns on the landscape fragmentation of the Leiothrix lutea biological reserve was more significant than that of the landscape fragmentation of its main habitat, the evergreen broad-leaved forest. The effect of settlement patterns on the landscape fragmentation of the Emberiza aureola biological reserve was more significant than that of the landscape fragmentation of its other habitats. In addition, the results demonstrated that the habitat protection of the woodlands was not a substitute for the systematic protection of biosecurity patterns. This research could assist in developing more efficient conservation measures for ecologically protected sites with rural settlements.

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Governance Strategies for Informal Settlements in China: The Case of Guangzhou

Informal settlements in developing countries have attracted widespread attention, and existing research is mainly concerned with the causes and evolution of informal settlements. However, few studies have focused on investigating the spatial governance strategies of informal settlements in order to understand the evolution of informal settlements in the context of institutional arrangements. The aim of this research is to develop a framework for the spatial governance of informal settlements to explain their causes. The research finds that informal settlements in China are influenced by an urban–rural dual land system in which the collective land ownership system means that villagers are ambiguous in their approach to land development. During rapid urbanization, villagers have adopted diverse land development strategies based on land rent incentives to attract capital investment and earn profits, which has led to the rapid spread of informal settlements.

A Sustainable Future: Strategic Planning and the Role of Technology

By the latter half of the 20^th Century, the rapidly expanding human population and the technology that made it possible had begun to have consequences which raised doubts about the sustainability of the current form of human civilization. Massive dependence on fossil fuels has not only depleted our sources of petroleum, but also significantly increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, resulting in increased global temperatures and changes in climate. The spread of human settlements has also resulted in deforestation and a drastic reduction in biodiversity, which is leading to a new mass extinction. Other non-renewable natural resources are also being used up. In the long term, it seems likely that the Earth will recover from these effects, but in the short to medium term, the very survival of the human species cannot be guaranteed. To sustain the current and projected human population at an acceptable level of comfort, security, and lifestyle requires careful, coordinated planning and technological solutions to the problems created by technology itself. These will include increased use of renewable sources of energy, sustainable high-tech agriculture and food production, and the widespread use of new medical and biotechnologies. The effects of the coming so-called 4th Industrial Revolution, spearheaded by artificial intelligence, must be taken into consideration. While this is expected to increase productivity and expand the economy, it will also have major social consequences which should be planned for ahead of time. These technologies will raise unprecedented ethical and legal issues, which should also be addressed in the planning process.

Distribution and diet of recovering Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) along the natural-to-urban habitat gradient (river Segura, SE Spain)

In the catchment of the River Segura (SE Spain), ongoing Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) recovery and concurrent spread of human settlements are resulting in increasing otter records into urban areas. We analysed otter diet along a natural-to-urban gradient, with the main aim of assessing to which extent man-driven variation in food availability affects its feeding habits and how this secretive mustelid can thrive in apparently unsuitable habitats. From 2016 to 2019, we collected 521 spraints, monitoring 37 sampling stations (mean length ± SD = 0.5 ± 0.3 km). In natural areas, the percent cover of undisturbed banks was the highest, with the lowest number of water abstraction systems, whilst water pollution was the highest in urban areas. Introduced red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and fish formed the bulk of otter diet. The two most preyed fish, Luciobarbus sclateri and Pseudochondrostoma polylepis, were among the most abundant species in the river, confirming the generalist feeding behaviour of the otter. The contribution of non-native fish was on average low, while invasive crayfish exceeded the overall importance of fish in all habitats except urban areas. Overall, diet data did not allow attesting food as a limiting resource for otters in urban areas. In contrast, marking intensity varied consistently with the natural-to-urban gradient (from 0.31 to 0.65 spraints/100 m in urban- and natural areas, respectively), suggesting that human disturbance (i.e. habitat modification and water pollution) may play a major role in shaping otter distribution.

Body mass‐related changes in mammal community assembly patterns during the late Quaternary of North America

The late Quaternary of North America was marked by prominent ecological changes, including the end‐Pleistocene megafaunal extinction, the spread of human settlements and the rise of agriculture. Here we examine the mechanistic reasons for temporal changes in mammal species association and body size during this time period. Building upon the co‐occurrence results from Lyons et al. (2016) – wherein each species pair was classified as spatially aggregated, segregated or random – we examined body mass differences (BMD) between each species pair for each association type and time period (Late Pleistocene: 40 000 14C–11 700 14C ybp, Holocene: 11 700 14C–50 ybp and Modern: 50–0 yr). In the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, the BMD of both aggregated and segregated species pairs was significantly smaller than the BMD of random pairs. These results are consistent with environmental filtering and competition as important drivers of community structure in both time periods. Modern assemblages showed a breakdown between BMD and co‐occurrence patterns: the average BMD of aggregated, segregated and random species pairs did not differ from each other. Collectively, these results indicate that the late Quaternary mammalian extinctions not only eliminated many large‐bodied species but were followed by a re‐organization of communities that altered patterns of species coexistence and associated differences in body size.

The importance of preserving biodiversity for sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources

The life of a modern man is completely dependent on natural resources that mankind has been exploiting for a long period to a degree that far exceeds the limits of their sustainability. While the needs for the resources are rising rapidly over the last decades, their available quantities are rapidly decreasing. Growing deficiency of natural resources is becoming one of the biggest global challenges. Although the exploitation of natural resources and the preservation of biodiversity are the core of the two opposing processes, common to both is that they are the consequence of man's need for survival. Biodiversity on the planet today is seriously endangered due to the disappearance of species that is much faster and frequent than before. According to some estimates, every fourth species of mammals is threatened with a real danger of extinction, while about half of the plant species are before extinction. During long evolutionary history, the living world was constantly under numerous and enormous environmental pressures that, thanks to its genetic potential, managed to overcome. Given that today's environment is changing much faster than it was in the past, it is not known whether living beings possess an adaptive capacity that will be sufficient to adapt to new conditions. There are more and more scientific evidence that from the period of disappearance of dinosaurs 65 million years ago this is the era of the greatest extinction of species. Out of all biodiversity elements, genetic resources are the most exposed to unfavourable factors (climate change, new diseases and pests, industry, the spread of cities and settlements, intense infrastructure interventions, etc.). There are many facts that indicate that climate change in the future will increasingly affect the survival of plant species. The ever-present loss of germplasm and habitat requires much greater mobility in their protection. It is therefore necessary to take urgent steps to preserve these resources while the genetic diversity they possess is still available. Any further postponement of conservation would lead to even more pronounced disturbance of biodiversity, and this activity would be more uncertain in the future. For these reasons it is necessary to develop acceptable protection programs as soon as possible that will offer answers on where and how to protect the existing diversity. Because of their actual or potential value, this should be urgently done, as this would ensure long-term stable production of quality food and plant products, but also the risks associated with intensive plant production systems would be mitigated. In addition, increasing the diversity of cultivated crops would ensure continuous crop cultivation and improved food safety. Crop improvement, especially under climatic conditions, will increasingly be based on the diversity of plant genetic resources that have been relatively poorly used and inadequately preserved so far. In order to ensure sustainable food supply, it will be necessary to create new varieties with increased tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. Due to the richness of genetic diversity, plant genetic resources show very high adaptability in a fairly wide range of ecological conditions. Therefore, in order to preserve the adaptability of cultivated crops and future food safety, these resources will be needed more than ever. It seems that mankind finally realized that its survival on Earth is irrevocably conditioned by the preservation of biodiversity. Due to these reasons, in recent years increased social attention has been devoted to activities of raising public awareness on the importance of preserving biodiversity and the impact it has on the well-being of the human population. Sustainable use of agricultural diversity represents the exploitation of biological diversity to an extent and in a manner that does not cause biodiversity degradation. Such an approach would make possible to create a better and more equitable world in which economic, social, cultural and environmental factors would be in full balance. Preservation and sustainable use of agrobiodiversity must be based on sustainable agricultural practices that integrate development and environmental problems into one whole. The key to the preservation of biological diversity lies in the hands of science, which besides new knowledge on the living world must offer concrete projects for the protection and improvement of biodiversity. For preserving biodiversity will not only be sufficient to determine the criteria of vulnerability and listing of endangered species, but also establishment of effective management concept based on the rational use of biodiversity in a manner and extent that does not cause further deterioration. Preservation and sustainable use of genetic resources and traditional knowledge related to their use is a long-term need that goes beyond national interests.

Morphological Characteristics of Informal Settlements and Strategic Suggestions for Urban Sustainable Development in Tanzania: Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, and Kigoma

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has been accompanied by the spread of informal settlements, which is particularly prominent in sub-Saharan Africa. These settlements have become an important supplement to the inadequate formal housing supply in cities, and their spontaneously formed spatial patterns have important influences on sustainable development. In this study, qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to examine the morphological characteristics of informal settlements in Tanzania and the associated influences on urban development. Geographic spatial analyses, landscape pattern indices, and mathematical statistics, along with quick assessments, group discussions, and key informant interviews, were used to obtain detailed information on the spatial forms of informal settlements. The results indicate that the form of the settlements does not conform to the social, economic, or environmental characteristics of sustainable development. The disordered expansion of single-layered buildings with a single function, irregular road networks in poor condition, and a lack of consideration and protection of the ecological environment were found to negatively impact urban function and sustainable development. However, the structure and form of informal settlements could, in addition to formalization projects, be optimized to drive sustainable and socioeconomic development goals as well as environmental conservation.

A full-scale experimental study on single dwelling burning behavior of informal settlement

Approximately one billion people globally live in informal settlements with a large potential fire risk, where a single dwelling fire may result in a very large urban conflagration leaving hundreds, if not thousands, of people homeless. What is not well understood, however, is how fires in informal settlement dwellings develop and spread, and what influence the dwelling boundary has on these two areas. In this work, four different real-scale compartments were constructed and ignited under a large fire calorimeter hood. The cases include a typical thin metal-walled dwelling (baseline), a no leakage dwelling, a dwelling lined with cardboard and a dwelling with highly insulated walls. The fuel locations, fuel loads of 25 kg/m2, ignition method and ambient conditions were kept identical in four experiments. Important parameters of compartment fire development, such as heat release rate, gas temperatures, fuel mass loss rate, wall and ceiling temperature were recorded. To investigate the fire spread mechanism between dwellings, the incident radiation heat flux around the dwellings and projection flame length were measured as well. It was found that the boundary conditions in informal settlement significantly affect the fire dynamics and fire spread of informal settlement, and that current analytical/empirical equations are not capturing accurately experimental observations.

Barriers and opportunities for participatory environmental upgrading: Case study of Havelock informal settlement, Durban

Urbanisation is one of the key challenges of this decade with 68% of the global population likely to be living in urban areas by 2050. This challenge is particularly acute in sub-Saharan Africa where future towns and cities will see an influx of residents living in spontaneous human settlements. As cities struggle to keep up with the speed of growth and spread of informal settlements, associated environmental challenges such as air and water pollution and waste management have been significantly increasing posing a health risk in high density settings. Using the case of Havelock informal settlement in Durban, the authors identified key challenges associated with poor environmental conditions, lack of basic infrastructure, and the implications for settlement upgrading. The study uses mixed methods combining transect walks, priority mapping, seasonal calendar, focus group discussions and household interviews to explore the households' most challenging environmental issues faced daily by informal dwellers. This paper seeks to make the case for targeted participatory environmental infrastructure and management delivery in urban settlements in South Africa. The research also highlights the value of adopting a holistic approach to infrastructure provision to effectively enhance the living conditions of communities. Targeted participatory processes are vital to ensure that holistic infrastructure interventions are acceptable, appropriate and embedded in local communities to create sustainable habitats.

Demographic expansion of an African opportunistic carnivore during the Neolithic revolution.

The diffusion of Neolithic technology together with the Holocene Climatic Optimum fostered the spread of human settlements and pastoral activities in North Africa, resulting in profound and enduring consequences for the dynamics of species, communities and landscapes. Here, we investigate the demographic history of the African wolf (Canis lupaster), a recently recognized canid species, to understand if demographic trends of this generalist and opportunistic carnivore reflect the increase in food availability that emerged after the arrival of the Neolithic economy in North Africa. We screened nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in samples collected throughout Algeria and Tunisia, and implemented coalescent approaches to estimate the variation of effective population sizes from present to ancestral time. We have found consistent evidence supporting the hypothesis that the African wolf population experienced a meaningful expansion concurring with a period of rapid population expansion of domesticates linked to the advent of agricultural practices.

The Adaptation Characteristics of Traditional Dwelling in Bawean to The Environmental Condition at Indonesian Archipelago

The Indonesian archipelago has typical traditional dwelling richness on every island. In island city, Bawean, the wind effect becomes very critical to the identification of environmental adaptation of its dwelling. The aim of this study was to identify the adaptation characteristics of traditional dwelling to the environmental archipelago condition of Bawean island. In this study, two main dwellings as references are the traditional houses, Bangsal or Limas and Barn, Durung. Generally, this research involves two major steps as follows: (1) Identification and specification phase (field observations, measurements) of the characteristics of building performance, (2) Simulation phase of the thermal performance of traditional house (using Ecotect Analysis and CFD Programs). This results highlighted that the houses performance is not optimum, both in spreads and compact orders. Meanwhile, Durung has better performance, only 17% of the samples are in discomfort condition (spread or compact). The optimum condition is achieved when the settlement spread out, otherwise uncomfortable when it is in the dense environment. The houses in daytime conditions are in the discomfort conditions and lower cooling load, while the night-time conditions are in the quadrant of optimum conditions, comfort, and low cooling load.

Volcanic Springs, An Alternative Emergency Water Resource to Support Sustainable Disaster Management in Southern Flank of Merapi Volcano

The activities of Merapi Volcano which still pose risks over time require good and sustainable disaster management. Identification of potential water resources that can be utilized in disaster emergency situations is needed to support the management of the disaster. For the southern slope of Merapi Volcano as an area directly affected by the eruption in 2010, the availability of water resources and infrastructure is a very important part to be ensured in the pre-disaster phase. This paper aims: (1) analyze the potential of springs, (2) analyze the spatial pattern of the distribution of springs with the distribution of population settlements, (3) design the use of springs for handling disaster emergencies; in disaster eruption prone area of the southern flank of Merapi Volcano. To achieve these objectives a field survey and secondary data collection were carried out through library research and document tracking. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed descriptively with a geographic approach supported by the application of geographic information system analysis. The results: (1) The area of southern flank of Merapi Volcano has many springs with varying quantity and quality, which generally can be used to meet water resource needs in disaster emergency situations. (2) the distribution of springs in disaster-prone areas is clustered according to geomorphological factors, while the distribution of settlements is random. The pattern of spreading of springs and settlements needs to be considered to determine the spring regulation system to meet the needs of the population, in addition to other considerations, namely population, population density, water needs per capita and administrative factors, (3) in this writing several wells have been chosen which can be used to fulfill needs in disaster emergency situations. In conclusion, the active volcanic area has a very good potential for springs which can be used to meet resource needs in disaster emergency situations. Management of existing potential well is very necessary in supporting sustainable disaster management.