Spotted Spider Mite Research Articles

A crop disease severity index derived from transfer learning and feature fusion using enhanced OPTICS algorithm

The adoption of automated methods for the identification and assessment of tomato-related disorders is highly sought-after in the agriculture sector. Using this technology is crucial for reducing wasteful spending, increasing the efficiency of treatments, and ultimately growing more resilient crops by reducing losses in agricultural output and maximising the effectiveness of these processes. An automated method has been suggested for accurately identifying and classifying diseases using a single photograph. The described method for disease detection in tomato plants makes use of a computer vision-based technique. Image processing, ML, and deep learning are just a few of the methods that this strategy uses. The goal of this approach is to prevent tomato crops from being damaged by various illnesses by reducing the need of conventional procedures. Bacterial spot, early blight, late blight, leaf mould, spider mites, target spot, spotted spider mite, mosaic virus, and yellow leaf curl are all examples of these illnesses. The following ten diseases frequently strike tomato crops in India. By utilising picture segmentation in combination with the Enhanced OPTICS algorithm (EOPTICSA), the affected area of the tomato plant may be precisely detected and defined after image pre-processing procedures have been used. It may be necessary to look for certain visual signs in order to diagnose the previously mentioned illnesses. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the EOPTICSA method for detecting diseases in plant leaves. To eliminate the geometric features associated with colour, texture, and leaf arrangement in the provided plant pictures, image segmentation and edge detection methods are employed. Using these methods allows us to achieve our goal. Various efficacy measures are used to assess and provide a technique recommendation. This research shows that when performance metrics are used to implement these strategies, the suggested strategy outperforms the current methods in terms of accuracy, precision, and F1-score. The process of detecting sickness involves several consecutive steps. Capturing images, segmenting them, detecting edges, and determining the infection’s severity are all steps in this process. To accomplish the goal of recognising and categorising different types of diseases that might impact tomato plants, the method of transfer learning is employed. As soon as the problem is identified, it is recommended to take proactive measures to help individuals and organisations involved in agriculture address the effects of these disorders using appropriate measures.

Ecofriendly Management of Two Spotted Spider Mites on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) (Mill) in Eastern Ethiopia

This study was initiated with the objective to evaluate the efficacy of tobacco leaf extract and potentiality of intercropping on TSSM in Eastern Ethiopia. The tomato, tomato + cabbage, tomato + common bean, tomato + onion, tomato + tobacco leaf extract and tomato + karate 5% EC were the treatments used for the trial. The overall result indicated that intercropping and tobacco leaf extract significantly reduced the population of these mite pests compared to sole tomato. The minimum population with infestation was recorded on karate (14.65, 0.79) followed by tomato – tobacco leaf extract (16.50, 0.92) and tomato onion (36.53, 1.74) from intercropping while control was the most in recording maximum population with maximum infestation (94.10, 2.88 respectively). The most population reduction with infestation was observed on tobacco leaf extract compared to untreated plot followed by tomato-onion intercropping. The highest yield (50.73tha-1) was recorded on the tomato-onion intercrops followed by karate 5%EC (43.96tha-1) and tobacco extract (43.65tha-1) while the lowest yield was recorded on head cabbage intercrops (30.10tha-1). The maximum net benefit was obtained from tomato-onion intercrops (688653.45 ETB) whereas the lowest net benefit was recorded on common bean (354176.60 ETB) intercrops. Therefore, tomato onion intercrops and tobacco leaf extract could be considered as the first options in boosting tomato production as an alternative to karate 5%EC and expected as common integrated management of TSSM on tomato.

Standalone edge AI-based solution for Tomato diseases detection

Tomato yield is significantly affected by diseases, which are a continuous challenge for its production and pose threats to its global supply chain. Automatic and early detection of these diseases could help growers to swiftly adopt mitigation strategies to limit the disease spread, leading to improved production. Deep learning-based CNN approaches have been widely applied to detect tomato diseases. However, deep learning models are highly computationally demanding, resulting in a computational bottleneck for practical adaptation for agricultural applications such as disease detection and monitoring. Over the last few years, developments of open-source Edge systems have provided opportunities for low-cost and low-power consumption practical solutions for deep learning applications for agriculture. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of standalone Edge-AI solutions for tomato leaf disease detection. To achieve this goal, firstly, this study employed lightweight deep learning networks to detect and differentiate tomato leaf diseases (bacterial spot, early blight, healthy, late blight, leaf mold, septoria leaf spot, two spotted spider mites, target spot, and yellow leaf curl virus). Then, these deep learning networks were deployed on low-cost and low-power consumption Edge devices to investigate their performance capabilities as standalone Edge-AI solutions for the early detection of tomato leaf diseases. Lightweight CNN based GoogleNet and MobileNetV2 deep learning networks achieved accuracies of up to 98.25 % compared to accuracies of 98.13 %, 98.13 %, 94.62 %, and 90.67 % of EfficientNetB0, ResNet-18, SqueezeNet, and NasNetMobile, respectively, in detecting tomato diseases. NVIDIA Jetson ORIN AGX and Nano significantly outperformed Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi with AI accelerator (Google Coral) in image classification, achieving classification times of 3.5 ms and 5.2 ms respectively, using SqueezeNet, compared to 15.3 ms and 10.5 ms on the Raspberry Pi devices. In addition, Raspberry Pi with Google Coral achieved the best cost/FPS performance of 0.14 compared to other Edge devices NVIDIA Jetson AGX Orin and NVIDIA Jetson Nano Orin with cost/FPS of 0.7 and 0.26, respectively. These results showed the potential of standalone Edge-AI solutions using low-cost and low-power consuming software and hardware resources for early tomato disease detections.

Studies on Selection and Resistance Mechanism by Some Acaricides in (Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae)

Studies on Selection and Resistance Mechanism by Some Acaricides in (Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae)

Biology of Major Insect Pests of Carnation

Caranations are among the most popular commercial cut flowers. Among the insect pests attacking carnation, two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch and bud borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were studied under laboratory conditions at the Department of Entomology, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India during 2021. Total developmental/ period of T. urticae lasted for 12.10 days. The growth parameters revealed that the gross reproductive rate, net reproductive rate (R0 ), true generation time (T) and finite rate of natural increase (λ) was 91.24 eggs/ individual, 81.20 eggs/ individual, 18.73 days and 1.26 females/ day, respectively for T. urticae. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.23 females/ female/ day. Total developmental/ period for H. armigera was 32.12 days; its growth parameters revealed that the net reproductive rate (R0 ) was 37.40 offsprings/ individual, intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.10 females/ female/ day and finite rate of natural increase (λ) was 1.10 females/ with generation time (T) being 37.94 days.

Influence of Abiotic Factors on the Incidence of Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on Brinjal in Coastal Areas of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India

Influence of Abiotic Factors on the Incidence of Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on Brinjal in Coastal Areas of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India

Efficacy of Biopesticides Against <i>Tetranychus Urticae</i> Koch Infesting Dodi <i>Leptadenia Reticulata</i>

A field experiment was carried out to test the efficacy of biopesticides against the red two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch infesting dodi (Jivanti), Leptadenia reticulata (Ret.) Wight and Aruott. The findings revealed that azadirachtin 0.15 EC was found most effective incidence (3.19/ cm2 leaf) followed by neemastra (3.27 mites/ cm2 leaf), neem oil (3.34 mites/ cm2 leaf) and neem seed kernal extract (3.42 mites/ cm2 leaf). Beauveria bassiana 5% WP (5.31 mites/ cm2 leaf), ashwagandha 7.5% leaf extract (5.37 mites/ cm2 leaf) and Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15% (5.53 mites/ cm2 leaf) were moderate in their effectiveness. Maximum incidence was noticed from the leaves treated with desi cow urine (5%).

Efficacy of Some Insecticides Aganist Fruit Borer <i>Helicoverpa Armigera</i> (Hübner) and Two Spotted Spider Mite <i>Tetranychus Urticae</i> (Koch) in Tomato

Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) are destructive pests exerting a high crop loss in tomato. The field experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides and acaricides against H. armigera and T. urticae at College of Agriculture, Vijayapura. The results revealed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.15 ml/ l followed by spiromesifen 22.9% SC @ 0.5 ml/ l was recorded lowest fruit borer larvae (1.25/ plant). The treatment chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.15 ml/ l recorded lowest fruit damage (8.91/ plant) at 15 DAS. The treatment spiromesifen 22.9% SC @ 0.5 ml/ l recorded lowest number of two spotted spider mites (2.30/ square inch of leaf area) at 15 DAS. The combination treatment of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.15 ml/ l followed by spiromesifen 22.9% SC @ 0.5 ml/ l found most effective treatment to control both the above pests on tomato.

Microbial biorationals as an effective alternative to pesticides for control of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on parthenocarpic cucumber grown under protected conditions

Microbial biorationals as an effective alternative to pesticides for control of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on parthenocarpic cucumber grown under protected conditions

Antibiose de genótipos de morangueiro ao ácaro-rajado

ABSTRACT: The spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836), is one of the most important pests of strawberry production systems worldwide. Because plant resistance is an important integrated management strategy, the present study investigated the effects of 12 strawberry genotypes on the biological characteristics of this pest under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2 °C and RH 60 ± 10%; 12:12-hour photophase). The experiment was carried using 12 treatments (genotypes), divided into 20 replications each, in a completely randomized design. The response variables were the biological parameters of the spider mite and its survival rate. The development and survival of T. urticae were influenced by different strawberry genotypes. The Camarosa cultivar together with genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 negatively affected the development and survival of T. urticae. The Selection 02 genotype had greatest susceptibility to the spider mite, which allowed fast development and high survival rate. The reproductive parameters of T. urticae were affected differently as a function of the strawberry genotype, with the Camarosa cultivar and the genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 being unfavorable to development, suggesting a possible resistance based on antibiosis.

Bio-efficacy of different Acaricides against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch infesting okra under field condition

Bio-efficacy of different Acaricides against two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch infesting okra under field condition

Deep Learning-Based Classification of Tomato Leaf Diseases: A Comparative Review of Approaches

Plant diseases cause to decreases in product in agriculture. The majority of farmers find it challenging to identify and control plant diseases. It is necessary to spot diseases early in order to minimize future losses. In this paper, a deep learning method utilizing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify tomato leaf diseases is described. For example, to classify tomato leaf images into one of ten categories—healthy, yellow leaf curl virus (YLCV), bacterial spot (BS), early blight (EB), leaf mold (LM), spectoria leaf spot (SLS), target spot (TS), two spotted spider mite spot (TSSMS), mosaic virus (MV), and late blight (LB)—the proposed method initially prepares the images of the leaves. A dataset which include 16021 images of tomato leaves was used to train the model. After 10 epochs, 20 epochs, and 50 epochs of training, the accuracy was 64%, 94%, and 97%, in that order. The results provided show that the proposed approach has been effective for determining tomato leaf diseases, and that its performance gets improve with time. The early detection and prevention of tomato diseases by the use of an automated method has the capacity to boost tomato crop quality and output. The In this review paper we are going to show the different approaches that can be used to deal with the classification of tomato leaf diseases.

The effect of spermine on Tetranychus urticae-Cucumis sativus interaction

BackgroundTwo spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important plant pests in the world. Due to increased resistance of mites to acaricides, it is necessary to use other methods such as inducing resistance in plants by natural compounds for pests' management. Polyamins such as spermine are effective in increasing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. In this research, the effect of spermine treatments in cucumber plants on life table parameters of T. urticae was investigated. Also, top-down effect of spermine and T. urticae on cucumber biochemical parameters was measured. In the experiments, 1, 2 and 3 mM spermine concentrations were used.ResultsAmongst the spermine treatments, those mites that fed on cucumbers which received 1 mM spermine showed the shortest protonymphal period and higher ovipositon period, fecundity, gross and net reproductive rates and life expectancy compare to control. Treatment with 2 mM spermine lead to the longest teleochrysalis period and shortest range of age-stage-specific fecundity period. In addition, 2 mM spermine lowered intrinsic and finite rate of population increase in T. urticae. The longest larval period of T. urticae was observed in 3 mM spermine. Feeding of T. urticae from cucumber plants increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) level and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity but inhibited catalase (CAT) activity in this plant. Infested cucumber plants treated with 2 mM spermine showed lower H2O2 and MDA content and highest activity of APX and CAT on day 1 and 3 compare to the others. The 3 mM spermine increased H2O2 content in infested plants during the whole experiment as well as non-infested plants in day 5 and 9 only. This treatment induced the highest MDA content and lowest catalase activity on day1, 3 and 5 of experiment in infested plants.ConclusionThis study showed that 2 mM spermine was the only effective concentration that reduce cucumber sensitivity to T. urticae. The trend of changes in biochemical parameters, especially H2O2, in 3 mM spermine was abnormal, and this concentration could be considered toxic.

Bioassays of Fenazaquin 18.3% w/w (200 SC) against Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae): Effect of Test Method, Exposure Period and Mortality Criterion on the Precision of Response Estimates

Quinazoline class of pesticide fenazaquin 18.3% w/w (200 SC) (IUPAC name: 4-tert-butylphenethyl quinazolin-4-yl ether) is used to manage mites and insects by interfering with the biochemistry of the pests' mitochondria. Three different bioassay methods viz., leaf dip, slide dip, and residual film were evaluated using fenazaquin 18.3% w/w (200 SC) at various doses on adults of Tetranychus urticae along with two standard checks (fenazaquin 10 EC and spiromesifen 22.90% SC) and water as control. After 24 h of exposure, fenazaquin 18.3% w/w (200 SC) @ 1.25 and 1.60 ml/l exhibited 100% mortality which was comparably higher than the standard checks. The results revealed that all the doses of fenazaquin 18.3% w/w (200 SC) were superior for the management of two spotted spider mites.

Predation potential and life history of three nabid species as biological control agents of pests in Canadian greenhouses

Nabids are hemipteran generalist predators commonly associated with agroecosystems. In this study, the predation rate of Nabis americoferus Carayon, N. roseipennis Reuter, and Hoplistoscelis pallescens Kerhzner on several common greenhouse pests was assessed in the laboratory, compared to the most closely related commercially available predator in North America, Dicyphus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae). In addition, life history parameters of the nabids were determined to estimate their capacity for population increase, an important data set when considering their mass rearing and population establishment in crops. Our results showed that the three nabid species are generally more voracious predators than D. hesperus, especially when fed adult green peach aphids, adult western flower thrips and adult greenhouse whiteflies. Dicyphus hesperus preyed more on two spotted spider mites and greenhouse whitefly nymphs. Nabis americoferus consumed more western flower thrips larvae than all other species. Of the three nabids, N. americoferus also performed significantly better as a predator of western flower thrips. Additionally, N. americoferus had a significantly shorter egg to adult development time, and had a shorter pre-oviposition period than the other two species. Based on its predation capacity and favourable life history characteristics, N. americoferus was selected for further development as a new biological control agent for the North American market.

Acaricidal effects of some plant essential oils on the adult females of two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Bu çalışmada, beş farklı bitki uçucu yağın [nane (Mentha arvensis L.), kekik (Origanum onites L.), limon otu (Cymbopogan citratus), okaliptüs (Eucalyptus globulus) ve karanfil (Syzgium aromaticum L.)] akarisidal etkisi iki noktalı kırmızı örümcek (Tetranychus urticae Koch, Acari: Tetranychidae) ergin dişileri üzerinde belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada uçucu yağların 4 farklı konsantrasyonu (%0.01, 0.02, 0.03 ve 0.04) yaprak-disk (4 cm) yöntemine göre hazırlanmış fasülye yaprakları üzerindeki ergin dişilere püskürtülerek uygulanmıştır. Uygulamalardan sonraki 24. saatte tüm uçucu yağların %0.04 konsantrasyonunda gerçekleşen ölümün %6±1.87-%11±1.00, 72 saat sonra ise % 25±3.53-%41±1.87 (P< 0.001, F=11.7) arasında değiştiği, en yüksek ölümün limon otu’nda olduğu (%41±1.87) belirlenmiştir. Beşinci günde en yüksek ölüm kekik uygulamasında (%77±5.14, %0.04 konsantrasyon) olmuştur. Son gözlem günü olan 7. günde, limon otu %99±1.00 (%0.04 konsantrasyon) ölüme neden olurken, bunu sırasıyla karanfil (%98±1.22), kekik (%96±1.87), okaliptus (%85±2.73) ve nane (%82±2.00) uçucu yağı uygulamaları takip etmiştir. Çalışmadaki 5 uçucu yağın uygulamadan 7 gün sonra en yüksek uygulama dozunda (%0.04) T. urticae ergin dişileri üzerinde toksik etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Limon otu, karanfil ve kekik uçucu yağlarının T. urticae ergin dişileri üzerinde önemli bir akarisit etkisi olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The influence of Ahy1 strain of Acremonium hansfodii on functional response of Neoseiulus barkeri to Tetranychus urticae

The two spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus urticae is one of the most economically key mite pests of fields and greenhouse crops over the world. In order to clarify the control efficacy of Neoseiulus barkeri on Tetranychus urticae in the presence of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Acremonium hansfodii. This study was conducted to evaluate the control of combining N. barkeri with A. hansfodii against T. urticae. The results showed that the functional response of N. barkeri treated with Ahy1 strain to T. urticae was Holling type II equation. Among these, the highest predation number and the shortest attack time were obtained for the predator feeding on eggs, then followed by feeding on nymphs, female adults ranked as the lowest. That of N. barkeri to T. urticae treated with Ahy1 strain was also Holling type II equation. The predation capacity of N. barkeri on nymphs and female adults of T. urticae treated by Ahy1 strain increased with the increase of the concentration of Ahy1 strain, but that when feeding eggs had no significant difference. Therefore, the combination of EPF with N. barkeri on control of TSSM had synergistic effects, which will provide the guidance to carry out combined utilization of entomogenous fungi with predatory mites.

Efficacy of Some Plant Essential Oils Against two Spotted Spider Mite <i>Tetranychus urticae</i> under Laboratory Conditions

Efficacy of Some Plant Essential Oils Against two Spotted Spider Mite <i>Tetranychus urticae</i> under Laboratory Conditions

Resistance in Certain Cantaloupe <I>Cucumis Melo</I> L. Cultivars to Some Sap Sucking Pests in Egypt

Field and laboratory studies were oriented to evaluate the relative resistance of three cantaloupe cultivars; Tenorio RZ, 62, and Ideal to some sap sucking pest; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn), onion thrips, Thrips tabaci L, aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover) and two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. The results showed that the total number of pests were the highest on Tenorio RZ cultivar and the least on Ideal during two seasons. Ideal cultivar had the highest levels of alkaloids and phenolics compound, while terpene compounds was undetectable. Also, the results showed that Tenorio RZ cultivar was having the lowest least levels of secondary metabolites. During summer, numbers of sucking pests were the least on Ideal. Results showed also that the levels of plant secondary metabolites tend to decrease pest population levels.

Does dose rate compensate low doses of gamma irradiation towards insect and mite pest sterilization?

The potential of increased dose rate of irradiation in arthropods’ sterilization for compensating decreased doses was tested focusing on the fecundity, fertility, developmental time and longevity of the carob moth, diamondback moth, rust–red flour beetle, and two–spotted spider mite. Newly emergedadult females were irradiated at 1, 3, and 6Gy doses of gamma irradiation with 215.18, 272.34, 355.71 mGy/min rates and then were mated with unirradiated males. Fecundity and fertility of the experimental arthropods decreased by 42.1–59.5% and 9.8–29.9%, respectively. It was shown promisingly that the sterilization of arthropods could be occurred with very low doses of gamma irradiation if the respective dose rate increases effectively.