Sports Injuries In Children Research Articles

Establishing the Normative Reference Values of Timed Up and Go Test among Normal Weight and Overweight Schoolage Children: A Study Protocol

Introduction: The dynamics of body posture to avoid falling are generally referred to as balance. It has been shown that child developmental skills are influenced by their body compositions. When compared to their peers who are at a healthy weight, children who are overweight or obese frequently show poorer levels of motor proficiency including balance, mobility and related features. Need of the study: The protocol will determine the typical TUG test results in children relative to their body composition, enabling clinicians to effectively screen for balance deficits in children and will enable timely interventions to prevent falls, accidents, and sports injuries in children. Aim: To find the reference values of Timed Up and Go (TUG) test in normal weight and overweight children and compare the values between them. Materials and Methods: A study protocol on school-going children aged 5 to 15 years will be recruited using convenience sampling and divided into two groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI): normal weight and overweight. The procedure for performing TUG test will be taught to the children, and the time taken for completion will be recorded using a stopwatch. To check the normality, Kolmogorov test will be applied as sample size estimated is above 50. Parametric or non parametric tests will be used for between group analyses.

Patterns of Orbital Fractures Caused by Sports Injuries in Children

Patterns of Orbital Fractures Caused by Sports Injuries in Children

Sports injuries in children and adolescents

Due to active participation of children and adolescents in school sports as well as in club sports, sporting injuries in childhood are common. Because skeletal maturity is not yet complete, injury patterns in children differ from sporting injuries in adults. Knowledge of the pathophysiologic characteristics, as well as knowledge of typical injury sequelae, is of great relevance to radiologists. This review article therefore deals with common acute and chronic sporting injuries in children. Basic diagnostic imaging comprises conventional X‑ray imaging in two planes. In addition, sonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are used. Close consultation with clinical colleagues and knowledge of childhood-specific injuries help identify sports-associated trauma sequelae.

Effectiveness of Warm-Up Intervention Programs to Prevent Sports Injuries among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sports participation by children and adolescents often results in injuries. Therefore, injury prevention warm-up programs are imperative for youth sports safety. The purpose of this paper was to assess the effectiveness of Warm-up Intervention Programs (WIP) on upper and lower limb sports injuries through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Searches for relevant studies were performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane databases. Studies selected met the following criteria: original data; analytic prospective design; investigated a WIP and included outcomes for injury sustained during sports participation. Two authors assessed the quality of evidence using Furlan’s criteria. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.3 software was used to process and analyze the outcome indicators of the literature. Across fifteen studies, the pooled point estimated injury rate ratio (IRR) was 0.64 (95% CI = 0.54–0.75; 36% reduction) while accounting for hours of risk exposure. Publication bias assessment suggested a 6% reduction in the estimate (IRR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.60–0.82), and the prediction interval intimated that any study estimate could still fall between 0.34 and 1.19. Subgroup analyses identified one significant moderator that existed in the subgroup of compliance (p < 0.01) and might be the source of heterogeneity. Compared with the control group, WIPs significantly reduced the injury rate ratio of upper and lower limb sports injuries in children and adolescents.

Management of sports-related and recreational knee Injuries in children: surgical aspects

Sports -related knee injuries are common in children and the management of these injuries continues to evolve. Sports injuries in children affect both growing bone and soft tissues and can result in damage of growth mechanisms with subsequent lifelong, growth disturbance. With an increasing number of paediatric and adolescent athletes presenting with knee injuries. due to sports, a greater demand is put on clinicians and radiologists to assess the specific type of knee injury. Traumatic forces applied to the immature skeleton cause a different type of injury than those seen in adults due to the differences in vulnerability of the musculoskeletal system, especially at the site of the growth cartilage. An overview of several sport-related knee injuries of young athletes are presented, based on anatomical location and their management. The training programmes should be considered an important training tool that growing athletes can adjust to the changes in their bodies and could prevent knee injuries. Keywords: Sports-Related, paediatric, Children, Knee Injuries, Adolescent Sports Players, immature skeleton, growth cartilage.

Magnetic resonance imaging of a sports injury of the lower extremities in children

Introduction. The number of acute and stressful injuries has been increasing in recent years. Injuries of the musculoskeletal system in children seeking emergency care account for 41%, while children aged from 5 to 17 years with chronic sports injuries account for 53% who need medical attention. The lower extremity is the most frequently affected part of patients aged from 5 to 18 years, which is about 60% of all injuries. Aim of the study. To show the possibilities of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of sports injuries of lower extremities in children. Materials and methods. MRI was performed on a scanner with a magnetic field strength of 3 T to obtain multi-planar STIR, T1-, T2- and PD-weighted images (WI) SE and GE in axial, oblique frontal and sagittal projections with a slice thickness of 4 mm, as well as 2D and 3D isotropic images that were used to obtain images with contrast gain. Specialized coils were used for MRI. MRI was performed in case of damage to the hip (n = 19), knee (n = 329), and ankle joints (n = 32). Results. Studies of the hip were limited to sports muscle injury - muscle strain due to forced contractile load (75.8%) and muscle bruises (24.2%). According to the MRI results, 320 children with knee injury were diagnosed with ACL ruptures, in 67% - complete (n = 214), 33% (n = 106) - partial. Eight (3.7%) of 214 athletes had isolated full breaks in ACL; the remaining 206 were associated with damage to other structures of the knee joint. ACL ruptures were accompanied in all 320 cases of hemarthrosis. Of 30 patients with an ankle injury, 17 had an anterior talofibular ligament (56.7%), in 8 cases with an avulsion of bone fragments from the lateral ankle. Partial deltoid ligament injuries were detected in 9 patients (30.0%); complete ruptures were rare and were observed in only two patients (6.7%). Conclusion. Among imaging methods, MRI plays a decisive role in the diagnosis of sports injuries in children.

Current Evidence for Acute Pain Management of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Postoperative Pain in Pediatric and Adolescent Athletes.

Sports-related injuries in young athletes are increasingly prevalent with an estimated 2.6 million children and adolescents sustaining a sports-related injury annually. Acute sports-related injuries and surgical correction of sports-related injuries cause physical pain and psychological burdens on pediatric athletes and their families. This article aims to evaluate current acute pain management options in pediatric athletes and acute pain management strategies for postoperative pain after sports-related injuries. This article will also elucidate which areas of pain management for pediatric athletes are lacking evidence and help direct future clinical trials. We conducted a literature search through PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to provide an extensive review of initial and postoperative pain management strategies for pediatric sports-related musculoskeletal injuries. The current knowledge of acute pain management for initial sports-related injuries, postoperative pain management for orthopedic surgeries, as well as complementary and alternative medical therapies in pediatric sports-related injuries is presented. Studies evaluating conservative management, enteral and nonenteral medications, regional anesthesia, and complementary medical therapies are included. Adequate pain management is important for sports injuries in children and adolescents for emotional as well as physical healing, but a balance must be achieved to provide acceptable pain relief while minimizing opioid use and side effects from analgesic medications. More studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of nonopioid analgesic medications and complementary therapies in pediatric patients with acute sports-related injuries.

Tolerability and effectiveness of an antitrauma cream with comfrey herb extract in pediatric use with application on intact and on broken skin.

ObjectiveThe safety of comfrey herbal cream application to broken skin is still a matter of regulatory debate. It was therefore examined in children with intact and with broken skin treated for blunt traumas and sports injuries, with the aim of collecting data for pharmacovigilance and clinical safety assessments.MethodsA total of 712 children (386 children with intact skin and 326 children with abrasions and superficial wounds) were openly treated for up to 2 weeks with 1–5 applications daily of comfrey herb cream after presenting for blunt traumas and sports accidents. The incidence rate of adverse events was calculated, next to a global assessment of treatment effects.ResultsNo adverse events occurred in the group of children with intact skin, and one intolerability reaction (burning and reddening) was observed after application to broken skin. The overall incidence rate of intolerability reactions per patient was calculated as 0.14% (95% CI 0.00–0.78%) and that of systemic adverse effects as 0.00% (95% CI 0.00–0.42%). Accordingly, the probability of the occurrence of local reactions and systemic adverse events is well below, which is one in 100 treated patients. The global assessment of effects corresponded to previously published experience.ConclusionThese studies confirm an excellent benefit-to-risk ratio for the application of comfrey herb cream in the treatment of blunt traumas and sports injuries in children with intact and with broken skin.

Pay attention to the diagnosis and treatment of sports injuries in children and adolescents

Pay attention to the diagnosis and treatment of sports injuries in children and adolescents

Sports Injuries in Children and Adolescents

Sports Injuries in Children and Adolescents

MRI of Sports Injuries in Children and Adolescents: What’s Different from Adults

As the pediatric population continues to increase its participation in organized athletics, there has been a corresponding increase in associated injuries. The lower extremity is the most frequently involved site in individuals age 5–18, representing about 60 % of all injuries. Children and adolescents are susceptible to injuries that differ from adults. The pelvis, knee, and ankle all present unique diagnostic challenges to the physician. MR can be helpful in the young athlete, as it can better demonstrate apophyseal, physeal, or soft tissue injury that might otherwise be unapparent or underestimated.

Is overweight a risk factor for sports injuries in children, adolescents, and young adults?

Physical activity and sports participation are promoted to counteract the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and young adults. Both high body mass index and physical activity level have been associated with an increased risk of sports injuries. The objective is to determine the relationship between sports injuries and overweight in sports participants (4-24 years), taking physical activity into account. Data were obtained from the 2006-2011 "Injuries and Physical Activity in the Netherlands" survey. Analyses were based on a representative sample of 3846 sports participants (4-24 years). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to investigate the association between sports injury and weight status. Of all the sports participants, 14.7% were overweight. Compared with normal-weight sports participants, the odds of sustaining a sports injury was 0.73 [confidence interval (CI): 0.53-1.00, P = 0.050] for overweight sports participants; the odds for underweight sports participants was 0.80 (CI: 0.56-1.15, P = 0.226). There is some evidence that overweight sports participants (4-24 years) do not have an increased injury risk compared with normal-weight sports participants, even when the level of physical activity is taken into account. Additional research is recommended regarding overweight people who start to participate in a physically active lifestyle.

Barefoot Stubbing Injuries to the Great Toe in Children

This study was conducted to categorize barefoot stubbing injuries to the great toe in children by injury mechanism to differentiate benign stubbing injuries from more complex injuries necessitating surgery. Prospective clinical series of consecutively treated patients. Tertiary university hospital setting. Forty-one children who had sustained an indirect injury to the great toe during barefoot sports activities between January 2001 and December 2009 were included. Conservative or surgical treatment was done according to clinical and radiological findings. Information regarding injury mechanism was collected from patients, parents, and coaches using skeletal models and assessed by a pediatric orthopedic surgeon. Mechanisms of injury were identified and grouped as follows: hyperabduction-flexion, hyperflexion, hyperabduction-extension, hyperextension, and hyperextension-adduction. Hyperabduction-flexion was the most common mechanism (n = 16), in which interphalangeal joint dislocation and skin disruption was noted in most cases. The second most common mechanism was hyperabduction-extension (n = 14) in which avulsion fracture of the lateral volar condyle of the proximal phalanx was noted in most cases. This avulsion fracture had the worst prognosis after conservative care. Based on these results, we have created a grading system and treatment protocol for indirect hallux sports injuries in children. Avulsion fracture of the lateral condyle of the proximal phalanx, a result of hyperabduction-extension, is a high-risk sign of nonunion and should be aggressively treated, contrary to previous guidelines. Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Sport injuries in children and adolescents

Sport injuries in children and adolescents

Reducing lifelong disability from sports injuries in children

See also research article by Emery and colleagues on page [1249][1] and at [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.101540][2]. Canadians admire their professional athletes, especially if they overcome adversity and continue to play while injured. These athletes are often role models for children and

Trends in paediatric sport- and recreation-related injuries: An injury surveillance study at the British Columbia Children's Hospital (Vancouver, British Columbia) from 1992 to 2005

Sport- and recreation-related injuries are a major source of morbidity in the paediatric population. Long-term trends for these injuries are largely unknown. A traumatic injury surveillance system (the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program) was used to examine the demographics and trends of paediatric sports injuries in children who presented to or were directly admitted to the British Columbia Children's Hospital (Vancouver, British Columbia) emergency department or intensive care unit from 1992 to 2005. Over the 14-year study period, there was a significant increase in sport- and recreation-related injuries among patients who presented to the British Columbia Children's Hospital. Of 104,414 injuries between 1992 and 2005, 27,466 were related to sports and recreational activities. The number of sport-related injuries increased by 28%, while all-cause injuries did not change significantly. Males comprised 68% of the sport-related injuries, and both sexes displayed an increasing trend over time. Cycling, basketball, soccer and ice hockey were the top four injury-causing activities. The main body parts injured were the face, head and digits. Paediatric sports injuries significantly increased at the British Columbia Children's Hospital over the 14-year study period. This is likely due to increased sport participation, increased risk associated with certain sports, or both. Trends in paediatric sports injury may be predicted by changes in popular media, possibly allowing prevention programs to help to avoid these injuries before they occur.

Understanding perceptions of injury risk associated with playing junior cricket

Preventing sports injuries in children is important, but there is limited information about children's perceptions of injury risk or their injury beliefs and attitudes. This study investigated injury risk perceptions in a sample of junior sports participants across different age levels of play. Junior cricket players ( n = 284, aged 8–16) completed a survey about their injury risk perceptions. Survey questions asked about players’ perceived injury risk to themselves compared to cricketers in general, as well as their perceived injury risk across different playing position, ground condition, and protective equipment use scenarios. Chi-square analysis found that risk perceptions were significantly higher in U12 and U14 players for both batting and fielding compared to U16 players and that U16 players had a higher risk perception associated with bowling. Players tended to see themselves as less likely to be injured than cricketers in general and perceived there to be a high risk of injury when fielding close to the batter and a comparatively low risk of injury when fielding in the outfield. Junior players also perceived there to be a high injury risk associated with playing on hard and bumpy grounds. Despite their relatively accurate perceptions of risk and appreciation for the importance of protective equipment, junior players need continual reminding of the importance of safety strategies by coaches and others. Coaches need to inform players that fielding injuries can occur anywhere on the ground, and include skills practice accordingly.

Urologic Sports Injuries in Children

Sports participation is an important part of the lives of many children and adolescents. The risk of sustaining a genitourinary injury during sports is low. The published literature suggests that the specific risk to those patients with only one healthy kidney, ovary, or testicle is very low but not zero. Physicians who counsel patients and families about sports participation need to consider many factors: the type of sport, the level of play, the local sports culture, and the relative degree of risk. The published data suggest that major injuries to an ovary during sports are exceedingly rare. Major injuries to a testicle are also unusual. Significant kidney injuries, while uncommon, do occur and not necessarily only in the well-known collision sports.

Common Lower Limb Sports-related Overuse Injuries in Young Athletes

Introduction: Sports injuries in children and adolescent present a unique challenge to the physician. They are often seen for clinical conditions unique to their age group. This paper highlights the epidemiological aspect of sports-related overuse injuries in this age group. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study reviewed all the paediatric patients diagnosed with overuses injuries during a 5 years and 7 months period. The overuse injuries were anterior superior iliac spine avulsion fracture, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Sinding-Larson-Johansson disease, osteochondritis dissecan and Sever’s disease. We reviewed the literature and attempted to give an overview for each condition and the anatomical differences that contributed to their occurrence in this age group. Results: A total of 506 cases of the overuse injuries were seen during the study period. Seventy-three per cent were male patients. The knee joint was the commonest affected joint while the hip was the least affected joint. The mean age at diagnosis was younger in female compared to male for all conditions except in Sinding-Larson Johansson syndrome. Female was diagnosed at a mean age of 11.7 years while male at 10.8 years. Osgood-Schlatter disease was the commonest among the overuse injuries. There was no discernible racial predilection for these conditions except in the patients with anterior superior iliac spine avulsion. Conclusions: Overuse injuries are not uncommon in children and adolescent. An adequate understanding of the anatomy of the sports the children participated in as well as the anatomical differences between adult and children may assist the primary care providers better meet parents’ and coaches’ expectations. Key words: Apophysitis, Osgood-Schlatter disease, Osteochondritis dissecan, Overuse injuries, Sever’s disease, Sinding-Larson-Johansson disease

Sports injuries in children

Sports injuries in children affect both growing bone and soft tissues, and can result in damage of growth mechanisms with subsequent lifelong, growth disturbance. This clinical review unfolds the incidence and distribution, physiology, injury characteristics and the prevention modalities. A comprehensive in Medline literature search was performed, and the reference lists of sports injuries related journals and text books was consulted. During growth, there are significant changes in the biomechanical properties of bone. In young athletes, as bone stiffness increases and resistance to impact diminishes, sudden overload may cause bones to bow or buckle. Fractures that are initially united with some deformity can completely remodel, and the bone may appear totally normal in later life. Most injuries caused in children's sports are minor and self-limiting, suggesting that children and youth sports are safe. The training programmes should take into account their physical and psychological immaturity, so that growing athletes can adjust to the changes in their bodies.