Spontaneous Repetition Research Articles

Neovascularization in Outer Membrane of Chronic Subdural Hematoma : A Rationale for Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization.

Chronic subdural hematomas (cSDHs) are generally known to result from traumatic tears of bridging veins. However, the causes of repeat spontaneous cSDHs are still unclear. We investigated the changes in vasculature in the human dura mater and outer membrane (OM) of cSDHs to elucidate the cause of their spontaneous repetition. The dura mater was obtained from a normal control participant and a patient with repeat spontaneous cSDHs. The pathological samples from the patient included the dura mater and OM tightly adhered to the inner dura. The samples were analyzed with a particular focus on blood and lymphatic vessels by immunohistochemistry, 3-dimensional imaging using a transparent tissue clearing technique, and electron microscopy. The dural border cell (DBC) layer of the dura mater and OM were histologically indistinguishable. There were 5.9 times more blood vessels per unit volume of tissue in the DBC layer and OM in the patient than in the normal control. The DBC layer and OM contained pathological sinusoidal capillaries not observed in the normal tissue; these capillaries were connected to the middle meningeal arteries via penetrating arteries. In addition, marked lymphangiogenesis in the periosteal and meningeal layers was observed in the patient with cSDHs. Neovascularization in the OM seemed to originate from the DBC layer; this is a potential cause of repeat spontaneous cSDHs. Embolization of the meningeal arteries to interrupt the blood supply to pathological capillaries via penetrating arteries may be an effective treatment option.

Aura kod temporalne epilepsije - korelacija sa postoperativnim ishodom

Introduction: Aura is a subjective feeling that represents warning of the incoming seizure and it is the very beginning of the epileptic seizure. Epilepsy is a chronical disease which manifests itself through spontaneous repetition of epileptic seizures. Aim: Determine the differences between characteristics of auras in patients with pharmacoresistant temporal epilepsy which were in remission after the surgically treatment and patients who had recurrent seizures after the procedure. Material and methods: Retrospective study includes patients with focal pharmacoresistance epilepsy treated in the Neurology Clinic, Epilepsy Department, Clinical Center of Serbia in the period between July 1, 2010 and June 30, 2019. After treatment by resective surgery the patients were postoperatively tracked for one year. The information that were collected were about the duration of epilepsy, the presence of febrile seizures, lateralization of the ictal and interictal EEG, and number and type of the auras that patients had. Chi-square and Fisher's test will be used in order to assess the difference in frequency between examined variables according to postsurgical outcome. Results will be considered as significant if p ≤ 0.05. Analysis done in IBM SPSS ver. 21. Results: Total number of the patients in this study is 132 - 57 male and 75 female. The most common type of the aura was mesial temporal aura and it was present in 77 (58.3%) patients, and after that by frequency comes nonspecific aura (12.1%). Up to 50% of the patients had only one aura, and 17 (12.9%) patients were without auras. A number of 110 patients had favorable outcome, and 22 patients had non-favorable outcome. There was no statistically significant difference found at frequency of examined variables according to postsurgical outcome (p > 0.05). The statistically significant difference in localization of the interictal EEG according to epileptic focus was discovered (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference in frequency of listed variables according to outcome.

The Role of Spontaneous Repetitions During Treatment of Morphosyntactic Forms for Children With Developmental Language Disorder.

Purpose Children with developmental language disorder sometimes spontaneously repeat clinician models of morphemes targeted for treatment. We examine how spontaneous repeating of clinician models in the form of recasts associates with improved child production of those emerging morphemes. Method Forty-seven preschool children with developmental language disorder participated in Enhanced Conversational Recast therapy and were monitored for spontaneous repetitions of morphemes modeled by the clinician through conversational recasting. We calculated proportion of correct and incorrect productions elicited during treatment and for generalization probes as well as treatment effect sizes. We then used odds ratios to determine the probability that a spontaneous repetition may precede treatment gains and calculated correlations of correct repetitions with correct in-treatment productions of targets and treatment effect sizes. Results Spontaneous repetitions were highly likely to happen just prior to meaningful treatment progress. Children with higher frequencies of correct spontaneous repetitions of morpheme targets also showed higher frequencies of correct productions of these forms during the course of treatment. Furthermore, children with an earlier onset of repetitions and higher frequencies of correct repetitions showed overall larger effect sizes at the end of treatment. Conclusions Children's use of correct forms in their repetitions may serve as a self-scaffold for mastering productions of the correct form via structural priming mechanisms. Tracking spontaneously repeated targets may be a useful milestone for identifying response to treatment.

Four Pillars of the Montessori Method and Their Support by Current Neuroscience

ABSTRACTMaria Montessori developed an educational program during the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays, the Montessori method (MM) is considered one of the main alternatives to teacher‐paced conventional preschool education. This review aims to open a dialogue between the MM and current understanding of neurodevelopment. Four conceptual pillars of the MM—the sensitive periods, the education of the senses, the prepared environment, and spontaneous activities through repetition—are discussed. According to the MM, the teacher provides children with an environment that, leaning on maturational time windows, should promote sensory development through spontaneous repetition. We describe brain changes in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children due to development and externally‐provided experience. Then, it is discussed whether these pillars are supported by neuroscience. Finally, the influences of Montessori are explained, and we suggest possible lines of research to underpin the neuroscientific grounds of the MM.

Clozapine-induced palilalia?.

Palilalia is an acquired speech disorder characterised by involuntary and spontaneous repetition of words or phrases two or more times in a row. It can occur in a variety of disorders including postencephalic parkinsonism, pseudobulbar palsy, schizophrenia, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and others. We describe a case of a 28-year-old man with refractory schizophrenia that developed palilalia with 300 mg of clozapine. In the patient evaluation we found unspecific alterations in the electroencephalogram, with normal blood tests and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Palilalia disappeared with lowering doses of clozapine. The appearance of palilalia induced by clozapine is a rare pharmacologic side-effect which physicians should be familiarised with when evaluating this symptom presentation.

The relationship between children’s spontaneous utterances during joint bookreading and their retellings

This study examined relationships between the spontaneous utterances of pre-kindergarteners (mean age = 5 years and 1 month) from low-income families during joint bookreading and their story retelling skills. Parent—child joint bookreading sessions (N = 62 dyads) and child story retelling sessions (N = 46) were videotaped. Results showed that children made more frequent spontaneous utterances related to interpretation of story than event-related and evaluative utterances. In addition, children who produced more frequent spontaneous utterances during joint bookreading tended to produce higher-quality story retelling. Children who produced more frequent spontaneous utterances about interpretation of the story and spontaneous repetition of maternal utterances tended to include more story events and to use more sophisticated language in their story retelling. These findings suggest that children’s propensity for spontaneous verbal participation during joint bookreading may have a direct relationship with their retelling skills.

P03-57 - A case clozapine induced palilalia

IntroductionPalilalia is an acquired speech disorder characterized by involuntary and spontaneous repetition of words or phrases two or more time in a row. Palilalia can occur in a variety of disorders including postencephalic parkinsonism, advanced Parkinson disease, as well as in schizophrenia, and in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. There is one report of palilalia induced by neuroleptics.AimsTo review the literature related to palilalia. Clinical case: We described a case of a 28 years-old man with refractory schizophrenia that demonstrated palilalia with 300 mg of clozapine.DiscussionIn the patient evaluation we just found unspecific alterations in the electroencephalogram. Palilalia disappeared with lowering doses of clozapine.ConclusionPalilalia can have several causes. The appearance of palilalia induced by clozapine is a rare side effect.

Interações entre díades mãe-criança que apresentam a linguagem expressiva típica e díades mãe-criança que apresentam a linguagem expressiva atrasada

O objetivo geral deste estudo foi o de investigar os aspectos interacionais de díades mães-crianças com atraso na linguagem expressiva e de mães-crianças com desenvolvimento típico da linguagem, sob a Perspectiva da Interação Social dos Estudiosos da Linguagem. Participaram deste estudo 12 díades mãe-criança, com idades das crianças de 24-36 meses, distribuídas igualmente nos dois grupos de crianças. As díades foram filmadas em situação de brinquedo livre e o registro e a análise dos dados foram realizados com o auxílio do sistema computacional CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System). Através do teste de comparação de duas proporções, verificou-se que existem variações na fala materna dirigida a estes dois grupos de crianças. A análise das categorias de contingência semântica maternas apontou que foram mais utilizados enunciados de continuidade com as crianças típicas. Observou-se que as crianças com desenvolvimento atrasado da linguagem receberam enunciados mais diretivos, e que as mães apresentaram mais requisições às crianças com o desenvolvimento típico da linguagem. Tais dados foram analisados considerando-se que as crianças de desenvolvimento típico da linguagem apresentaram mais fala espontânea e respostas verbais adequadas e que as crianças com atraso no desenvolvimento da linguagem apresentaram mais respostas não-verbais, repetição espontânea e ausência de respostas. Esses aspectos enfatizam a importância de se considerar tanto a influência do input lingüístico materno como as características da criança.Palavras-chave: interação mãe-criança; desenvolvimento típico da linguagem expressiva e desenvolvimento da linguagem expressiva atrasada.

Counting and cardinality in English nursery pupils.

This study examines the development of counting and cardinality in a structured sample of 60 English 3 1/2-4 1/2 year-olds attending local education authority nursery classes in socially mixed areas of Portsmouth. Children were given two types of task: counting sets of animals, and giving specified numbers of items from a pile. Three measures of cardinal understanding were used: spontaneous repetition of the last word on completion of a counting trial, repetition of the last word in reply to a question, and use of counting vs. grabbing when asked to give a specific number of items from a heap. In line with research on other populations the results indicate a pronounced developmental discrepancy between procedural and conceptual knowledge of counting, but cardinality appears to develop six months later in this population than in other populations studied. There were marked individual differences, however. Proficiency with object counting was found to be necessary, but not sufficient, for cardinal understanding. Children rarely repeated final count words spontaneously. Last word repetition in response to a verbal prompt depended on the nature of the prompt. Contrary to previous research, the present results indicate that last word repetition elicited by the prompt 'how many?' is not merely a conventional reply but generally implies an understanding of cardinality. The findings also indicate that an understanding of cardinality emerges relatively suddenly, consistent with the discovery or construction of a principle. Whether nursery pupils treat counting simply as a conventional routine without cardinal significance appears to depend on the situation as well as on their understanding of cardinality. The findings are discussed in relation to Karmiloff-Smith's Representational Redescription model.

Spontaneous verbal repetition: A performance-based strategy for language acquisition

This study is a descriptive investigation of spontaneous verbal repetition in the speech of normal and language disordered children. Four language disordered children between the ages of two years eight months and four years two months were studied at the following linguistic stages: II, III, Early IV, and Late IV (deVilliers and deVilliers, 1973). For comparison, four children developing language normally between the ages of 20 and 30 months and at equivalent language levels also served as subjects.The major findings of this study include the following: both the normal and language disordered subjects in the study demonstrated high proportions of spontaneous repetition in their speech. There was no evidence that the proportion of repetition observed was related to language stage for either group. However, there was a tendency for children in both the normal and disordered groups to add morphological complexity in repeated segments compared to spontaneous utterances. Similarly, repeated segments tended to...

SPONTANEOUS OSCILLATORY REPETITION OF GAIN AND LOSS OF Ca++-BINDING CAPABILITY OF THE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF THE FROG MUSCLE FIBRES

1) Spontaneous muscle contractions taking place under ion-free condition, typically observable in the muscles soaked first in Ca free Ringer and then in sucrose solution, were investigated by assuming that occurrence of the twitching (ST) might be due to a transition of the sarcoplasmic property from linear response type to non-linear one 'in accordance with the change of concentrations of internal free Ca++ as well as sarcoplasmic Ca++. The experimental results obtained were enough to satisfy this assumption. 2) The conditions to produce the spontaneous twitching (ST) were examined when the medium of the muscle was changed from each of various conditioning solutions to isotonic pure sucrose solution. The twitching was discussed with reference to ionic composition of the presoaking solutions. In the muscles showing this peculiar type of contraction (ST), 45Ca efflux or monovalent cation content was determined. 3) Na+ ions more than 37 mM and Ca++ ions less than 1 mM were required as the chemical composition of test solutions using prior to sucrose solution, in order to produce ST. External K+ concentration or membrane polarization was not directly connected to ST which was a particular form of contraction which happened not via usual excitation-contraction coupling process. Among divalent cations used instead of Ca++ ions, Ni++ could effectively prevent ST occurrence after Ca free Ringer, Mg++ and Sr++ were not so effective in preventing the ST, and Ba++, in spite of a divalent cation, showed clearly different effect. 4) Release of organelle-bound calcium by fluoride in the presoaking solution was favorable for ST occurrence. Internal labilization of Ca++, probably from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, was closely related to ST. 5) 45Ca ion release from the muscle was continuously increased in isotonic sucrose solution, but the behaviors of 45Ca ion kinetics across the membrane were without any regards to ST. From these, ST occurrence was independent of membrane phenomena. 6) Presoaking with the solution containing ATP stimulated ST occurrence probably through its chelating activity. Membrane Ca++ portion, removable by ATP, was connected to readily releaseable Ca++ portion within the cell. Considering from the results after K free Ringer, it was reasonable to suppose functional Ca++ compartments. 7) Transient increase in 45Ca efflux by ouabain, and continuous increase in it by iodoacetate or by thyroxine were supposed to connect simultaneously with labilization of stored calcium participating in ST. As far as a specific contraction of ST is concerned, conditions to permit ionization of internal calcium should be considered basing upon the functional Ca++ channel from membrane to cell inside. 8) In general, previous association of Ca++ to the membrane resulted afterward in no ST while dissociation of membrane Ca++, when not transient but continuous in duration, caused ST probably by mobilizing stored calcium. 9) ST was explained by oscillation concept. The oscillation expressing the sarcoplasmic activity to control internal Ca++ was spontaneous repetition of an ability to release Ca++ and to take up it. The repetition was in more detail occurred by transition of the interrelationship between sarcoplasmic effect on ionized Ca++ and sarcoplasmic calcium content from linear response type to non-linear one. The most probable determinative factor for this transition was an amount of constitutional calcium of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Muscle twitching in isotonic sucrose solution.

The possible cause of the twitching observable in the isolated sartorius muscle which had been immersed in isotonic sucrose solution was investigated. Macroscopic observation of the twitching, flame-photometric analysis for Na and K, and measurement of the membrane potential were performed with reference to the efflux experiments of isotopic Na and Ca.1. Presoaking solutions which resulted in the spontaneous contraction in the second immersion in isotonic sucrose were Ca free Ringer, acetate Ringer or 200mM Na Ringer, while those which did not initiate the contraction were normal Ringer, K free Ringer, glutamate Ringer or ouabain Ringer. The former group changed to the latter group in accordance with the change in chemical composition of the solution or with an addition of certain drug, and vice versa.2. Membrane depolarization or the absolute values of internal K and Na had no immediate relation to the sucrose twitch. The mobilization of internal Ca is supposed to be a principal factor of the twitch, and the internal Ca concentration available for the twitch has the optimum Ca concentration which makes the actomyosin labile and causes the irregular spontaneous repetition of the contraction. The possible cause for the sucrose twitch is the combination of the presence of the optimum Ca concentration and the breakdown of mutual normal ratio among internal Na, K, and Ca.3. The sucrose twitch is one special type of the muscle contraction which is produced under the condition without any extracellular electrolytes. The spontaneous, but transient, repetitive shortening of the actomyosin is able to be brought about by making the contractile elements labile with the breakdown of mutual normal equilibration among intracellular Na K, and Ca concentrations.

Coercion and spontaneous repetition in rats

Summary When rats are coerced into making a choice by being pushed from behind they tend to repeat their preceding choice, instead of alternating. From this and other cases where spontaneous repetition has been found to occur it is argued that whether a rat repeats or alternates is determined by its level of emotionality.