Spread Of Codes Research Articles

The Communicative Function of Legal Transplants in Mixed Legal Systems

The article analyzes the definition of the communicative function of law from the point of view of legal communication between the dependent legal systems of the former colonies. In this context, the “evergreen issue” arises about legal transplantation, the legal transfer of norms and institutions and reception of nomadic legal constructs. The modern comparative lexicon uses three types of metaphors related to the interaction of legal systems and their law hybridization: anthropomorphic, communicative and mechanical metaphors. Among the best-known cases of legal transplantation, the authors pay attention to the spread of codes, the diffusion of common law, and the emergence of mixed legal systems. They explore the positivist concept of “legal transplants,” which appeared in comparative discourse thanks to the theory of Alan Watson. The article discusses the comparative opposition to this theory — the so-called cultural concept of legal transplants (transferists vs. culturalist debate), as well as the musical metaphor “legal transposition” and the process of diffusion of law in dependent legal systems. The practice of legal transplants in mixed common law systems and their application in practice are analyzed in national jurisdictions. The article shows criminal legal bijuridism and the process of the so-called “diffuse codification” in India, Canada, Australia and other British former colonies, which is an example of codistics communication of dissimilar political and legal cultures and circulation of model codes between them. In conclusion, attention is drawn to the discourse of the effectiveness, applicability and effectiveness of transplants. It is concluded that the success — failure discourse of legal transplants depends on the degree of communicativeness of transplanted and receptive constructs, their ability to “speak” in an understandable language for the host cultural environment of law.

A numerical study of a new non-linear fractal fractional mathematical model of malicious codes propagation in wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a novel non-linear fractal fractional mathematical model for analyzing the spread of malicious codes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The model incorporates fractional calculus and non-linear interactions among nodes in a WSN. It is based on the Fractal-Fractional (FF) operator, a powerful mathematical tool that combines fractional and fractal calculus. This study explores the potential of fractional derivatives in addressing computer virus-related issues and proposes a model that elucidates the spread of viruses in a vulnerable system and potential countermeasures. The Fractal-Fractional operator is utilized to fractionalize the model, and the fixed point theory of Schauder and Banach is applied to establish the existence and uniqueness of a solution. Numerical simulations, employing MATLAB and the Adams-Bashforth method, validate the effectiveness of the proposed model in capturing the propagation dynamics of malicious codes. Ulam-Hyers stability techniques are also employed for stability analysis. The model's insights contribute to enhancing the security and robustness of WSNs against malicious code propagation, paving the way for more secure network designs. This research provides a unique perspective on analyzing the dynamics of WSNs and underscores the significance of fractional derivatives in addressing security threats in network systems.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА МЕТОДОВ УСРЕДНЕНИЙ ДЛЯ ФИЛЬТРАЦИИ ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНЫХ СИГНАЛОВ

To improve the quality of manufactured products, it is necessary to improve all technologicalprocesses, which requires increasing the accuracy of the entire measuring path as a whole.For this it is necessary to carefully analyze systematic, random and fluctuating errors in the measurementchannel and take all measures to reduce them. Digital filtering or averaging of intermediatemeasurements (observations) according to certain rules is a radical means of improving theaccuracy of measurements performed. The aim of this work is to compare the quality of suppressionof near-real noise interference using the eight most well-known averaging methods. A model of the measurement path and a general block diagram for modeling the measurement process on acomputer under the influence of random interference are proposed for eight averaging algorithms.As a criterion for evaluating the quality of averaging methods, the ratios of absolute error variancesand mean square deviations before the computing device and after applying the specified averagingalgorithm are taken. Based on the simulation results, the following conclusions are made. 1. All averagingalgorithms provide suppression of random error components of complex interference to thelevel of 40–60 dB. Three algorithms are the best: arithmetic mean AR, a-truncated mean AU5 and atenderizedmean AB5, which provide for the suppression of 5 % of anomalous results. With an increasein the number of observations, the suppression coefficients increase proportionally. 2. Thesampling time must be a multiple of the duration of the 50 Hz AC mains period (20 ms). The optimalnumber of observations (measurements) is 100–128; with 128 measurements, the division operationis reduced to a simple shift, and the averaging result can be obtained in 1–2 μs. 3. When experimentallyapplying the AR averaging method for filtering a highly noisy measurement signal in a communicationline with a length of 800 m, a decrease in the spread of ADC output codes was observedfrom ± 3.5 % to ± 0.1 % after filtering (AR, 64 measurements in 40 ms).

한국 언더그라운드 힙합에 대한 문화적 고찰: 하위 문화에서 주류 문화로

The Korean hip-hop genre has undergone a process of hybridization with hip-hop culture originally from the Bronx due to cultural imperialism. After hybridization, Korean hip-hop was divided into two-ways, which was main-steam hip-hop (commercial) and underground hip-hop(sub-cultural). Korean underground hip-hop with sub-cultural characteristics was formed by the PC communication club in late 1990s. This study investigated characteristics of Korean underground hip-hop music based on the sub-culture theory, by analyzing lyrics of hip-hop music released in late 1990s and early 2000, scenes in a hip-hop TV show called Show Me the Money, broadcasted since 2010, and popular video clips of Dingo Freestyle on YouTube. Through Dick Hebdige’s sub-culture theory, this study was able to analyze sub-cultural characteristics of Korean underground hip-hop in the past and the process of Korean underground hip-hop merging with mainstream culture through media. In particular, this study also tried to look into new-media platform to see how Korean underground hip-hop merged with mainstream culture is being handled in the area of new-media platforms such as YouTube. Results showed that the Korean’s underground hip-hop which had sub-cultural characteristics, was integrated with the mainstream culture starting with Show Me the Money. In this integration, the Korean underground hip-hop music adopted the Capitalistic ideology that values only wealth, and placed sub-culture members within society by showing rapper’s family and friend relationships on TV. In addition, the resistance characteristics of culture and fashion bricolage were mass-produced and distributed to the public by the mass media and cultural industries. The mass media and cultural industries also commercialized rappers(sub-culture members) as rapper-celebrities, distributing them to the public so that people could naturally accept the merge with capitalism ideology. Rapper’s commercialization made anti-capitalistic sub-culture as hedonic and showing-off culture, resulting in wide spread of Swag and Flex cultural codes among hip hop musicians and music listeners despite their racial roots. In the platform expansion area, mass contents were produced by using rapper-celebrities who contains the same ideology merged by the mass media before. Capital-friendly messages were created by rapper- celebrities, and mass commercialization of hip-hop fashion bricolage was still shown in the video clips in new-media area. Through this result, it was found that new-media video clips were making Korean underground hip-hop culture more solid as a mainstream, capital-friendly culture to the public.

Прецизионный низкочастотный преобразователь «Аналог–Код» для перспективных систем технической диагностики и неразрушающего контроля

The main results of the development of a precision low-current meter based on a nonlinear ADC are presented. It is shown that the application of the method of nonlinear analog-to-digital conversion and a controlled voltage level at the non-inverting input of an integrating operational amplifier allows both high sensitivity and a wide dynamic range with a small spread of output codes. The use of the laboratory sample of the meter for cyclic tensile testing of steel specimens is described.

Body height as a social signal

Body height has a signaling function among social mammals. Humans also perceive physical size as a signal and tend to associate stature and status. Taller men are perceived as more competent and authoritative. Studies in wild Kalahari male meerkats (Suricata suricatta) suggest that dominance itself can be a stimulus for growth allowing for competitive growth and strategic growth adjustments. Assuming that similar mechanisms on the control of growth are also relevant for humans, our understanding of the shortness of many Third World populations has to be revised. Short stature may no longer be exclusively understood as an expression of poverty, chronic malnutrition and poor health but as an expression of persistent feelings of inferiority and patronization in the face of the global spread and dominance of Western life and moral codes.

Hybrid Experiments in Higher Education

In response to the many pressures facing public higher education, public universities are experimenting with business-oriented practices that seem likely to alter their nature and purposes. In this paper, we examine several hybrid experiments—new organizational strategies intended deliberately, sometimes explicitly, to hybridize the traditional norms and practices associated with academia and business at one emblematic public university. These cases illustrate how each hybrid experiment is a tacit response to existing norms and strategies that govern the university–business boundary, initiated as a hedge against the challenging fiscal and political climate. Taken together, they do not lead to a unitary and/or linear spread of business codes and practices. Instead, what some have referred to as “business logic” appears multifaceted, having many elements that are deployed, institutionalized, and perceived differently in different contexts, even within a single university.

Computational design and classification systems to support predictive checking of performance of building systems

The aim of control the economic, social and environmental aspects connected to the construction of a building imposes a systematic approach for which it is necessary to make test models aimed to a coordinate analysis of different and independent performance issues. BIM technology, referring to interoperable informative models, offers a significant operative basis to achieve this necessity. In most of the cases, informative models concentrate on a product-based digital models collection built in a virtual space, more than on the simulation of their relational behaviors. This relation, instead, is the most important aspect of modelling because it marks and characterizes the interactions that can define the building as a system. This study presents the use of standard classification systems as tools for both the activation and validation of an integrated performance-based building process. By referring categories and types of the informative model to the codes of a technological and performance-based classification system, it is possible to link and coordinate functional units and their elements with the indications required by the AEC standards. In this way, progressing with an incremental logic, it is possible to achieve the management of the requirements of the whole building and the monitoring of the fulfilment of design objectives and specific normative guidelines. The informative model, indeed, offers through the whole building process, the possibility to list the expected performance requirements defined at the design level for the singles technical elements. Once filled in those values and given the model interoperability to analysis platforms, we can gather the results and publish them by using computational design algorithm in parameters of functional units with the aim to monitor the relation with the expressed specifications. In that way, the model assumes the role of decisional basis for the building process because it allows to gather the technical specifications of simple components and functional units and in the same time compare them to the performance requirements of building products and to all the system composing the building, both active or passive. This research is proposed as a hypothesis for the extension of the project informative content, with the aim to support the decision-making skills related to information management to ensure the success on projects. The work has been developed during a research program in partnership between University of Padova and F&M Ingegneria S.p.A., an Italian company operating on engineering and architecture. In the first phase of work the study focused on the literature analysis dealing with development and spread of standard classification codes, with more attention on OmniClass and its implementation in BIM platforms. In the second stage, it concentrated on the implementation of the standard classification system and the performance specifications on the BIM platforms used for project design and management. The result has been achieved through the use of Computational design and data integration solutions, developed with the help of visual programming language (VPL). The same solutions have been used to fill in the performances of the whole system that has been simulated with FEA software and to validate the choices in relation to the proposed aims and to the normative prescriptions by comparing requirements and performances. The project has made possible to activate a real integrate performance-based design process thanks to the realization of the map previously mentioned and to the fact that BIM technology can define the relationship between technical elements and determined spaces and, at the same time, to monitor functions and requirements on that space.

A defense model against mobile phone malicious codes based on social computing

With the convergence of mobile communication network and Internet in depth, mobile Internet is penetrating into every field of people’s life. Smart phone bring us great convenience, but it also becomes the breeding ground for the spread of malicious codes. In this paper, we propose a trust transfer algorithm based on the ant colony optimization algorithm to calculate the trust degree between any two nodes in the social network. Afterwards, a defense model based on social computing is presented for mobile phone malware. The simulation results show that our trust transfer algorithm improves the computation accuracy of indirect trust value by 14.65% compared with the TidalTrust algorithm, and the patch transmission speed of our model is faster than that of others.

Dynamic e-epidemic model for active infectious nodes in computer network

In this paper we propose an epidemic model for active infectious nodes in computer network. Here we find basic reproduction number R0 , equilibrium and stability for an epidemic. Moreover, we show that for R0 < 1 the infected nodes will dies out and as such the malicious code ceases, whereas for R0 > 1 the infected nodes capable to spread malicious code in a computer network. Here we use Matlab to solve and simulate the system of equations. The simulated results help us to be aware of the spread of malicious codes in computer network.

Dynamic Model on the Transmission of Malicious Codes in Network

This paper introduces differential susceptible e-epidemic model SSiiIIII (susceptible class-1 for virus (S1) susceptible class-2 for worms (S2) -susceptible class-3 for Trojan horse (S3) – infectious (I) – recovered (R)) for the transmission of malicious codes in a computer network. We derive the formula for reproduction number (R0) to study the spread of malicious codes in computer network. We show that the Infectious free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and endemic equilibrium is locally asymptotically sable when reproduction number is less than one. Also an analysis has been made on the effect of antivirus software in the infectious nodes. Numerical methods are employed to solve and simulate the system of equations developed. Index Terms — Computer network; Worms; Virus; Trojan horse; Epidemic Model; Reproduction number; Global stability

Transplanting Corporate Governance Codes - The Role of Legal Doctrine

The aim of this presentation is twofold. The immediate inspiration for this presentation was an article published in a socio-economic journal published in the summer of 2011 presenting the findings of research funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in the years 2005 to 2009 on the transformation of corporate governance regulation in the UK, Germany and the US. The presentation also (almost) coincides with the 10 year anniversary of the first German Corporate Governance Code which was presented in February 2002 and of the first Austrian Corporate Governance Code which was presented in October 2002.The presentation aims to contribute to the debate on legal transplants which analyses whether and to what extent the legal rules of one jurisdiction can be transplanted into another legal system. It is an empirically observable fact that legal transplants have occurred throughout legal history and continue to occur today. Starting with Montesquieu‘s famous book, L‘Esprit des Lois which was first published anonymously in 1748 and has since been subject to many re-editions and translations the topic of legal transplants has continued to fuel academic interest right through to modern times.Corporate Governance Codes are a good test case for academic theories on legal transplants. This is because they are an obvious transplant. This is evidenced by terms such as the term 'corporate governance code' itself or the term 'comply or explain' both of which are used in the context of otherwise German language publications. Moreover, the succession of events starting with the adoption of the first code in the UK and then its quick spread across Europe including Austria and Germany show that a transplant has occurred. Transfers are generally believed to be easy to identify when they involve legal rules that are introduced in rapid sequence in various places.Given that the spread of codes occurred roughly 10 years ago, it seems appropriate to examine how the originally UK code was received. The presentation will focus on Austria with glances across the border to Germany. Both countries have adopted corporate governance codes. Both countries did this because they felt that they needed a code that was like the UK code. The presentation will reject that proposition that political forces are the only criterion which explains why the German and Austrian Corporate Governance Codes are different from the UK Code which both were taking inspiration from. It will show that incumbent Austrian and German legal doctrine also determines the way in which transplanted rules are understood. Before this is done I will give a short overview of what has been said so far about transplants and about the influence of politics on transplants.

The Soft Touch of IO Bureaucrats: A Public Choice View of International Regulation

The crafting of new international regulatory directives is often done within international organizations (IOs). This paper shows how a public choice framework can explain this trend. Models of bureaucracy are presented against which the conditions and incentives of international bureaucrats are contrasted. Politicians can benefit from cooperation with international bureaucrats to promote their political agenda while the latter has the incentives to pursue new projects to further personal goals. By issuing regulations, international bureaucracy and politicians alike can advance their career. The increase of soft law regulations has a high potential of success in this regard, which is why the spread of international norms, codes and principles is likely to continue.

Codes of Good Governance

Our review of the literature on codes of good governance highlights the rapid spread of codes of good governance around the world and how academic research has lagged behind in analyzing this topic. Despite the criticism that the codes’ voluntary nature limits their ability to improve governance practices, codes of good governance appear to have generally improved the governance of countries that have adopted them, although there is need for additional reforms. Unfortunately, research on codes of good governance has been studied in silos with little cross-fertilization across the different disciplines. We propose a multi-level framework to discuss three main topics that have emerged within the codes literature: the motivations behind the diffusion of codes across countries and its implications for convergence of corporate governance practices; the content of the code and its “comply or explain” dimension; and the relationship between code compliance and firm performance. We conclude by proposing four areas of future research. Code development, adoption, and compliance are directly related to issues surrounding the governance of the firm, and in particular to all the interactions that a director has inside and outside the firm. Codes are regulations that emerge from policy-making negotiations between the different stakeholders, such as the state (via the stock market regulators) and the investors.

Dementia Care Mapping (DCM): initial validation of DCM 8 in UK field trials

This paper describes DCM 8 and reports on the initial validation study of DCM 8. Between 2001-2003, a series of international expert working groups were established to examine various aspects of DCM with the intention of revising and refining it. During 2004-2005 the revised tool (DCM 8) was piloted in seven service settings in the UK and validated against DCM 7th edition. At a group score level, WIB scores and spread of Behavioural Category Codes were very similar, suggesting that group scores are comparable between DCM 7 and 8. Interviews with mappers and focus groups with staff teams suggested that DCM 8 was preferable to DCM 7th edition because of the clarification and simplification of codes; the addition of new codes relevant to person-centred care; and the replacement of Positive Events with a more structured recording of Personal Enhancers. DCM 8 appears comparable with DCM 7th edition in terms of data produced and is well received by mappers and dementia care staff.