Spray Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Variations in Bioactive Content in Different Tomato Trusses due to Elicitor Effects

The tomato fruit is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, the levels of which can vary over time in response to biotic and abiotic factors, including the application of elicitors. We investigated the effects of foliar spray of methyl jasmonate (MeJ), salicylic acid (SA), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on tomato plants every 15 days until the end of cultivation. We measured the levels of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and physiological parameters in three distinct trusses. With the exception of plant length, the elicitors had no effects on physiological parameters, whereas they did have an effect on lycopene content, bioactive compound levels, and antioxidant activity in the three sampled trusses. A strong correlation between bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity was found for the elicitors, particularly MeJ. Our results indicate that certain bioactive compounds and their antioxidant activities vary not only between trusses but also based on the specific elicitor used.

Effect of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Nitrate Spraying on Qualitative Properties and Storability of Fresh Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujube Mill.)

Chinese jujube is among the important medicinal plants grown in Iran. Its valuable fruit have a short post-harvest life. Delaying of quality reduction for few days can help maintaining the shelf life of fresh jujube fruit. The current study was conducted to investigate the possible effects of pre-harvest foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 2 and 4 mM) and calcium nitrate (0, 1 and 2%) on physico-chemical characteristics and shelf life of fresh jujube fruit during storage at 10-days intervals, for 40 days. Results indicated that salicylic acid and calcium nitrate played an important role in maintaining and extending post-harvest quality of fresh jujube fruit, as both substances increased fruit firmness, titrable acidity, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and catalase enzyme, but reducing total soluble solids. The highest total phenolic content (2.38 µg gallic acid/gFW), antioxidant activity (76.73 mmolTrolox/g), ascorbic acid (222.4 mg/100g FW) and catalase enzyme (16.67 U. mg-1 protein), as well as the lowest total soluble solids content (23.11%) were observed when salicylic acid 4 mM was used. Furthermore, maximum fruit firmness (4.22 N) was obtained in the treatment containing calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing salicylic acid 2 mM and calcium nitrate 2% had the highest amount of titrable acidity TA (0.45 %). Based on the results, reducing trends of some components like ascorbic acid, antioxidant and phenol, were very fast, even when using salicylic acid and calcium nitrate; their application could cause a delay in these processes, but the quality reduction found could not be compensated. In other characteristics that had a slower quality reducing trend, the application of salicylic acid and calcium nitrate could cause at least a 10-day delay in the reduction of the amounts of these attributes. In press: Online First articles have been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. They will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number. After the pagination, the articles will be included in Volume 45, Issue 1, 2017. These articles are searchable and citable by they DOI (Digital Object Identifier), but DOI will become active after the articles will be included in the complete issue.

Status and management of banded leaf and sheath blight of Little Millet caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn with chemicals

Mean disease incidence and frequency of occurrence ranging from 6.9 to 18.8% and 26.1 to 75.4%, respectively were recorded during survey. Highest average BLSB incidence (13.7%) and disease frequency (61.1%) were recorded in the farmers field of Satna district, whereas lowest values were recorded at Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh. Foliar spray of two non-conventional chemicals salicylic acid (SA) and sodium fluoride (SF) in 100, 150 and 200 ppm along with one fungicide Validamycin (0.2%) were evaluated against BLSB during 2012–13 and 2013–14. Lowest relative lesion height (19.0%) and highest grain yield (967.5 kg ha−1) were recorded in the treatment of Validamycin. Average apparent infection rate varied 0.081 to 0.201%/day in all the treatments. Both the non-conventional chemicals were found to reduce the severity of the disease, infection rate and enhancing the grain yield possibly due to induction of resistance in host plant against the pathogen. Maximum reduction in relative lesion height (50.5%) and highest grain yield (937.5 kg ha−1) was recorded in foliar spray of salicylic acid (200 ppm) followed by sodium fluoride (200 ppm).

Role of salicylic acid as foliar spray on hydride rice (BRRI Hybrid dhan3) cultivation in Bangladesh

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) as foliar spray on yield and yield contributing characters of BRRI Hybrid dhan3.The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatment combinations as, T1: 0 μM SA, T2: 200 μM SA, T3: 400 μM SA, T4: 600 μM SA, T5: 800 μM SA and T6: 1000 μM SA. The results revealed that biomass production, dry matter production and yield and yield contributing characters were significantly increased due to the foliar application of SA. At the maximum tillering (MT) stage, the highest biomass production (15.0 t/ha) and dry matter production was observed in T3 treatment. Treatments T4, T5 and T6 showed significant variation on the effective tillers/hill. The maximum effective tillers/hill were found in the treatment T6. The percentages of spikelet sterility were decreased with increasing the level of SA and the percentage of filled grains/panicle were increased with increasing level of SA. The insect infestation was reduced with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM. The maximum grain yield (9.21 t/ha) and straw yield (9.22 t/ha) was found in the treatment T6 which was identical to T5. On the other hand, in all cases the lowest results were found in the control treatment. The result showed that grain yield of rice increased with increasing level of SA to up to 1000 μM (T6 treatment). Our results suggest that foliar spray of SA might be applied to increase the yield of hybrid rice in Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.4(3): 157-164, December 2017

Changes in essential oil-content and composition of ajowan ( Carum copticum L.) seeds in response to growth regulators under water stress

Abstract Two separate field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015. In 2014 changes in essential oil content and in 2015 changes in essential oil composition of ajowan seeds in response to water tress and growth regulators were investigated. The experiments were arranged as split plot based on RCB design in three replicates, with irrigation treatments in main plots and foliar sprays of water (control), salicylic acid (SA) (0 and 1 mM) and abscisic acid (ABA) (0 and 50 μM) in sub plots. In 2014, seeds were harvested in weekly intervals at six stages. With progressing seed development, seeds per plant, seed weight and seed yield enhanced, leading to an increase in essential oil yield, despite decreasing essential oil percentage and per seed. Essential oil percentage increased, but seed and essence yields decreased as a consequence of water stress in both years. Foliar application of ABA and especially SA enhanced essence yield of ajowan seeds via increasing seed yield and essence content. About 70 compounds were identified in essential oil of ajowan seeds, some of which only induced by the water stress and hormonal treatments. Thymol and γ-terpinene were the major constituents of seed essential oil. The terpineol, trans-carveol and tetrathiapentacene were only induced by water stress. The cyclopropane, trans-decalone-1, isopulegone, hexadecanoic acid, linalool and 1-decanol, 2-hexyl- were specifically synthesized in SA treated plants, and β-phellandrene, 3-fluoro-dl-phenylalanine and 1,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octane were only found in ABA treated plants. In general, water stress reduced most of the essential oil components, but foliar spray of SA and ABA enhanced percentages of many constituents and their yield per unit area.

Foliar spraying of salicylic acid induced accumulation of phenolics, increased radical scavenging activity and modified the composition of the essential oil of water stressed Thymus vulgaris L.

Polyphenolic compounds are considered valuable secondary plant metabolites owing to the myriad of biological activities they exert. This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying various concentrations of the plant growth regulator, salicylic acid (SA), on Thymus vulgaris L. while subjecting the plant to decreasing amounts of irrigation water. The following parameters were monitored; total polyphenolic and flavonoid content, yield and composition of the essential oil, and antioxidant activity of the alcoholic extracts. Drought alone significantly (P < 0.05) increased the polyphenolic and flavonoid content, yield of the essential oil and antioxidant activity. The total flavonoid content in control plants was 6.1 ± 0.3 mg/gm dry weight calculated in terms of rutin equivalent. However, in drought stressed plants, (irrigated at 25% of the field capacity) sprayed with 3 mM SA, the flavonoid content increased to 32.1 ± 0.1 mg/gm dry weight calculated in terms of rutin equivalent. Moreover, the total phenolic content increased from 8.5 ± 0.3 to 68.5 ± 1.2 mg/gm dry weight calculated in terms of gallic acid in the same test plants. Radical scavenging activity, using DPPH assay, was measured for the different plant treatments. A decrease from 74.4 ± 0.4 μg/ml to 36.6 ± 0.9 μg/ml of IC50 was recorded in the drought stressed plants (25% FC) sprayed with 3 mM SA compared with the control plants. The variability in polyphenolic composition between the control plants and plants with the highest total polyphenolic content was investigated by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Rosmarinic acid was detected as the major component in samples from both treatments, with a higher percentage observed upon subjecting the plant to the test conditions (25% FC and sprayed with 3 mM SA). The highest yield of the essential oil (1 ± 0.06 %v/w) was obtained from drought stressed plants (25% FC) sprayed with 2 mM SA. GC/MS analysis of oil samples revealed that the Thymol content increased with drought stress, while that of p-cymene decreased. However, an increase of p-cymene was witnessed as a result of SA spraying.

Effect of salicylic acid on the quality of edible oil and fatty acids composition in different regions of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) heads.

To study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the amount and quality of oil in different regions of sunflower inflorescence, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Salicylic acid at concentrations of 0, 0.1, and 0.2 g L-1 were sprayed on whole plant at 3 stages (twice before flowering and a third time after flowering) and kernels were collected from different regions of capitulum (inner, middle, and outer layers). Samples were taken fifteen days after flowering with 5-day intervals and the amount of oil and four fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids) were measured. Results showed that SA increased content of oil and unsaturated fatty acids but decreased the amount of saturated fatty acids and improved the quality of the kernels obtained from the mother plant. Linoleic acid content increased more than oleic acid by spraying of SA and the concentration of 0.2 g L-1 SA was more effective. Kernel position had significant effect on the oil content and fatty acids, so that from the periphery toward the center there was a reduction trend in the oil and saturated fatty acid content.

Impact of Foliar Application with Salicylic Acid on Growth and Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under Different Irrigation Water Quantity

Two field experiments were carried out in the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University in the two summer seasons of 2014 and 2015 to study the effect irrigation water quantity and foliar application with salicylic acid on growth and yield of potato cv. Spunta grown under clay loamy soil conditions using drip irrigation system. The experiment layout was split plot in based on complete randomized block design with three replications. Quantity of irrigation water (700, 1000 and 1300 m3/ fed.) were present in the main plots, while foliar application with salicylic acid (0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 g /litter.) were assigned in the sub plots. The results indicated that increasing water quantity up to1300 m3/ fed. led to a significant increase of vegetative growth parameters ( Plant height, leaves number, leaves area, number of main stem and foliage fresh weight per plant), leaves chemical composition (N, P, K, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), Tubers yield and its physical quality (tubers weight and number per plant, marketable and total yield), Tubers chemical quality ( Vit. C, TSS, N, P and K) and plant water relations (Relative water content). On contrary, foliage dry matter percentage, tuber dry matter percentage, hardness, density, electrolyte leakage and water use efficiency were decreased. With respect to the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid, the data exhibited that, the mentioned characters were increased compared to untreated plants except electrolyte leakage. The interaction between irrigation water quantity and spraying salicylic acid showed that the combination which consist of 1300 m3/ fed. and 0.2 g/l salicylic acid gave the highest values for most effective previous parameters.

Salicylic Acid-Regulated Antioxidant Mechanisms and Gene Expression Enhance Rosemary Performance under Saline Conditions.

Salinity stress as a major agricultural limiting factor may influence the chemical composition and bioactivity of Rosmarinus officinallis L. essential oils and leaf extracts. The application of salicylic acid (SA) hormone may alleviate salinity stress by modifying the chemical composition, gene expression and bioactivity of plant secondary metabolites. In this study, SA was applied to enhance salinity tolerance in R. officinallis. R. officinallis plants were subjected to saline water every 2 days (640, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm NaCl) and 4 biweekly sprays of SA at 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm for 8 weeks. Simulated salinity reduced all vegetative growth parameters such as plant height, plant branches and fresh and dry weights. However, SA treatments significantly enhanced these plant growth and morphological traits under salinity stress. Salinity affected specific major essential oils components causing reductions in α-pinene, β-pinene, and cineole along with sharp increases in linalool, camphor, borneol, and verbenone. SA applications at 100–300 ppm largely reversed the effects of salinity. Interestingly, SA treatments mitigated salinity stress effects by increasing the total phenolic, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and proline contents of leaves along with decline in sodium and chloride. Importantly, this study also proved that SA may stimulate the antioxidant enzymatic mechanism pathway including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as well as increasing the non-enzymatic antioxidants such as free and total ascorbate in plants subjected to salinity. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that APX and 3 SOD genes showed higher levels in SA-treated rosemary under salinity stress, when compared to non-sprayed plants. Moreover, the expression level of selected genes conferring tolerance to salinity (bZIP62, DREB2, ERF3, and OLPb) were enhanced in SA-treated rosemary under salt stress, indicating that SA treatment resulted in the modulation of such genes expression which in turn enhanced rosemary tolerance to salinity stress.

Impact of Drought Stress on Maize (Zea mays) Plant in Presence or Absence of Salicylic Acid Spraying

A field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2013 at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University to study the impact of spraying salicylic acid (SA) on mitigating the negative effect of drought conditions on maize hybrid plants (cross cv. Giza 10). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. In the present study, three levels (100, 75 and 50 % of water holding capacity) were arranged as main plots and two foliar applications of salicylic acid (zero with tap water as control and 200 mg.L-1) as sub-plots. The results showed that growth parameters, plant height (cm), fresh and dry weight of flag leaf (g), yield components (cob length (cm), no of grains/cob, 100 grains weight (g), grain yield, straw yield, cob yield ton/fed), mineral content of leaves (N, P and K in flag leaf), seed quality characteristics (crude protein, oil content and total carbohydrates %) were significantly decreased with drought stressat 50% of water holding capacity. While, the effect of salicylic acid sprayed at rate of 200 mg.L-1 on the previously mentioned traits recorded positive impact of high water deficit as compared with the control treatment (zero mg L-1 SA) which gave the lowest parameters. N, P and K concentrations in tested soil were significantly response (P ≤ 0.05) to drought stress, foliar spraying of (SA) and their combinations. Reduced level of water application at 50% resulted in decreases in the concentration of available N, P and K in soil. The highest concentrations of available N, P and K in soil were recorded at 75% of water holding capacity combined with 200 mg.L-1 SA, while the lowest concentrations were recorded at 50% of water holding capacity in the absence of spraying with SA. It can be conclude that, foliar application of salicylic acid at rate of 200 mg.L-1 could be used as appropriate growth regulator for reducing the negative effects on maize plant under water deficiency conditions.

Salicylic acid induced antioxidant system enhances the tolerence to aluminium in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) plants

Aluminium (Al) is one of the major constraints reducing the growth and productivity of many crops in acidic soils throughout the world. In order to explore a possible measure to counter Al toxicity in plants salicylic acid (SA) was used as a treatment in this investigation. The seedlings of mung bean were grown in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions in a sand culture. The seedlings were subjected to Al (0.0, 1.0 or 10.0 mM) stress, at 1 week old stage and were sprayed with 0 or 10−5 M of SA, at 14 day stage. The analysis of the plants at the completion of 3 weeks of growth revealed that the presence of Al in the nutrient medium caused a sharp reduction in growth (length, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot), the activity of carbonic anhydrase (E.C. 4.2.1.1), relative water content, water use efficiency, chlorophyll content and the rate of photosynthesis. However, the activity of antioxidative enzymes [catalase (E.C. 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.7) and superoxide dismutase (E.C. 1.15.1.1)] in leaves and the content of proline, both in leaves and roots increased in the Al stressed plants. The spray of SA, in absence of Al strongly favoured the above parameters and also improved them in the plants grown under Al stress. Moreover, SA caused a further stimulation of antioxidative enzymes and proline content, which were already enhanced by Al stress. This implies that the elevated level of proline in association with antioxidant system, at least in part, was responsible for the amelioration of Al stress in mung bean seedlings.

Quality, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity and enzymes activity of ‘El-Bayadi’ table grapes at harvest as affected by preharvest salicylic acid and gibberellic acid spray

Berry quality, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity and enzymes activity of ‘El-Bayadi’ table grapes cultivar at harvest as affected by preharvest spray of salicylic acid (SA, 4.0mM) and gibberellic acid (GA3, 30mg/L) were evaluated during 2014 and 2015 seasons. GA3 spray increased berry weight, length and width compared to SA and control treatments. SA spray decreased berry length and width compared to control. Both cluster weight and length increased by SA and GA3 compared to control. TSS content was not affected by treatments, but was higher in 2015 than 2014 season. Titratable acidity was higher at GA3 and SA treatments than control and was higher in 2014 than 2015 season. TSS/acid ratio was lower at SA than GA3 and control treatments. Berry firmness was lower at SA than GA3 and control treatments and was higher in 2014 than 2015 season. Total phenols and flavonoids concentrations were higher at SA and GA3 treatments than control. trans-resveratrol concentration increased, while trans-piceid decreased by SA spray compared to GA3 and control treatments. Total phenols concentration was higher in 2015 than 2014 season, in contrast to total flavonoids and trans-resveratrol. Vitamin C concentration increased by GA3 spray compared to SA and control and was higher in 2015 season than 2014. Peroxidase (POD) polyphenoloxidase (PPO), polygalacturonase (PG) and xylanase activities increased by GA3 spray compared to SA and control. While, SA spray decreased both POD and PPO activities compared to control. Both SA and GA3 spray lowered antioxidant capacity (higher DPPH IC50 values) than control. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and protein concentrations were higher at SA and GA3 treatments than control. In conclusion, preharvest spray of SA and GA3 could be used to improve the overall quality ‘El-Bayadi’ table grapes.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION INTERVALS AND FOLIAR OF SALICYLIC ACID ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF POTATO

An experiment was carried out in one of the private field in AL-Radwaniah westeren south of Baghdad to study the effect of irrigation intervals, irrigation after 6, 8 and 10 days (D1, D2 and D3) and irrigation of salicylic acid concentration (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/l) (S0, S1, S2 and S3) on some vegetative growth and yield parameters. Potato tuber were planted on 1 Feb 2015 using application N, P, K in the rate 120: 60: 200 kg/ ha. Plants were irrigated after 6,8 and 10 days and spraying of salicylic acid three time, First in vegetative growth stage and in stolon intiation stage and in tuber intiation stage. Factorial experiment in Nisted design with three replication was used. Results showed that using 10 days as irrigation period (D3) significantly decreased vegetative growth and yield parameters compared to D1. Salicylic acid significantly increased in same characteristics. Interaction treatments showed D1S2 and D1S1 significantly increased wich gave highest plant length (91.70 and 90.30 cm) respectively and greatest leaf area (72.63 and 69.87 dsm2/plant) and gave highest yield per plant (1093 and 1069 g/plant) and highest total yield (58.25 and 56.98 ton/ha-1) respectively. The suggestion could be made that spraying of salicylic acid 50 mg/L three times with Irrigation duration 6 days resulted in highest yield per plant and highest total yield.

Effect of salicylic acid on mineral content in Sorghum bicolor (L.) under chromium stress

A study was conducted to determine the efects of salicylic acid on varying Cr (VI) levels [0.0–4.0 mg Cr (VI) kg−1 soil in the form of potassium dichromate] on mineral content of sorghum. Resulta of the investigation revealed that foliar spray and pre-treatment of salicylic acid enhanced the mineral content containing micronutrients (zinc and iron) and macronutrients (sodium and potassium) that were estimated at diferent growth stages, i.e. 35 DAS, 70 DAS and 90 DAS.The application of salicylic acid, in the form of pre-treatment and foliar spray, increased uptake of zinc, iron and potassium and decreased sodium content and other minerals as compared to control treatment under Cr stress.

Salicylic acid-induced accumulation of biochemical components associated with resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice

ABSTRACTSeed treatment and foliar sprays of salicylic acid (SA) provided protection in rice against bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by bacterial Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Treatment of rice with exogenous SA reduced disease severity by more than 38%. Superoxide anion production and hypersensitive response increased approximately 28% and 110% at 6 and 48 h after Xoo inoculation, respectively, for plants treated with SA. Moreover, the Xoo in treated rice plants grew more slowly, resulting in a population that was half of that observed in the control. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that the higher ratios of 1233/1517, 1467/1517, and 1735/1517 cm−1 observed in treated rice suggested alteration of monomer composition of lignin and pectin in the rice cell wall. Exogenous SA-treated rice had more amide I β-sheet structure and lipids as shown by the peaks at 1629, 2851, and 1735 cm−1. These biochemical changes of rice treated with SA and inoculated with Xoo were related to primed resistance of the rice plants to BLB disease.

EFFECT OF KINTEIN AND SALICYLIC ACID ON CARRYFFLOWER (Carthamus tinctorius L.) TOLERENCG WATER-STRESS

This experiment was carried out at the plant garden -Science Dep. of Sciences College of Basic Education, Almustansriyah Univ. the objective was to study the effect of Kinetin and Salicylic acid at two growth stages, using split–split plot design with three replicates .Irrigative treatment (every 3,6,9 weeks) .and main plots , plant regulators (control, Kinetin spray and Salicylic acid spray ) as sub plots, while,growth regulator spray stages(tillring initiation, flowers budinitiation sub-sub plots The results were revealed, The Plants which irrigated every 3 and 6 weeks look longer time from 100% flowering to physiological watering(66.67 , 68.22 days)highest number of heads.plants-1 ( 45 .00 ,38.56 heads.Plant-1.Theplants which irrigated every 6 weeks produced highest seed yield( 3159.17 kg .ha-1) harvest index(51.57%) oil percent(37.63).The plants sprayed salicylic acid produc ed highest, plant highest, biological yield ,water use efficiency .The results were revealed possibility of Kinetin spraying during the vegetative growth and Salicylic acid during fertilization stage , helpstoincrease seed yield and oil percent.

Changes in growth, chlorophyll content and grain yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in response to water stress, chemical and biological fertilizers and salicylic acid

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phyto-hormone that regulates physiological and biological processes in plants and can be used to improve plant growth under different environmental conditions, including water stress. Thus, a field experiment as split plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in 2014 to investigate the effects of fertilizer and salicylic acid on growth, chlorophyll content and grain yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants under drought stress. Treatments were three levels of water supply (irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A pan) and four levels of fertilizer application (control, 100 kg ha-1 Urea, Nitrokara (biofertilizer) and 50% Urea + Nitrokara) and foliar spray of salicylic acid (0 and 1 mM). Results indicated that water deficit had a significant reduction effect on leaf area, chlorophyll content, fresh weight of root and leaf and grain yield. Salicylic acid and 50% Urea + Nitrokara resulted in a significant increase of all traits under stress and well watering conditions. Although highest amount of studied traits was observed in plants treated with SA or application of 50% Urea and Nitrokara under well watering, but the changes rate was higher under stress conditions. Therefore, salicylic acid and combination of urea and Nitrokara can be used to promote growth of coriander under different water availabilities, which ultimately can enhance field performance of this plant.

English

Drought is major yield limiting factor in agriculture. Being perishable in nature vegetables are much more sensitive to drought stress compared to agronomic crops. Efficacy of two salicylic acid doses viz., 1mM and 2mM was evaluated on different growth stages of okra grown under 50% water stress. Study was conducted in Faisalabad during summer months of 2012-13. Data regarding morphological traits (plant height, root length, root shoot ratio and leaf area), physiological traits (cell membrane permeability, relative leaf water contents, photosynthetic rate and net assimilation rate) and yield related traits (total pods per plant, pod weight, fruit and seed yield per hectare) were recorded during both years. Results revealed that application of 1mM salicylic acid spray at 2+4 leaf stage as well as 2+4+flowering was equally effective in improving all morphological traits except root length. However, in other traits (physiological and yield) application of salicylic acid at all three growth stages (2+4+flowering stage) remained significantly superior than the application of salicylic acid at first two growth stages (2+4 leaf stage). Overall, application of 2mM spray at all growth stages of okra (2+4+flowering stage) was found to be most effective in improving all the traits under study consistently during both the years. From the results of this experiment we may conclude that foliar application of 2mM salicylic acid at 2 and 4 leaves, and flowering stage of okra can be effectively used for drought mitigation in okra.

Improving amino acid composition of soybean under salt stress by salicylic acid and jasmonic acid

A greenhouse experiment with factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conduc-ted in 2015 to investigate the effects of salicylic acid (SA) (1 mM) and jasmonic acid (JA) (0.5 mM) on protein accumulation and amino acid composition of soybean seeds under different levels of salinity (0, 4, 7, and 10 dS/m NaCl, respectively). Treatment of SA improved protein percentage and per seed at different stages of seed development under all salinity levels. The highest protein yield was also recorded for SA treated plants, due to higher seed yield and protein content. In contrast, treatment with JA reduced seed protein content and yield as a result of reduction in seed yield. Lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline and tyrosine contents increased, but leucine and valine contents decreased with enhancing salinity. Foliar spray of SA improved isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, valine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and serine contents, but application of JA increased sulfur containing amino acids such as methionine and aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine in soybean seeds. Treatment with SA had the greatest effect on enhancing protein quantity and quality under different levels of salinity.

EN

Plant growth regulators have significant effect on the delaying senescence in buds and flowers. Present study was conducted to find out the effects of Salicylic acid and Benzyl adenine spraying on various biochemical traits such as membrane stability index, chlorophyll a, and b content, total chlorophyll content, sugar content, catalase, and peroxidase enzymes activity, and proline content in Carnation. Study was conducted in a split plot design with three replications and various concentrations of hormones, cultivars of carnation and measurement time was used as a factor of interaction. Results of study showed that all the traits were significantly affected by spraying of these tow hormones. Cultivar factor was most effective in chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll content, catalase enzyme activity, proline content and sugar content. Among these two hormones, spraying of Salicylic acid @ 100 μM was found most effective treatment. Further, time of measurements and cultivar factors were also found effective in all of traits. Anita Ramtin 1 , Sepideh Kalatejari 1,* , Roohangiz Naderi 2 and Mohammad Matinizadeh 3