Spraying Research Articles

Evaluation of the efficiency of an ultrasonic atomization-based coolant (uACF) spray system in external turning using different nozzle tips

Recently, the atomization-based coolant (ACF) spray system has shown promising cooling and lubrication effects in machining, but its effectiveness on machining processes has not yet been adequately studied. This paper proposes a new compact system which is developed based on the ultrasonic atomization of metalworking fluid used in machining and called the Ultrasonic Atomization-based Cutting Fluid (uACF) spray system. This study aims that, on turning AISI 1050 plain carbon steel, the effectiveness of the uACF spray system made with simple, economical, and accessible equipment is evaluated by comparing it with different cooling conditions. In this study, three different nozzle outlet tips called long wide nozzle (LWN), long narrow nozzle (LNN), and flat wide nozzle (FWN) have been used in the uACF system. Several experiments have been conducted to study the effects of the nozzle outlet tips on performance characteristics such as the main cutting force (Fc), cutting temperature (Tc), average surface roughness (Ra), and chip compression ratio (ζ). In addition, similar tests were also made for dry (DRY), compressed air (AIR), and dense coolant spraying (SPR) conditions and the test results were compared with each other. It was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the conditions of the uACF system and other classical cooling conditions. The uACF system created significant differences, especially in Fc and Tc. It was determined that the use of FWN in the uACF system was more effective than SPR on Fc, and was as effective as SPR on Tc. While the fluid consumption rate of FWN in the uACF system is 1.5 ml/min, the SPR has a fluid consumption of 20 ml/min. It has been found that the uACF spray system with a lower fluid consumption outperforms other cooling conditions, thus further enhancing the performance of the environmentally friendly production process. The effectiveness and potential of the uACF spray system on machining processes possess high efficiency and cost-effective benefits to substitute the traditional cooling-lubrication applications. The results obtained from this study have the potential to be helpful to other researchers for a similar type of study and a guide for further research on the development of different cooling systems.

A Cell Line Adapted Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Strain (BΔORFC) for in ovo and Hatchery Spray Vaccination Alone or in Combination with a Recombinant HVT-LT Vaccine.

To produce more-stable, live attenuated vaccines for infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), deletion of genes related to virulence has been extensively pursued. Although its function remains unknown, the open reading frame C (ORF C) is among the genes potentially associated with viral virulence that is nonessential for replication in vitro. Earlier results indicated that the ILT virus with deletion of the ORF C gene (BΔORFC) was suitable and safe for eye drop administration but was not sufficiently attenuated for in ovo administration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and protection efficacy of a cell line-adapted, gene-deleted strain (BΔORFC) of ILTV when administered in ovo and/or spray (SP) by itself, or in combination with the recombinant HVT-LT (rHVT-LT) vaccine. Results indicated that vaccination with the BΔORFC strain, either by itself or in combination with an rHVT-LT vaccine, did not affect hatchability, and only marginal signs of respiratory distress were recorded for groups of chickens that received the BΔORFC strain via SP. The replication and seroconversion induced by the BΔORFC strain after in ovo and SP administration was very limited, whereas the replication of the rHVT-LT vaccine was delayed when combined with the BΔORFC strain in ovo. Compared to rHVT-LT or BΔORFC when administered alone, dual vaccination with rHVT-LT + BΔORFC was more effective in mitigating clinical signs of the disease and reducing challenge virus load in the trachea. To our knowledge, this study provides the first proof of concept that ILTV strains can be sufficiently attenuated for early vaccination in ovo or at hatch; also, this study documented the benefits of using a dual (recombinant and live attenuated) hatchery vaccination strategy for ILTV.

Heavy metal levels and their ecological risks in surface soils at Sunyani magazine in the bono region of Ghana

The study investigated the level of seven heavy metals, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), titanium (Ti), and zinc (Zn), in surface soils at three different sampling points, namely, General overhauling (GO), Oil exchange (OE), and Spraying (SP) shop in the Sunyani magazine in the Bono region of Ghana. The ecological risks for the various metal were also measured. Generally, the metal levels were alarming as compared to the reference sample and they followed the decreasing order: Pb, Mn, Zn, Ti, Cu, Cr, As at GO shop; Mn, Pb, Cr, Ti, Zn, Cu, As, at OE shop; and Mn, Pb, Zn, Ti, Cr, Cu, As at SP shop. The contamination factor evidenced Pb as the most polluted metal and Mn as the least polluted metal in the surface soil of all sampling points in the Sunyani Magazine. The PLI results also suggested GO as the most polluted location followed by SP and then OE. I-geo values clearly confirm the heavy contamination of the surface soils with Pb, Zn, Cu, and As in all sampling locations, except at OE, where there was no contamination with arsenic. Practically, the surface soils at all sampling points were unpolluted (I-geo < 0) with Cr, Mn, and Ti. The potential ecological risk index (PERI) also showed a considerable risk for surface soil at OE shop and a very high risk for GO and SP shops. Pearson product moment correlation matrix suggested a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) among As, Cu, Pb and Zn, in the surface soils. Statistical analyses employed in various hazard indices such as contamination factor, pollution load, geo-accumulation, and potential ecological risks all indicate elevated levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, As, and hence contamination of the surface soil due to anthropogenic influence but background levels of Cr, Mn, and Ti, which can be attributed to geological factors.

Fire Fighting Robot Using IoT

In the present day, there are fire accidents are increasing rapidly, it becomes very hard for a fireman to save someone’s life. We cannot appoint a person on that accidental place to continuously observe for an accidental fire where the robot can do it very easily. Therefore, in such situation robot comes in picture. Fire fighting robot will detect fire remotely. These robots are mostly useful for industries level where the possibility of accidental fire is more. The Fire fighting robot can detect fire and controlling it automatically by using the gas sensor and temperature sensor. It has gear motors and motor drivers for controlling the movement of the robot. A relay circuit is used to control the pump and when the robot will detect fire then the robot will communicate with the microcontroller (Arduino UNO R3) via Bluetooth module. The fire fighting robot has a water jet spray that is used to sprinkling water. The sprinkler will move easily towards the required direction. At that time if some obstacle will detect when the robot will be moving towards the source of fire, then the robot has capable of avoiding an obstacle. It will provide a Graphical User Interface for Arduino operation using android. It detects obstacles by using ultrasonic sensors up to a range of 80 m. Communication between the robot and Mobile phone will take place via Bluetooth, which has a GUI to control the movement of the robot. When mobile gets connected to the Mobile phone through Bluetooth after that it will set the module name, baud rate. It is feasible to implement Bluetooth communication between Mobile phones and microcontrollers. Android controlled robots can be used easily in today’s busy life such as in the market, using for controlling home systems, companies, etc. Nowadays, the development of apps for Android in Android SDK is easy without any cost.

Effect of Pre-corrosion by Salt Spray on Extremely Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of HRB400E Seismic Steel Bar

Effect of Pre-corrosion by Salt Spray on Extremely Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of HRB400E Seismic Steel Bar

Effects of metamitron on fruit set and photosynthetic biological characteristics of apples.

With dwarfing interstock Fuji apples as the test materials and water treatment as the control (CK), we examined the fruit thinning effect and its influences on leaves' photosynthesis by spraying 200, 300, and 400 mg·L-1 metamitron during the young fruit period to solve artificial fruit thinning problems (time-consuming, much labor, and low efficiency). The results showed that metamitron application could significantly reduce the inflorescence and flowers' fruit-setting rate by 16.5%-22.8% and 50.9%-53.9%, respectively. The treatment of 300 mg·L-1 metamitron had the strongest fruit thinning effect, with a single fruit rate of 46.6% and a double fruit rate of 18.3%. As a photosynthesis inhibitor, metamitron application reduced the chlorophyll content of leaves and strongly affected photosynthesis. The inhibitory effect on chlorophyll content disappeared after 15 days of the treatment, while that on the net photosynthetic rate disappeared gradually after 11 days of the treatment. The application of metamitron significantly reduced the maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ reaction center (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) and non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ), with such inhibitory effect having been lasted for 15 days. OJIP analysis showed that metamitron caused damage to the apple leaves' oxygen-evolving complex, especially limiting the transfer of electrons in the PSⅡ reaction center from QA to QB. Metamitron treatment increased Wk, and significantly decreased ψo, RC/CSm, and PIabs. Besides, 300 mg·L-1 metamitron had the most significant effect. Our results showed that metamitron destroyed the structure of the PSⅡ reaction center of apple leaves and hindered the transfer of electrons from the donor to the receptor of PSⅡ. Consequently, the photosynthetic rate was affected, and the young fruits fell off due to the lack of accumulation of photosynthetic products.

Monitoring Technique of Pumpkin Fruit Flies Using Terpinyl Acetate-Protein Diet Lure and Development of Its Spraying Formulation for The Fly Control

Monitoring Technique of Pumpkin Fruit Flies Using Terpinyl Acetate-Protein Diet Lure and Development of Its Spraying Formulation for The Fly Control

Field assessment on management of South American pin worm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in tomato

Field trials were conducted for three years during kharif season of 2014, 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the integrated pest management (IPM) module against pinworm (Tuta Absoluta) in tomato in comparison with farmer’s practice. Seasonal incidence studies revealed that population increased gradually from September and touched its peak during December (28.00 adults/trap). The insect was found to be higher at the fruit maturity stage and infestation found decreased with increase in temperature. IPM module reduced the cost of cultivation by Rs. 9615.66 ha-1 and the net returns were increased by Rs. 53282.00 per hectare. The average benefit cost ratio was improved with 2.39 in treatment compared to farmers practice 1.92. The results based on pooled data showed that reduction in the fruit damage by Tuta absoluta and good yields is due to the integrated management strategy taken up by installing pheromone traps 2 weeks after transplanting by which awareness on timely spraying of Azadirachtin 1500ppm @ 5ml/lt or combination of Azadirachtin with Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.3 ml or Flubendiamide 480 SC @0.3ml or Indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 1.75ml carried in practicing farmers field based on ETL level of adult catches and burning of infested plants and remnants of the crop immediately after the fruits have been harvested also found effective in managing the pest.

Spraying Disinfectants to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Transmission: Is it Fruitless Rather Than Fruitful?

Abstract not available&#x0D; Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):113-114

Caracterização de compostos voláteis e compostos bioativos da polpa e geleia de cagaita por microextração em fase sólida no modo headspace e espectrometria de massa por paper spray

A cagaiteira (Eugenia dysenterica) pertencente à família Myrtaceae, é uma árvore nativa do Cerrado brasileiro, o seu fruto é muito frágil, apresentando casca fina e polpa suculenta, é consumido na forma processada como geleia para prolongar a vida útil. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar geleia de cagaita e avaliar a alteração de compostos bioativos e compostos voláteis em relação à polpa in natura. A análise de espectrometria de massa por paper spray nos modos positivos e negativos permitiu a identificação de 27 compostos, dentre elas, ácidos orgânicos, açúcares, antocianinas, ácidos hidroxicinâmicos, ácidos hidroxibenzóicos e flavonoides, indicando que a produção de geleia pode ser uma técnica para conservação de compostos fenólicos com suas respectivas qualidades sensoriais como cor e sabor. Na análise de voláteis por microextração em fase sólida no modo headspace, foram detectados no total de 33 compostos, principalmente das classes de monoterpenos, de sesquiterpenos e de ésteresindicando que a produção da geleia pode conservar o aroma característico do fruto. Na caracterização dos compostos voláteis da polpa de cagaita, o 3-careno foi o monoterpeno majoritário encontrado. Enquanto no processamento da geleia houve produção do furaldeído, produto obtido como consequência natural do aquecimento.

Biological activity of Citrus paradisi peel

Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) peel oil has medicinal properties which shows beneficial effects against plantpathogenic fungi Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the antifungal potential ofCitrus paradisi peel oil against different plant pathogenic fungal strains Methods: The essential oil ofGrapefruit peel was provided in different concentrations 0.25 to 0.75ml per 100 ml of media to 3 differentplant pathogenic fungal strains i.e, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani and Dreschlera tetramera and itseffect on the growth of fungi was recorded Results: The studies provided the results compared with thecontrolled media, which showed the fungal growth was almost completely inhibited at 0.75mlconcentration of oil, even the lower concentration was sufficient to retard the growth Conclusions: Thestudy provided the blue print for fungicidal spray to cure serious diseases in plants, such as, rice blast,papaya fruit rot, seedling collar rot and wilt diseases.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCES OF FLUID PROPERTIES ON HEAT TRANSFER FOR SPRAY COOLING

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCES OF FLUID PROPERTIES ON HEAT TRANSFER FOR SPRAY COOLING

Preparation, optimization, characterization, and in vitro bioaccessibility of a lutein microparticle using spray drying with β‐cyclodextrin and stevioside

Preparation, optimization, characterization, and in vitro bioaccessibility of a lutein microparticle using spray drying with β‐cyclodextrin and stevioside

Effect of irrigation regime and spraying salicylic acid on characteristics and quality of (Banzahir) lime fruits (Citrus aurantifolia B.) at harvest, marketing and some water relations.

Irrigation management is one of the most important factors for water saving, especially with limited water resources in Egypt. so, the present study was carried out during 2017 and 2018 on trees of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grown in sandy soil at Asyut Agriculture Research Station ARC, Asyut Governorate, Egypt, to elucidate the effect of different irrigation regimes; 100%, 80% and 60% of ETc and spraying (SA); with and without spraying on yield, fruit quality and marketability; room temperature and cold temperature. The results can be summarized as follows: irrigation with 100% ETc and spraying SA recorded the highest values of Fruit length, fruit width, Fruit weight and Yield compared with the other irrigation regimes. While, irrigation with 60% ETc and spraying SA recorded the highest values of irrigation water productivity and economic water productivity in both seasons. Also, irrigation fruits with 100% ETc and treated with SA during growth season induced the highest level of Juice weight %. Moreover, the obtained results indicated that irrigation fruits with 60% ETc and treated with SA decreased weight loss % and decay % while, increased TSS %, total acidity in fruit juice, and V.C content of mature fruit compared with the other treatments under marketability.

M411 ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS (TB) MASQUERADING AS AN ASTHMA EXACERBATION DURING A SARS-COV-2 (COVID 19) PANDEMIC

Introduction: TB rarely presents as asthma Clinical symptoms of COVID-19 and asthma can mask a diagnosis of TB Case Description: A sixty-year old male presented to the allergy clinic in the spring of 2019 complaining of nasal congestion and cough associated with shortness of breath Skin prick testing confirmed tree pollen allergy The patient was treated for seasonal asthma and allergic rhinitis with nasal fluticasone spray, montelukast and inhaled albuterol His symptoms improved, and he did well until this spring, when he contacted us with similar complaints without fever Patient was evaluated at a televisit, medications were renewed and he was referred for COVID 19 testing which was negative Since cough and shortness of breath persisted he was prescribed prednisone for a possible asthma exacerbation and amoxicillin for sinusitis The patient did not improve and was seen in person He was diaphoretic but not febrile or hypoxic Twenty pounds of unintentional weight loss was recorded, the rest of exam was not contributory Chest X-ray revealed bilateral pneumonia in upper lung lobes and laboratory data was significant for leukocytosis with lymphopenia, increased inflammatory markers and positive quantiferon Repeated COVID-19 test was negative Sputum revealed Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Patient was treated for TB and improved Conclusion: Physicians must be mindful of the rare possibility of TB in patients who present as COVID-19 associated respiratory symptoms or asthma exacerbation Prompt diagnosis and treatment of TB is crucial for the affected individual and community

Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing and Spraying Machine for Agriculture

Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing and Spraying Machine for Agriculture

Study on determinants of quench point in spray cooling curve

Study on determinants of quench point in spray cooling curve

Editorial: Between Breaths

While these phenomena are not reducible to one another, their coinciding has generated scenes of singular power, in part arising from the seemingly oppositional nature of the imagery produced: socially-distanced protest;masked oratory;cries to be let freely breathe swallowed by clouds of tear gas and pepper spray In ‘Towards a Collaborative Ergonomics: From Strangers to Symbiotic Community through Boundary Traversal in Performance’, Liang proposes the idea of ‘collaborative ergonomics’ as a way to account for the design features developed to support the cultural interactions that comprised her project ‘Inspiration’ and ‘expiration’ are the words Beckett uses to describe the breathing process, terms that capture the connection between inhalation and creativity, exhalation and death 3 ‘For the actor to conspire,’ Zarrilli tells us, ‘he must in-spire…and…ex-pire…suspended between the in-spiration and ex-piration the actor finds her way to the “edge of the breath” where thought and action hang in the balance ’4 Creative production, we might say, hangs in the balance of exchanging breath

How it works: spray adds new dimension to touchscreens [How it works 3D Touchscreens

How it works: spray adds new dimension to touchscreens [How it works 3D Touchscreens

Effect of Spraying Process on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Ta2O5 In Situ Composite Nanocrystalline Ta-Based Coatings

Effect of Spraying Process on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Ta2O5 In Situ Composite Nanocrystalline Ta-Based Coatings