Sports Injury Research Research Articles

Sports injury research of basketball specialized college students

Based on the investigation of basketball sports injury of the students in University, the questionnaire was collected, and the location and incidence rate of students in basketball were: finger(26.42%),ankle joint(22.54%),knee joint(11.92%),wrist(10.10%) and back(8.81%).The cause and incidence of damage are: to prepare activities(30.9%),to break the rules(25.13%), the technical error (19.43%),and the site(13.47%).Through literature review, interview method, mathematical statistics method, logical analysis method, the conclusion is that college students in basketball sports injury, because they do not seriously do the preparatory activities, technical differences, poor thinking, self-protection awareness, etc. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to reduce the student injury in basketball.

50 Years of Research on the Psychology of Sport Injury: A Consensus Statement

Factors influencing sport injury risk, rehabilitation outcomes, and return to sport processes have been the focus in various research disciplines (sports medicine, psychology and sociology). One discipline, with over 50 years of scholarship, is the psychology of sport injury. Despite the research in this field, there is no evidence-based consensus to inform professional practice. The aim of this original and timely consensus statement is to summarise psychological sport injury research and provide consensus recommendations for sport practitioners seeking to implement psychological principles into clinical practice. A total of seven experts with extensive experience outlined the consensus objectives and identified three psychology of sport injury sub-domains: risk, rehabilitation and return to sport. The researchers, grouped in pairs, prepared initial drafts of assigned sub-domains. The group met in Stockholm, and the three texts were merged into a draft and revised in an iterative process. Stress responses are the strongest psychological risk factor for acute injuries. Intra- and interpersonal factors, as well as sociocultural factors, are demonstrated psychosocial risk factors for overuse injuries. Stress management and mindfulness interventions to prevent injuries have been successfully implemented. The rehabilitation process may influence athlete’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses. Social support, mindfulness, acceptance-based practices, and cognitive-behavioural based intervention programs reduce negative reactions. Return to sport includes various stages and different trajectories. Returning athletes typically experience concerns regarding competence, autonomy, and relatedness. It is recommended that athletes focus on the physical, technical, and psychological demands of their sport as they progress to increasingly intense activities. Interdisciplinary collaboration (e.g., sports medicine and psychology) would be beneficial in enhancing clinical practice and improving athlete outcomes.

Socioeconomic deprivation and racialised disparities in competitive athletes with sudden cardiac arrest from the USA

ObjectiveTo explore the association of socioeconomic deprivation and racialised outcomes in competitive athletes with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the USA.MethodsSCA cases from the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury...

Sudden Cardiac Death in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes: A 20-Year Study.

Understanding the incidence, causes, and trends of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young competitive athletes is critical to inform preventive policies. This study included National Collegiate Athletic Association athlete deaths during a 20-year time frame (July 1, 2002, through June 30, 2022). Athlete deaths were identified through 4 separate independent databases and search strategies (National Collegiate Athletic Association resolutions list, Parent Heart Watch database and media reports, National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research database, and insurance claims). Autopsy reports and medical history were reviewed by an expert panel to adjudicate causes of SCD. A total of 143 SCD cases in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes were identified from 1102 total deaths. The National Collegiate Athletic Association resolutions list identified 117 of 143 (82%), the Parent Heart Watch database or media reports identified 89 of 143 (62%), the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research database identified 63 of 143 (44%), and insurance claims identified 27 of 143 (19%) SCD cases. The overall incidence of SCD was 1:63 682 athlete-years (95% CI, 1:54 065-1:75 010). Incidence was higher in male athletes than in female athletes (1:43 348 [95% CI, 1:36 228-1:51 867] versus 1:164 504 [95% CI, 1:110 552-1:244 787] athlete-years, respectively) and Black athletes compared with White athletes (1:26 704 [1:20 417-1:34 925] versus 1:74 581 [1:60 247-1:92 326] athlete-years, respectively). The highest incidence of SCD was among Division I male basketball players (1:8188 [White, 1:5848; Black, 1:7696 athlete-years]). The incidence rate for SCD decreased over the study period (5-year incidence rate ratio, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.61-0.82]), whereas the rate of noncardiovascular deaths remained stable (5-year incidence rate ratio, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.94-1.04]). Autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (19.5%) was the most common postmortem examination finding, followed by idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy or possible cardiomyopathy (16.9%) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (12.7%), in cases with enough information for adjudication (118 of 143). Eight cases of death were attributable to myocarditis over the study period (1 case from January 1, 2020, through June 30, 2022), with none attributed to COVID-19 infection. SCD events were exertional in 50% of cases. Exertional SCD was more common among those with coronary artery anomalies (100%) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (83%). The incidence of SCD in college athletes has decreased. Male sex, Black race, and basketball are associated with a higher incidence of SCD.

Appraising the Methodological Quality of Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies: The QA-SIVAS Scale

BackgroundVideo analysis (VA) is commonly used in the assessment of sports injuries and has received considerable research interest. Until now, no tool has been available for the assessment of study quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a valid instrument that reliably assesses the methodological quality of VA studies.MethodsThe Quality Appraisal for Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies (QA-SIVAS) scale was developed using a modified Delphi approach including expert consensus and pilot testing. Reliability was examined through intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,1) and free-marginal kappa statistics by three independent raters. Construct validity was investigated by comparing QA-SIVAS with expert ratings by using Kendall’s tau analysis. Rating time was studied by applying the scale to 21 studies and computing the mean time for rating per study article.ResultsThe QA-SIVAS scale consists of an 18-item checklist addressing the study design, data source, conduct, report, and discussion of VA studies in sports injury research. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were excellent with ICCs > 0.97. Expert ratings revealed a high construct validity (0.71; p < 0.001). Mean rating time was 10 ± 2 min per article.ConclusionQA-SIVAS is a reliable and valid instrument that can be easily applied to sports injury research. Future studies in the field of VA should adhere to standardized methodological criteria and strict quality guidelines.

“Injury risk, concussions, race, and pay in the NFL”

We make two main contributions to the literature on work-related injury risk and economic outcomes in the context of American professional football. One is to examine an increasingly important specific injury, concussions, and compare its subsequent economic effects to those of other types of football injuries. Our other contribution is to study the role of race in understanding injury risk and severity and their resulting economic consequences, which has been overlooked in previous sports injury research. Using a specific position, tight ends, which allows conditioning on fine-grained relevant measures of player demographics, playing time, and performance, we find that whether a player continues to play NFL football from year to year is affected by type of injury and the player’s race. We calculate that the average ex post loss in annual compensation from a concussion is about 7%. Moreover, the effect of games missed due to concussion on continued employment is triple that of other injuries. Being white positively affects length of playing career independent of the measured productivity of the players involved. The racial gap in career length is approximately equal to the effect of an additional game missed from concussion. With respect to heterogeneity in the effects of injuries, both concussions and other injury types affect ex post economic outcomes equally for white and nonwhite players. Both injuries and race affect compensation solely through their effects on career length.

Paper 61: NCAA Football Players are at Higher Risk of Upper Extremity Injury After Concussion

Objectives: Sport related concussion has been repeatedly demonstrated to increase the risk of subsequent lower extremity injury in athletes. The current literature suggests that, for multiple years after a concussion, athletes are at increased risk of lower extremity injury. However, we are unaware of any studies that have demonstrated an increase in risk for upper extremity injuries after sport related concussion. The purpose of this study was to investigate a change in the risk of upper extremity injuries for NCAA football players after return to play from a sport related concussion. Methods: The Sports Injury Research Archive (SIRA) of a single NCAA athletic conference was queried for de-identified injury data on concussions and upper extremity injuries. All football players diagnosed with a concussion and recorded in the database were identified between 2017-2021. Athletes were excluded if their concussion was not sport related, if they had multiple concussions, or if they did not return to previous activity level in their respective sport. Each concussed athlete was then retrospectively followed for the year prior to their concussion as well as for one year after their concussion, beginning at 3 months after the date of their concussion. If the athlete was known to have not returned to play within 3 months they were excluded from the study. All upper extremity injuries were identified in the year prior to concussion and for the previously described year after the concussion. The mean number of concussions per athlete were identified in the pre-concussion and post-concussion groups. The odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, and statistical significance between groups were calculated using Microsoft Excel. Results: After exclusions, 230 de-identified football players from a single conference were identified with concussions from the 2017 through 2021 NCAA football seasons. In these athletes there were a total of 60 upper extremity injuries in the year preceding concussion and a total of 111 in the year they were followed after concussion. The mean number of upper extremity injuries per athlete in the year prior to concussion was 0.26, and in the post-concussion athletes was 0.48. The odds of upper extremity injury in the post-concussion year were 1.85 times higher than in the pre-concussion year (OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.29 – 2.66, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The data collected in this study demonstrates that collegiate football players are at higher risk of upper extremity injury after concussion. Multiple studies have shown an increased risk of lower extremity injury in athletes after sport related concussion. This study is the first to demonstrate an increased risk of injury specifically in the upper extremities after concussion. The explanation for why these athletes’ injury risk changes after concussion is still not fully understood. Prior research has shown that athletes have alterations in their balance, gait, and landing biomechanics after concussion, which could possibly be causative in upper extremity injuries. Various studies have investigated changes in the coupling between perception and reaction amongst athletes after head injury and have theorized these changes as potential causes of the increase in injury risk. Another consideration is simply that athletes may change the way they approach their sport after sustaining a concussion. Further research on the topic should aim at characterizing the types of injuries that portend the largest increase in risk, exploring different sports, and investigating the magnitude of the risk at longer post-concussion time points. Delineating a clear explanation for why athletes have increased risk of injury after concussion is worthy of future research.

Interdisciplinary sport injury research and the integration of qualitative and quantitative data

BackgroundTo understand and prevent sport injuries, scholars have employed different scientific approaches and research methods. Traditionally, this research has been monodisciplinary, relying on one subdiscipline of sport science and applying qualitative or quantitative research methods. Recently, scholars have argued that traditional approaches fail to address contextual components of sport and the nonlinear interactions between different aspects in and around the athlete, and, as a way forward, called for alternative approaches to sport injury research. Discussion of alternative approaches are today taking place, however, practical examples that demonstrate what such approaches entails are rare. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to draw on an interdisciplinary research approach to (1) outline an interdisciplinary case analysis procedure (ICAP); and (2) provide an example for future interdisciplinary sport injury research.MethodsWe adopt an established definition and application of interdisciplinary research to develop and pilot the ICAP for interdisciplinary sport injury teams aiming to integrate qualitative and quantitative sport injury data. The development and piloting of ICAP was possible by drawing on work conducted in the interdisciplinary research project “Injury-free children and adolescents: Towards better practice in Swedish football” (the FIT project).ResultsThe ICAP guides interdisciplinary sport injury teams through three stages: 1. Create a more comprehensive understanding of sport injury aetiology by drawing on existing knowledge from multiple scientific perspectives; 2. Collate analysed qualitative and quantitative sport injury data into a multilevel data catalogue; and 3. Engage in an integrated discussion of the collated data in the interdisciplinary research team.ConclusionThe ICAP is a practical example of how an interdisciplinary team of sport injury scholars can approach the complex problem of sport injury aetiology and work to integrate qualitative and quantitative data through three stages. The ICAP is a step towards overcoming the obstacles of integrating qualitative and quantitative methods and data that scholars have identified.

Construction and communication of evidence-based video narratives in elite sport: Knowledge translation of sports injury experiences

A knowledge-transfer ‘gap’ exists within the sport injury psychology literature. This gap has led to recent calls to translate the evidence base in more accessible, relevant, and multi-sensory formats to facilitate research uptake and impact. Heeding this recommendation and informed by narrative inquiry, the purpose of this multi-study paper was twofold: Study 1 aimed to construct videos that translated evidenced-based narratives of sports injury experiences by working collaboratively with a digital learning practitioner, videographer, and user-group (i.e., elite athletes). Study 2 explored end-users’ perspectives of these video narratives in communicating sports injury research by conducting 11 focus group interviews with 69 participants (i.e., athletes, coaches, and practitioners). A reflexive thematic analysis identified that the video narratives communicated sport injury psychology research in accessible, evocative, and relevant ways. Considerations of how to implement these video narratives into professional practice are critically discussed. Lay summary: This study addressed the knowledge-transfer gap in sport injury psychology by constructing and exploring how video narratives communicate research findings. Findings identified that the videos translated knowledge in accessible, evocative, and relevant ways. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS This study bridges the knowledge-transfer gap in sport injury psychology by constructing and exploring end-users’ perspectives of video narratives in translating and disseminating sport injury psychology research This study provides an evidence-base, methodology, and practical know-how for future researchers aiming to translate and disseminate their research to end-users in accessible and engaging ways Six video narratives are offered that can be accessed and used in professional practice

Pedestrian Safety Among High School Runners: A Case Series.

Participation in high school cross-country and track has increased over the last few decades. At the same time, the rate of pedestrian-involved motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) has also increased. In the context of organized sport, pedestrian safety among runners is often not highlighted, despite the risk of catastrophic injury. To describe incidents of pedestrian-involved MVCs involving student athletes captured by the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research (NCCSIR) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Case series. Level 5. This study utilized surveillance data from the NCCSIR from 2011 to 2020. It presents descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, detailed summaries, and a Haddon Matrix. There were 8 incidents involving 11 student athletes, resulting in 9 fatalities. Of these, 5 cases occurred in the afternoon or early evening, 4 occurred in the Fall, and 6 occurred in a rural area. Haddon Matrix analyses of case descriptions indicate schools should implement a runner safety program for all new runners and ensure that runner safety measures are included in emergency action plans. Runner-related MVCs are relatively rare, but tragic, incidents. Pedestrian safety measures should be incorporated into school-sponsored practices and training runs. Pedestrian safety should be incorporated into runner safety and injury prevention efforts.

Injuries Affecting Intercollegiate Water Polo Athletes: A Descriptive Epidemiologic Study.

Background:There are few data on injuries suffered by collegiate water polo athletes.Purpose:To describe the epidemiology of injuries suffered by National College Athletic Association (NCAA) male and female water polo players by using injury surveillance data over a 5-year period.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Deidentified data on all water polo injuries and illnesses recorded in the Pac-12 Sports Injury Research Archive from July 2016 through June 2021 were obtained and analyzed. Three men’s and 4 women’s teams were observed for the entire 5-year period, and 1 men’s and 1 women’s team was observed from July 2018 through June 2021.Results:During the observation period, 729 injuries were recorded in the database, with no differences in overall injury rates between male and female athletes (relative risk [RR] = 1.0; 95% CI, 0.9-1.2); 33.7% of injuries required a physician encounter, and 3.6% required surgery. The shoulder was the most injured body part, making up 20.6% of all injuries, followed by the head/face (18.8%) and hand/wrist/forearm (11.7%). Shoulder tendinopathy was the most common shoulder injury diagnosis (4.5% of all injuries). Concussion was the most common injury diagnosis overall, making up 11.4% of injuries, and 81.9% of concussions occurred outside of competition. Male athletes were significantly more likely than female athletes to have a concussion in an off-season practice (RR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.2-8.8) and via contact with another player (RR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.3-6.4). Half of the 26 surgical procedures occurring over the observation period were for chronic joint trauma of the groin/hip/pelvis/buttock, with 9 of those 13 being for femoroacetabular impingement specifically.Conclusion:Among NCAA water polo athletes, the shoulder was the most injured body part; however, shoulder injuries rarely required missed time from sport or necessitated surgical intervention. Concussions were the most common injury diagnosis, had the worst return-to-play outcomes among common diagnoses, and were mostly sustained outside of competition. Femoroacetabular impingement was found to be the dominant diagnosis for which surgical intervention was required.

Epidemiology of Lower Leg Soft Tissue Injuries in High School Athletes.

BackgroundAnnually there are an estimated 4.5 million sports- and recreation-related injuries among children and young adults in the United States. The most common sports-related injuries are to the lower extremities, with two-thirds occurring among children and young adults (age range 5-24 years). The objective is to describe the epidemiology of lower leg injuries across 27 high school (HS) sports over a 3-year period.MethodsThe Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention provided lower leg injury data for 27 sports in 147 high schools for 2011-2012 through 2013-2014 academic years from National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) HS Surveillance Program.ResultsThe overall rate of lower leg injuries over this 3-year period was 1.70 per 10 000 acute events (AEs) (95% CI, 1.59-1.82). In men, the highest number of lower leg injuries was in football (n=181), but indoor track had the highest rate of injury at 2.80 per 10 000 AEs (95% CI, 2.14-3.58). In women, the highest number of lower leg injuries and the highest rate of injury were in cross-country (n=76) at 3.85 per 10 000 AEs (95% CI, 3.03-4.81). The practice injury rate was 0.91 times the competition injury rate (95% CI, 0.78-1.07).ConclusionAn improved understanding of the most common sports in which lower leg injuries are seen may help direct appropriate resource utilization. Our data would suggest efforts toward prevention of these overuse injuries, especially in football, track, and cross-country may have the greatest impact on the health of student athletes.Level of Evidence:Level IV, case series.

Socioeconomic factors and outcomes from exercise-related sudden cardiac arrest in high school student-athletes in the USA

ObjectiveMinority student-athletes have a lower survival rate from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) than non-minority student-athletes. This study examined the relationship between high school indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and survival...

Sports Injury Epidemiology: Foundation of Evidence of, by, and for Athletic Trainers.

Sports Injury Epidemiology: Foundation of Evidence of, by, and for Athletic Trainers.

Aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young competitive athletes in the USA: a 4-year prospective study

ObjectiveTo investigate the aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US competitive athletes.MethodsProspective surveillance was conducted from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2018 through the...

Methods of the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP), 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) was established in 2011 to provide a comprehensive appraisal of injuries sustained by high school student-athletes who received services from athletic trainers (ATs). The purpose of this article is to update the surveillance methods of the NATION-SP for data reported during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 academic years. The NATION-SP used a rolling recruitment model to identify a convenience sample of US high schools with access to ATs. The ATs at participating institutions volunteered to contribute data via electronic medical records systems; common data elements were then pushed to and maintained by the Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention. The ATs completed detailed reports on each injury, including the condition and circumstances. The treatments component was used to comprehensively assess the services provided to athletes by ATs. The outcomes companion component was developed to monitor patient-reported outcomes after athletic injury. The NATION-SP continues to serve a critical purpose in informing injury-prevention and treatment efforts among high school athletes.

The Eternally Wounded Athlete: How Medical Professionals and Sports Injury Researchers Have Limited Female Athletes’ Sport Participation and Biased the Interpretation of Sports Injury Research

Female sports participation has long been diminished compared to male sports participation. This review contextualizes current findings in historical implicit gender bias. The transition from the recognition of the Female Athlete Triad Syndrome to the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Syndrome (RED-S Syndrome) to the newly proposed Male Athlete Triad Syndrome demonstrates the power of implicit gender bias on sports injury research efforts, clinical practices, and policy decisions. Similarly, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have long been portrayed as a young female athlete injury, a perception which has affected the sports medicine world in a way that has resulted in both male and female athletes not fully benefitting from possible research and clinical advances. This review explores the history of female exclusion from sport and considers how modern sport and exercise medicine has, perhaps because of implicit gender biases, inadvertently contributed to that exclusion.

Sports Performance and Injury Research: Methodologic Limitations and Recommendations for Future Improvements

Evidence-based research has resulted in incredible advances in sports medicine and is an important component of minimizing injury risk. Such research is similarly important when applied to care delivery to athletes after injury. For research into injury reduction and treatment outcomes to be most impactful, however, the methods must be of sufficient rigor to generate high-quality evidence. Two recent trends in sports injury research have led to specific concerns about evidence quality: 1) use of athletic performance metrics as an injury or treatment outcome and 2) use of publicly available data for injury or treatment research.

Etiology of Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in US Competitive Athletes: A 2-Year Prospective Surveillance Study.

To determine the etiology of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in competitive athletes through a prospective national surveillance program. Sudden cardiac arrest and death cases in middle school, high school, college, and professional athletes were identified from July 2014 to June 2016 through traditional and social media searches, reporting to the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research, communication with state and national high school associations, review of the Parent Heart Watch database, and search of student-athlete deaths on the NCAA Resolutions List. Autopsy reports and medical records were reviewed by a multidisciplinary panel to determine the underlying cause. US competitive athletes with SCA/D. Etiology of SCA/D. A total of 179 cases of SCA/D were identified (74 arrests with survival, 105 deaths): average age 16.6 years (range 11-29), 149 (83.2%) men, 94 (52.5%) whites, and 54 (30.2%) African American. One hundred seventeen (65.4%) had an adjudicated diagnosis, including 83 deaths and 34 survivors. The most common etiologies included hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (19, 16.2%), coronary artery anomalies (16, 13.7%), idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy/possible cardiomyopathy (13, 11.1%), autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (8, 6.8%), Wolff-Parkinson-White (8, 6.8%), and long QT syndrome (7, 6.0%). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was more common in male basketball (23.3%), football (25%), and African American athletes (30.3%). An estimated 56.4% of cases would likely demonstrate abnormalities on an electrocardiogram. The etiology of SCA/D in competitive athletes involves a wide range of clinical disorders. More robust reporting mechanisms, standardized autopsy protocols, and accurate etiology data are needed to better inform prevention strategies.

Statement on methods in sport injury research from the 1st METHODS MATTER Meeting, Copenhagen, 2019

High quality sports injury research can facilitate sports injury prevention and treatment. There is scope to improve how our field applies best practice methods—methods matter (greatly!). The 1st METHODS MATTER...