Sport Confidence Research Articles

청소년의 운동행동변화단계에 따른 성취목표성향과 스포츠 자신감

청소년의 운동행동변화단계에 따른 성취목표성향과 스포츠 자신감

고등학교 운동선수들이 지각하는 스포츠 자신감과 내적동기와의 관계

고등학교 운동선수들이 지각하는 스포츠 자신감과 내적동기와의 관계

Imagery and observational learning use and their relationship to sport confidence

The present study investigated 345 athletes' (male = 152, female = 193) use of observational learning and imagery for practice and at competition and how this related to sport confidence. The Functions of Observational Learning Questionnaire (Cumming et al., 2005), the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (Hall et al., 1998), and the Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (Vealey, 1986) were contextualized by asking participants to rate each item twice, once for practice and once for competition. The athletes reported using each of the different functions of observational learning and imagery in these situations, but the pattern of use differed. Whereas nearly all of the imagery functions were more frequently used at competition, the majority of observational learning functions were used more for practice. Cognitive specific and motivational general-mastery imagery were significant predictors of sport confidence in practice and competition, whereas the skill function of observational learning significantly predicted practice confidence only.

Exploring Common Ground: Comparing the Imagery of Dancers and Aesthetic Sport Performers

The imagery of aesthetic sport athletes and dancers was compared, and the relationship between imagery and self-confidence was explored. Materials included the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, 1998), the Dance Imagery Questionnaire (DIQ; Nordin & Cumming, 2006), the Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI; Vealey, 1986), and open-ended questions. Participants were 144 dancers and 124 aesthetic athletes, mainly female, 18.98 (SD = 3.91) years old, and ranging from recreational to elite levels. Aesthetic athletes engaged in less imagery of roles and movement quality than dancers, and seemingly less imagery overall. Dancers at higher levels imaged more frequently than lower level dancers, but this was not the case for athletes. Performers who imaged more frequently were more confident, and for dancers the DIQ predicted additional variance in self-confidence beyond that offered by the SIQ. Altogether, the DIQ might be suitable for investigating the imagery of aesthetic athletes as well as dancers.

The Effects of Hypnosis on Self-Efficacy, Affect, and Soccer Performance: A Case Study

This study reports the effects of a hypnosis intervention on a professional soccer player who reported low self-efficacy and a negative mood state relative to his soccer performance. Pre- and postintervention data were collected via a Soccer Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) that consisted of 10 items relating to good soccer performance, the Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and a Soccer Performance Measure (SPM). An intervention program consisting of eight hypnosis sessions was conducted. These sessions comprised the presentation of ego-strengthening suggestions. Both visual and statistical analysis revealed substantial increases in trait sport confidence, self-efficacy, positive affect, and soccer performance, as well as a substantial decrease in negative affect over the course of the intervention. The findings of this case study suggest that hypnosis can be used to enhance self-efficacy, affect, and sport performance. A number of practical issues are presented surrounding the use of hypnosis in the context of English soccer and with athletes in general.

Sources and Types of Confidence Identified by World Class Sport Performers

This study identified the sources and types of confidence salient to 14 (7 male, 7 female) successful World Class athletes. Nine sources of confidence were identified: Preparation, performance accomplishments, coaching, innate factors, social support, experience, competitive advantage, self-awareness, and trust. A testament to the multi-dimensional nature of sport confidence, six types of sport confidence were also identified: skill execution, achievement, physical factors, psychological factors, superiority to opposition, and tactical awareness. Gender was related to both the sources of confidence and the subsequent types of confidence experienced by the athletes. For example, females placed more importance on good personal performances than males who derived confidence from winning. Results were discussed in the context of previous sport confidence literature and implications for sport psychology and coaching practices were drawn.

Fear of reinjury, negative affect, and catastrophizing predicting return to sport in recreational athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injuries at 1 year postsurgery.

Objective: To examine fear of reinjury, negative affect, and pain catastrophizing as determinants of athletes’ confidence in their ability to take part in sport activity and their reported return to sport 1 year after undergoing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Participants: 49 recreational-level athletes (27 men and 22 women; Mage 29.15 years, SD 11.57). Results: Negative affect was inversely associated with sport confidence, and fear of reinjury was inversely associated with reported return to sport. Regression models showed that negative affect was the lone significant predictor ( .32, p .05) of lower sport confidence after activity and education were controlled. Greater fear of reinjury was the lone significant predictor ( .40, p .05) of lower levels of return to sporting activity. Conclusions: Findings indicate that athletes’ confidence in returning to their sport was reduced in those with greater negative mood and that greater fear of reinjury was related to a lower return to sporting activity. Outcomes are discussed in relation to research and implications.

The effect of kinesthetic imagery on the sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys

Abstract Objectives The primary objective was to examine the efficacy of a kinesthetic imagery intervention on the sport confidence of three professional flat-race horse jockeys, with the secondary objective of examining the relationship between performance and sport confidence. Design A multiple-baseline across participants research design was employed. Methods The State Sport Confidence Inventory [SSCI; Vealey, R.S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 221–246.] was administered twice weekly, prior to a total of 23, 25, and 27 races for participants 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In addition, performance data were collected on each SSCI data collection day. The kinesthetic imagery intervention consisted of six kinesthetic imagery sessions, twice weekly during a 3-week period. The intervention was introduced after race 7, 9, and 11 for participants 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Approximately, 1 week after the end of the data collection, participants completed a postexperimental questionnaire. Results ITSACORR [Crosbie, J. (1993). Interrupted time-series analysis with brief single-subject data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 6, 966–974.] was employed to analyze the sport confidence data. The results of ITSACORR along with visual inspection, demonstrated a significant increase in sport confidence for participants 1 and 3, and a non-significant increase for participant 2. Kendall's tau b correlations failed to find a significant relationship between performance and confidence. Conclusions The results are discussed in terms of the value of kinesthetic imagery as a tool for athletes to practice and develop. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the ability of ITSACORR to provide a statistical analysis for serially dependent single-subject data.

Sources of Sport Confidence of Master Athletes

This study examined sources of sport confidence and their relationship to trait sport confidence with master athletes. The study employed 216 athletes from 50 to 96 years of age in track and field, tennis, and swimming, using the Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire (SSCQ; Vealey, Hayashi, Garner-Holman, & Giacobbi, 1998). Confirmatory factor analysis failed to replicate the proposed 9-factor structure of the SSCQ. Exploratory factor analyses revealed an 8-factor structure with similar factors to the SSCQ, but with fewer items and the elimination of the situational favorableness factor. Physical/mental preparation and mastery were the highest ranked sources among the athletes. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated that physical/mental preparation and demonstration of ability were significant predictors of trait sport confidence for master athletes. Our findings suggest that the SSCQ needs more psychometric work if it is to be used with this type of population.

Academic Course for Enhancing Student-Athlete Performance in Sport

The purpose of this paper is to describe content and methods of an academic course offered twice annually at an NCAA Division I University. With empirical support to the effectiveness of this academic approach to psychological skills training presented elsewhere (Curry & Maniar, 2003), the focus of this paper is on the type and extent of each intervention treatment during the 15-week semester course (Vealey, 1994). Course content includes applied strategies for best performance targeting, arousal/affect control, identifying purpose, goal setting, imagery, sport confidence, trust, flow, sport nutrition, on-/off-field problem solving, self-esteem, and life skills education on eating disorders and drug/alcohol abuse. Teaching methods include narrative story telling, small group activities, journal writing, cognitive-behavioral homework, brainteasers, and active learning demonstrations.

Coping skills: role of trait sport confidence and trait anxiety.

The current research assesses relationships among coping skills, trait sport confidence, and trait anxiety. Two samples (n=47 and n=77) of international competitors from surf life saving (M=23.7 yr.) and touch rugby (M=26.2 yr.) completed the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, Trait Sport Confidence Inventory, and Sport Anxiety Scale. Analysis yielded significant correlations amongst trait anxiety, sport confidence, and coping. Specifically confidence scores were positively associated with coping with adversity scores and anxiety scores were negatively associated. These findings support the inclusion of the personality characteristics of confidence and anxiety within the coping model presented by Hardy, Jones, and Gould, Researchers should be aware that confidence and anxiety may influence the coping processes of athletes.

KEPERCAYAAN DIRI ATLET PON DIY MENGHADAPI PON XVI DI PALEMBANG

Abstract This research aimed to know the level of self-confidence of all the athlete of National Games (PON) of Yogyakarta province (DIY) which is drawn up to face the National Games (PON) XVI in Palembang. The population is all readily athlete National Games (PON) of Yogyakarta Palembang, the amount to 158 athletes coming from 28 athletic branches. The population only 90 athletes coming from 18 athletic branches becoming sample in this research. Technique Sampling used is sample random sampling. Instrument used is “The Sport Confidence Inventory” which has been modified. The result indicated that the mean of all athletes of National Games of (PON) Yogyakarta Special Province (DIY) had the level of self-confidence 73.37% in facing National Games (PON) XVI in Palembang. The concluded that all athletes of the national Games (PON) of Yogyakarta Special province (DIY) had the level of high self confidence in facing of National Games (PON) XVI in Palembang Keywords:self-confidence, athlete, national games

Testing the modifiability of the state sport confidence inventory.

Completing the State Sport Confidence Inventory requires participants to compare themselves with the most confident athlete they know. Inconsistency is inherent in participants' choices that may result in unsystematic variance across such responses. This study tested the modifiability of the inventory by removing the "comparison" component from the instructions and from each of the 13 questions. Using data from 31 female figure skaters (M age=16.1 yr., SD=1.0), the original and modified versions were compared. Adequate reliabilities were found for both measures (both rs=.94), but a paired sample t test indicated significant differences between mean scores on the two versions. The total score and all of the item scores were higher for the modified version than the original, and coefficients of determination showed variance shared by the modified and original items ranged only from 9 to 59% per item. These results suggest that the modified version was not an adequate representation of the original inventory.

The influence of dispositional and situational tendencies on adolescent girls’ sport confidence sources

Abstract Objectives : To examine the influence of female athletes’ goal orientations and perceptions of motivational climate on sources of sport confidence. We hypothesized that task orientation and perceptions of mastery climate would be positively associated with adaptive or self-referenced sources of sport confidence. Ego orientation and perceptions of performance climate were expected to be positively associated with maladaptive or normative sources of confidence. Design : A field correlational study design was used to examine the relationships among goal orientations, motivational climate, and sport confidence sources, and to test both mediator and moderator effects of motivational climate on the relationship between goal orientations and sport confidence sources. Method : Participants were 180 competitive female volleyball players aged 12–18 years. Athletes completed three questionnaires assessing goal orientations, perceptions of motivational climate, and sources of sport confidence. Results : Task orientation and perceptions of mastery climate were positively associated with adaptive sources of sport confidence as well as social/environmental sources. Ego orientation was positively associated with maladaptive sources of confidence. Perceptions of mastery climate supported a mediational rather than a moderational role for motivational climate in predicting the social support and coach’s leadership sources of sport confidence. Conclusion : The significant mediating influence of a mastery climate established by the coach provides important implications for coaches who want to build self-confidence in adolescent female athletes.

Differences in Imagery Content and Imagery Ability Between High and Low Confident Track and Field Athletes

The purpose of this research was to examine how high and low trait sport confident track and field athletes differed in their imagery content and imagery ability. NCAA Division I track and field athletes ( M age = 20.5 +/- 1.61 years; M = 7.15 +/- 3.3 years experience; N = 111, 44 males and 67 females) completed the following measures: Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI), Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ), and Movement Imagery Questionnaire - Revised (MIQ-R). Profile analyses revealed that high trait sport confident athletes utilized each category of imagery (Motivational General - Mastery, Motivational General - Arousal, Motivational Specific, Cognitive General, and Cognitive Specific) significantly more than low trait sport confident athletes. No significant differences emerged between the groups on the two imagery ability scales. The results suggest that the high confident athletes used more imagery, but they did not have higher imagery skills than low confident athletes.

The Effects of a Motivational General-Mastery Imagery Intervention on the Sport Confidence of High-Level Badminton Players

A multiple-baseline across-participants design was used to examine the effects of a Motivational General-Mastery imagery intervention on the sport confidence of 4 high-level junior badminton players. Sport confidence data were collected once a week for 21 weeks prior to international and county matches. The imagery intervention consisted of six imagery sessions (two per week for 3 weeks) and was administered using a multiple-baseline design with interventions commencing at Weeks 5, 7, 9, and 11 for Participants 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Results of visual inspection and Binomial tests suggested significant increases in sport confidence for Participants 1 and 2, a significant decrease in sport confidence for Participant 3, and a delayed increase in sport confidence for Participant 4. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of using mastery imagery and the usefulness of multiple-baseline designs for furthering imagery research.

The Carolina Sport Confidence Inventory

Expectancy and efficacy theories provide the foundation for the development of a measure of sport confidence. The Carolina Sport Confidence Inventory (CSCI) was conceptualized as a three-factor model represented by dispositional optimism, perceived competence, and perceived control. Two independent studies supported a two factor (dispositional optimism and perceived competence) 13- item model for the CSCI. The first study utilized exploratory factor analytic techniques, concurrent validity, social desirability assessment, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability to establish the psychometric properties of the CSCI. Study II employed confirmatory factor analytic techniques with a sample of 123 intercollegiate varsity athletes along with measures of convergent validity to provide further support for the two factor model and the psychometric properties of the instrument.

Types of Imagery Associated with Sport Confidence in Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels

Types of Imagery Associated with Sport Confidence in Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels

Types of Imagery Associated with Sport Confidence in Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels

Martin, Moritz, and Hall's (1999) applied mental imagery model was developed to provide an organizational framework to guide future imagery usage research and application. The present study explores 2 aspects of the applied model: the relationship between imagery type and confidence, and 2 possible moderating variables, skill level of the athlete and sport type. One hundred and twenty-three female county netball players participated in the study; 55 from a low standard county and 68 from a high standard county. Participants were administered the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ). One week later, at a county netball match, the State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI) was administered. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that in the lower standard sample, mastery imagery and imagery related to strategies of the game accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in sport confidence. Additionally, imagery related to the emotions of playing predicted confidence negatively. With the higher standard sample, goal achievement oriented imagery was the only significant predictor of variance in confidence. The results are discussed in relation to the pertinence of, and function that, different imagery types have for performers.

Confidence Restoration Following Athletic Injury

The impact of goal orientations, perceptions of social support, and sources of rehabilitation confidence on the process of confidence restoration from athletic injury was examined among 40 injured intercollegiate athletes (ages 18 to 22 years). Athletes completed the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992), the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ; Duda, Smart, & Tappe, 1989), and modified versions of the Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire (M-SSCQ; Vealey, Hayashi, Garner-Holman, & Giacobbi, 1998) and the State Sport Confidence Inventory (M-SSCI; Vealey, 1986) within the first two days of their rehabilitation program. The SSQ, M-SSCQ, and M-SSCI were completed during the midpoint of the rehabilitation and the day before returning to practice/competition. Results indicated that the tendency to emphasize task-involved goals in sport significantly predicted the selection of mastery and more self-referenced sources of confidence in rehabilitation. Athletes who perceived more social support specific to injury rehabilitation at the beginning of the rehabilitation program were more likely to rely on performance sources to build confidence.