Sporadic Formation Research Articles

The Chinese Diaspora of the Russian Far East: History, Modernity, and Prospects

This article presents the results of the process of sporadic formation of the Chinese diaspora in the Russian Far East, revealing the most controversial elements of this process. They are the difficulty of defining the meaning of the concept of “Chinese diaspora” and the date of the origin of the diaspora in the Russian Far East; also, the discussion about the size of the Chinese population in the Far East at the boundaries of the eighteenth and nineteenth and twentieth-twenty- first centuries. The author conducts a cluster analysis of the regions of the Russian Far East regarding the functioning of the Chinese diaspora there using data on the area of the Russian Far East regions, population, GRP per capita, and the number of murders per 100,000 people. Each of these indicators characterises the key areas of development of the regions of the Russian Far East. Based on the results of cluster tree construction, the identification of three groups of subregions of the Far East and map zoning of the region, it is revealed that the geographical proximity of these sub-regions to the Chinese territory has a much stronger influence on the formation of the Chinese diaspora than the economic factor. Yakutia, which accounts for 42 percent of the Chinese diaspora in the Far East, can be singled out separately.

Deep Eye Clouds in Tropical Cyclone Trami (2018) during T-PARCII Dropsonde Observations

Abstract The sporadic formation of short-lived convective clouds in the eye of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Trami (2018) is investigated using dropsonde data and simulation results from a coupled atmosphere–ocean model. According to the satellite data, top height of the convective clouds exceeds 9 km above mean sea level, considerably taller than that of typical hub clouds (2–3 km). These clouds are located 10–30 km away from the TC center. Hence, these convective clouds are called deep eye clouds (DECs) in this study. The dropsonde data reveal an increase in relative humidity in the eye region during the formation of DECs. Short-lived convective clouds are simulated up to the middle troposphere in the eye region in the coupled model. Investigation of thermodynamic conditions shows a weakened low-level warm core and associated favorable conditions for convection in the eye region during the formation of DECs. DECs are formed after the weakening and outward displacement of convective heating within the eyewall. To elucidate the influence of the changes in convective heating within the eyewall on the formation of DECs, we calculate secondary circulation and associated adiabatic warming induced by convective heating within the eyewall using the Sawyer–Eliassen equation. In the eye region, weakening of subsidence and associated vertical potential temperature advection is observed as DECs are formed. This suggests that the weakening and outward displacement of convective heating within the eyewall create favorable conditions for the sporadic formation of DECs.

포스트하위문화 관점의 한국 타투문화

This study investigated the phenomenon of modern people enjoying tattoo culture in Korea from the perspective of post subculture. A qualitative study was conducted using both literature review and in-depth interview methods. For post-subculture perspectives, the theories of Maffesoli (2017) and Thornton (1996), which are suitable for interpreting contemporary tattoo culture, were reviewed in terms of seven concepts: sporadic network, grouping, fluid participation, temporary emotional bond, self-distinction, pursuit of underground culture, and display and concealment. Semi-structured questionnaires were constructed and administered based on the organized characteristics. Five cultural qualities of the tattoo phenomenon in Korea were derived based on post-subculture concepts. Sporadic formation is related to the pattern of inflow into tattoo culture, and “streaming” participation is based on fluid participation and temporary ties. Distinction within subculture is based on self-distinction and pursuit of underground. The costume-playing ordinary concept includes the characteristic of controlling the exposure of tattoos in society. Finally, formation of the consumer tattoo market was newly discovered in Korean tattoo culture.

Enhanced voiding in Cu-Sn micro joints

The sporadic formation of Kirkendall voids in 300–500 μm thick solder joints on electroplated Cu pads has been shown to be related to the quality of the Cu and systematic studies eventually led to approaches for testing and preventing it. However, recent results suggested that the propensity for voiding is much higher in micro-joints with thicknesses below 25–30 μm. The present work confirms the higher voiding tendency at scales typical of 2.5/3D assemblies and reveals important differences in systematic trends between micro- and larger joints. The voiding still increases as the intermetallic layers grow over time after the reflow but, unlike for larger joints, the voiding level corresponding to a given Cu3Sn thickness is very sensitive to both the peak reflow temperature and the subsequent thermal history. Another important difference is that the voiding is strongly enhanced by multiple reflows making it a particular concern in 3D assembly.

Factors Controlling the Defect Formation in Cu-Sn Micro Joints in 2.5D and 3D Interconnects

The Cu-Sn reaction upon soldering has been thoroughly studied and the sporadic formation of Kirkendall voids within the intermetallic bonds between ball grid array (BGA) or surface mount technology (SMT) solder joints and Cu pads has been demonstrated as well-known concern. However, in the realm of ever developing device miniaturization, there is very limited information on the impact of space confinement on the dynamics of the Cu/solder joint interface. It is known that no voiding has been found in solder joints with high-purity Cu but this phenomenon presents itself, albeit to a different extent, when the joint is realized with electroplated Cu. Also, it is believed, that the voiding propensity in the Cu3Sn intermetallic compounds (IMC) is more likely to be higher in micro joints than in BGA/CSP scale (macro) joints for a given quality of electroplated Cu. Along with that it has been shown that the IMCs on Cu surfaces seem to grow much faster when the solder becomes very thin, and this is accompanied with a greatly enhanced risk of Kirkendall void nucleation.The emphasis of this work is on understanding the voiding behavior within the intermetallic bonds of Cu-Sn micro joints (5 – 30 µm) with the eventual goal of learning how it can be controlled or prevented. Our systematic studies have corroborated the association of voiding with the incorporation of small concentrations of impurities resulting from organic additives degradation during the Cu electroplating as already illustrated for macro joints. Our results also show lack of any voiding not only in macro- but also in micro joints when the interconnection is realized with high purity Cu, likely because no organic impurities are present in sufficient amount to prompt defect nucleation and growth. Our research further demonstrates that the IMC growth rate varies with factors and parameters such as solder volume to pad area ratio, solder composition, pad finish, initial assembly process parameters, subsequent heat treatments, and specifics of the further thermomechanical history, thus impacting differently the overall voiding level. Following this lead, the analysis of micro joints subjected to different synthetic and processing treatments clearly demonstrates the propensity for voiding to be substantially higher, for a given quality of electroplated Cu, in very small solder joints (5 – 30 µm), such as those found in 3D assemblies, unlike in macro joint counterparts. The risk and severity of voiding in these thinner joints is confirmed to depend on the type and amount of incorporated organic impurities in the electroplated Cu. Therefore, in the present report we show how the bath additive chemistry and various Cu electroplating parameters play a systematic role in the type and quantity of impurity incorporation, and thus the propensity for voiding. Approaches to control the electroplating Cu quality in a way that leads eventually to void-free micro joints are also discussed.

Investigating the Disordered and Membrane-Active Peptide A-Cage-C Using Conformational Ensembles.

The driving forces and conformational pathways leading to amphitropic protein-membrane binding and in some cases also to protein misfolding and aggregation is the subject of intensive research. In this study, a chimeric polypeptide, A-Cage-C, derived from α-Lactalbumin is investigated with the aim of elucidating conformational changes promoting interaction with bilayers. From previous studies, it is known that A-Cage-C causes membrane leakages associated with the sporadic formation of amorphous aggregates on solid-supported bilayers. Here we express and purify double-labelled A-Cage-C and prepare partially deuterated bicelles as a membrane mimicking system. We investigate A-Cage-C in the presence and absence of these bicelles at non-binding (pH 7.0) and binding (pH 4.5) conditions. Using in silico analyses, NMR, conformational clustering, and Molecular Dynamics, we provide tentative insights into the conformations of bound and unbound A-Cage-C. The conformation of each state is dynamic and samples a large amount of overlapping conformational space. We identify one of the clusters as likely representing the binding conformation and conclude tentatively that the unfolding around the central W23 segment and its reorientation may be necessary for full intercalation at binding conditions (pH 4.5). We also see evidence for an overall elongation of A-Cage-C in the presence of model bilayers.

Lower Ionosphere of the Arctic in June 2015 during a Strong Magnetic Storm and Solar X-Ray Flares According to Eclipsing Radiosonde Data on GPS–Formosat Intersatellite Paths

The results of are presented of determining the height profiles of electron concentration $$N(h)$$ during the daytime solstice of June 19–30, 2015. Dependences of $$N(h)$$ recorded in a calm state and the presence of sporadic structures of varying intensity are given. The histograms of the distribution of the variable plasma concentration for four values of the height of the lower ionosphere were determined. It is shown that, at an altitude of 100 km, an increase in the electron concentration by a factor of 4–5 occurs under the action of an X-ray flare from the Sun. Manifestations of different types of sporadic formations in changes in the amplitude of radio signals are considered and three types of amplitude variations characteristic of sporadic structures are identified.

A look at the global educational crisis through the lens of experience of the history of science. Part II. The structure of general education content

Introduction.The first part of this work is devoted to the examination of the scientific knowledge structure as a three-level scheme of its division (the field of phenomena of nature, laws of nature and the field of symmetry principles), wherein each next level provides the previous one with its structure. According to V. S. Lednev’s approach, scientific knowledge is a determinant of the general education content. Therefore, the general education content structure requires to be revised as well. Aim. The aim of the current study is the determination of a needed alteration of the general education structure corresponding to integrative trends, which have been registered in the process of formation of the scientific knowledge new structure.Methodology and research methods.The methodology of the study is based on the ideology of F. Klein (the Erlangen programme) and the ideas of E. Wigner about the levels of division of the scientific knowledge field (the totality of these ideas allows using them as a tool for description of the scientific knowledge structure and, consequently, of the structure of the education content, the determinant whereof it is); on the personal-activity approach developed by V. S. Lednev for the analysis of the structure of the education content, and on the approaches to description of the behaviour of complex systems on the base of regular laws established by synergetics.Results and scientific novelty.A new element, specifically “Structure of scientific knowledge (symmetry)” through line, is proposed for introducing into the general education content structure. Its function is the global integration of subject-based through lines of the general education. On this basis, it is possible to optimise the content of education that balances the process of differentiation within scientific knowledge. It allows solving one of the topical issues of the global educational crisis related to the constant growth of the scientific knowledge volume and fragmentation thereof. The present paper takes into consideration that certain features of sporadic formation of such a new element of the education content structure take place. Among them, one can mention the attempts to launch “Concepts of the Modern Natural Science” and “Scientific World View” courses, discussion of possibilities to use synergetics in pedagogy and active discussion of use of the ideas of symmetry within various disciplines – from humanitarian to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). The perspectives of further development of formulated ideas about the scientific knowledge structure and the general education content structure in light of trends in STEM are also discussed.Practical significance.The ideas about “Structure of scientific knowledge (symmetry)” through line will be utilised for task-oriented revision and re-distributing of the content of subject-based through lines of the general education with the aim of its optimisation, taking into account the highest level of the scientific knowledge integration, which was formed in the course of the evolution thereof.

The Microstructure Evolution of Fe-28Al-15Si-0.2Zr Alloy during Different Heat-Treatment

The structures of Fe-28Al-15Si-0.2Zr iron aluminide in the as cast state and in three states after heat-treatments (at 800 °C for 100 hours, at 1000 °C for 24 hours and at 1200 °C for 2 hours) were investigated for verification of secondary phases stability. The type and distribution of precipitates were described by means of light optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive analysis. The presence of complex carbides based on Fe-Si-Zr was shown. The bulk hardness and image analysis of samples was measured for verification of dissolution of secondary phase particles to the matrix. Short-term annealing did not influence distribution and dissolution of secondary particles significantly, while long-term annealing (at 800 °C for 100 hours) leads to the sporadic formation of fine eutectic areas.

Cross sectional complex structure analysis is a key issue of thin film research: A case study on the preferential orientation crossover in TiN thin films

Published results of the multitudinous experiments studying the relationships between the properties and process parameters of sputter deposited TiN films indicate a very complex problem. The complexity manifests itself preferentially in the sporadic formation of the <100> and <111> preferred orientation (PO) and in the sequential formation (crossover) of the <100> and <111> PO in thicker films, even when the deposition parameters are maintained constant during the deposition. The first problem has been clarified by dedicated experiments as well as theoretical works. These revealed that the selection between the development of the <100> and <111> PO is related to the condition of the impinging species, i.e. whether they are neutral or ionized, molecular or atomic Ti and N species, to the degree of ionization, to the ratio of the impinging rates of these species and to their energy as well. Understanding the cross-over formation between the <100> and <111> PO remained, however, an open question so far. As the driving force for this process, the operation of the proposed overall energy minimisation effect, the interplay of the surface and interface and the inner stress energy during thickness growth of the film has been queried.In the present work authors point out that the complex structural and micro-chemical analysis of the cross-sectional specimens of TiN thin films with PO crossover could provide the fundamental information required to discover the possible phenomena governing the evolution of this particular structure and to reconstruct its pathway. That is demonstrated for the situation when the origin of the <100> to <111> PO crossover could be related to the contamination effect, caused by gas desorption at starting the deposition. In the discussed experiment the TiN film is doped by oxygen and the oxygen concentration changing from 18 to 11 at.% during the deposition.

Results of Studying the Daytime Polar Ionosphere by the Radio Occultation Method on Satellite-To-Satellite Paths

We analyze specific features of the radio occultation method and the possibility of using it to study the altitude profiles of electron density and the characteristics of sporadic formations in the daytime polar ionosphere of the Arctic at latitudes above 67° in the period from June 19 to July 1, 2015. Electron density at altitudes of 90 to 650 km is determined by ionospheric occultation sounding on GPS–FormoSat satellite-to-satellite paths, and its dependence on solar illumination at an altitude of 100 km is demonstrated. Data on sporadic Es formations at altitudes of 80 to 120 km are presented. Two types of Es structures attributed to the wind shear and precipitation of energetic particles from the magnetosphere are discussed.

Gene Therapy with BMN 270 Results in Therapeutic Levels of FVIII in Mice and Primates and Normalization of Bleeding in Hemophilic Mice.

Hemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the factor VIII (FVIII) coagulation protein. Bleeding episodes in patients are reduced by prophylactic therapy or treated acutely using recombinant or plasma-derived FVIII. We have made an adeno-associated virus 5 vector containing a B domain-deleted (BDD) FVIII gene (BMN 270) with a liver-specific promoter. BMN 270 injected into hemophilic mice resulted in a dose-dependent expression of BDD FVIII protein and a corresponding correction of bleeding time and blood loss. At the highest dose tested, complete correction was achieved. Similar corrections in bleeding were observed at approximately the same plasma levels of FVIII protein produced either endogenously by BMN 270 or following exogenous administration of recombinant BDD FVIII. No evidence of liver dysfunction or hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress was observed. Comparable doses in primates produced similar levels of circulating FVIII. These preclinical data support evaluation of BMN 270 in hemophilia A patients.

Thermodynamic limitations for alkali metals in Cu(In,Ga)Se2

Abstract

Abstract 2540: Disruption of a TGF-β-CTCF regulated pathway leads to cancer stem cells

Abstract Background: Sporadic cancer formation from stem cells, and molecular switches leading to this remain poorly understood. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a human stem cell disorder with an 800-fold increased risk of developing tumors. Imprinting of the IGF2/H19 and the CDKN1C/KCNQ1 loci on chromosome 11p15.5 is mediated by the chromatin insulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF). This regulation is lost in BWS, leading to aberrant overexpression of the growth promoting genes. Epigenetic silencing of β2-spectrin (β2SP, gene SPTBN1), a SMAD adaptor for Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling, is causally associated with BWS. With this new model for BWS, the mechanisms though which disruption of TGF-β signaling leads to tumorigenesis could be elucidated further. We further sought to determine the roles of the TGF-β-mediated β2SP/SMAD3/CTCF complex in stem cell biological function. Experimental procedures: 1. Tumorigenesis analysis in Sptbn1+/− /Smad3+/− mice. 2. Whole-transcriptome sequencing were performed in the BWS cells and Sptbn1+/−; Sptbn1−/−; Smad3+/−; and Sptbn1+/−/Smad3+/− MEFs. 3. Tumor-initiating-cell (TIC) tumorigenesis, sphere formation assays were performed for stem cell like characteristics. Results: 1. We observed that double heterozygous Sptbn1+/−/Smad3+/− mice with defective TGF-β signaling develop multiple tumors phenotypically similar to those of BWS. 2. CTCF is TGF-β-inducible and facilitates TGF-β-mediated repression of hTERT transcription via β2SP/SMAD3/CTCF interactions. This regulation is abrogated in the TGF-β defective mice and BWS, causing hTERT overexpression. 3. Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing of MEFs isolated from these three TGF-β-deficient strains displayed increased levels of stem cell-associated genes, including PDPN, EPAS1, CXCL1 and ALDH2. 4. CTCF, β2SP, and SMAD3, and modulate stem cell like characteristics such as CD133+/CD49+ TIC tumorigenesis, sphere formation and nanog expression. 5. Further, knock-down of β2SP, Smad3, or CTCF in HepG2 cells resulted in an increase of sphere formation, further supporting a role of these elements in regulating stemness. Conclusions: Loss of CTCF-dependent imprinting of tumor promoter genes such as IGF2 and TERT is caused by a defective TGF-β pathway, giving new insight into BWS-associated tumorigenesis and sporadic human cancers that are associated with mutations in SPTBN1 and SMAD3. Dysfunction of the β2SP/SMAD3/CTCF complex increases stem-like properties and enhances TICs. Our analysis provides important insight into the switches involved in sporadic cancer formation, particularly those associated with this human stem cell disorder. Citation Format: Jian Chen, Zhixing Yao, Jiun-Sheng Chen, Young Jin Gi, Yun Seong Jeong, Wilma Jogunoori, Mitchell Belkin, Bibhuti Mishra, Jon White, Abhisek Mitra, Shulin Li, Milton Finegold, Marta Davila, Jerry Shay, Keigo Machida, Hidekazu Tsukamoto, Lopa Mishra. Disruption of a TGF-β-CTCF regulated pathway leads to cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2540.

Investigating the Morphological Variations Due to Processing and Thermomechanical Treatment of Poly(propylene) Using Raman Microscopy

Differences in the Raman spectrum of the α‐ and β‐polymorph of poly(propylene) (PP) have been identified in the form of band shifts distinct for the specific polymorph. A new method has been developed, which can ascertain the presence of the α‐polymorph. These band shifts have been used to profile both the polymorphs and variations in the crystallinity across the whole spherulite have been ascertained by carrying out a spatially resolved profiling of the degree of crystallinity. The crystalline domains in PP have been qualitatively assessed using the band shifts in the Raman spectra. This approach has then been applied to study local variations in the morphology of welds between PP plates, wherein the complex interplay between the heating and cooling patterns as well as the mechanical forces due to shearing gives rise to the development of a different morphological structure in the weld. Using Raman microscopy, a reduction in the crystallinity (≈18%) in the region of the weld seams and sporadic formation of β‐spherulites in the weld core is observed. The methodology developed has been applied to investigate a weld between PP‐H and PP‐R (PP with random ethylene copolymer), to ascertain the variations occurring upon welding in such materials. image

Autophagy protects against de novo formation of the [PSI+] prion in yeast

Prions are self-propagating, infectious proteins that underlie several neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular basis underlying their sporadic formation is poorly understood. We show that autophagy protects against de novo formation of [PSI(+)], which is the prion form of the yeast Sup35 translation termination factor. Autophagy is a cellular degradation system, and preventing autophagy by mutating its core components elevates the frequency of spontaneous [PSI(+)] formation. Conversely, increasing autophagic flux by treating cells with the polyamine spermidine suppresses prion formation in mutants that normally show a high frequency of de novo prion formation. Autophagy also protects against the de novo formation of another prion, namely the Rnq1/[PIN(+)] prion, which is not related in sequence to the Sup35/[PSI(+)] prion. We show that growth under anaerobic conditions in the absence of molecular oxygen abrogates Sup35 protein damage and suppresses the high frequency of [PSI(+)] formation in an autophagy mutant. Autophagy therefore normally functions to remove oxidatively damaged Sup35, which accumulates in cells grown under aerobic conditions, but in the absence of autophagy, damaged/misfolded Sup35 undergoes structural transitions favoring its conversion to the propagatable [PSI(+)] form.

Polycrystalline silicon gate originated CMOS device failure investigated by Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy

Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM) is applied to investigate single failing CMOS transistors within an integrated circuit. The failing devices are affected by increased gate depletion, and therefore, lower on-current (ION) compared to reference devices. Two different scenarios exhibiting enhanced gate depletion as root cause for single device failure are analyzed. In the first analysis case, a locally decreased dopant concentration in the poly-Si gate conductor results from an intentional micro-masking at the dopant implantation process of the gate poly-Si. In the second analysis case, the test of a different dopant activation anneal for the implanted gate poly-Si caused the sporadic formation of extremely large poly-Si grains. The specific grains appear to be much less doped, and hence lead to degraded device performance. For both analyses a site specific sample cross section preparation of the failing transistors was mandatory. As the analyzed defects are localized to a small area and surrounded by reference material the calibration of the measurement data was not necessary. The high spatial resolution and the high dynamic range in combination with the possibility to analyze not only test structures but virtually all devices of an integrated chip, make SSRM a very powerful tool for failure analysis of integrated devices.

Parametric dependencies of spontaneous hot flow anomalies

AbstractParametric dependencies of spontaneous hot flow anomalies at the quasi‐parallel bow shock are investigated using global hybrid (kinetic ions and fluid electron) simulations with a variety of solar wind Mach numbers and directions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Simulations with solar wind Alfvénic Mach number of 3 and small IMF cone angles (with the flow velocity) show sporadic formation of spontaneous hot flow anomalies (SHFAs). Increasing the Mach number shows the formation of copious number of SHFAs whose properties are examined in this study. It is shown that the duration of SHFAs does not show much variation with Mach number indicating that their size generally increases with Mach number. Additionally, the level of solar wind deceleration associated with SHFAs increases with Mach number as does the core ion temperature. It is also found that the edges of SHFAs are associated with jumps in magnetic field that increase with shock Mach number. The results also show that the rate of SHFA formation increases with increasing Mach number. Simulations with IMF cone angle of 90° show that SHFAs form at the quasi‐parallel bow shock provided the shock Alfvén Mach number is ~&gt;3. This shows that SHFAs may form at all cone angles.

Just like the rest of evolution in Mother Nature, the evolution of cancers may be driven by natural selection, and not by haphazard mutations.

Sporadic carcinogenesis starts from immortalization of a differentiated somatic cell or an organ-specific stem cell. The immortalized cell incepts a new or quasinew organism that lives like a parasite in the patient and usually proceeds to progressive simplification, constantly engendering intermediate organisms that are simpler than normal cells. Like organismal evolution in Mother Nature, this cellular simplification is a process of Darwinian selection of those mutations with growth- or survival-advantages, from numerous ones that occur randomly and stochastically. Therefore, functional gain of growth- or survival-sustaining oncogenes and functional loss of differentiation-sustaining tumor suppressor genes, which are hallmarks of cancer cells and contribute to phenotypes of greater malignancy, are not drivers of carcinogenesis but are results from natural selection of advantageous mutations. Besides this mutation-load dependent survival mechanism that is evolutionarily low and of an asexual nature, cancer cells may also use cell fusion for survival, which is an evolutionarily-higher mechanism and is of a sexual nature. Assigning oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes or their mutants as drivers to induce cancer in animals may somewhat coerce them to create man-made oncogenic pathways that may not really be a course of sporadic cancer formations in the human.

Multiple Associations of Chromosomes Due to Structural Heterozygosity in the Wild Plants of &lt;i&gt;Achillea millefolium &lt;/i&gt;L. from Northwest Himalayas (India)

Presently, A. millefolium, a morphogenetically variable species, has been scored from phytogeographically isolated and unexplored areas of the northwest Himalayas for chromosome counts and male meiotic course. All the studied accessions shared the same meiotic chromosome number of n = 9 and existed at diploid level. A majority of the accessions exhibited the normal meiotic course including microsporogenesis and almost cent per cent pollen fertility. However, three accessions scored from Sangla Valley (Chittkul, 3450 m) and Solang Valley (Dhundi, 3000 m and Palchan, 2480 m) showed the presence of multiple associations of chromosomes in PMCs (pollen mother cells). The quadrivalents formed as a consequence to reciprocal translocations are either chain or ring type (typical ring and zigzag). Meiocytes with multivalents depicted relatively higher chiasma frequency than those with normal bivalent formation. In 4.77% of PMCs, chromosomes remained as laggards during anaphase-I and organized into micronuclei during sporad formation. Consequently sterile/unstained pollen grains were observed. This is the first report of structural heterozygosity for reciprocal translocations in the species.