Spontaneous Interchange Research Articles

A Generalized Review Of Human-Computer Interaction Using Electromyogram Signals

Abstract: The primary use of human computer interaction is in smart home as well as in industry 4.0. Communication between computer and human can be benefitted by a spontaneous interchange of emotions. The objective of the work is to provide an idea regarding the process of identifying various emotions using facial electromyography signals through electrode placement method. Here one contemplated the facial electromyography on masticatory function assessment and emotional articulation monitoring. Furthermore, we have also presented the measurement of facial electromyography including selection of electrode, location of electrode and reduction of noise. Facial emotions have significant effect on cognitive process of the human brain such as doubt perception, ability to solve problems, learning capabilities, emotional interactions and memory which is beneficial while interacting with patients suffering from depression and stress. The patients are guided through their rehabilitation process by rehabilitation application while accustoming itself to patient’s emotional state or wellbeing, which results in high motivation as well as in a quicker. This review paper will motivate and inspire researchers and engineers for finding more suitable system for various applications.

Vers une convergence des droits allemands et français des sociétés ?

A convergence between the French and the German Corporate Law, still very different in various details, realizes itself on the one hand indirectly by the implementation of European Community Law and on the other hand by the spontaneous interchange of ideas. When the harmonization through EC legislation seems at first glance a reality, it allows, however, in its details a wide scope for discretion in favour of the different national Laws. The outcome concerning the spontaneous convergence by a direct exchange of basic ideas and judicial concepts between the two countries is as well ambiguous. Whereas a decrease of comparative studies and an orientation concentrating more and more on Anglo-Saxon systems is to observe, a convergence turns out regarding general tendencies and principles, which both encourage legislators while answering to certain common problems.

Working behaviour of competent general practitioners: Personal styles and deliberate strategies

Objective. To study how competent GPs perform their work within the consultation and in relation to the team and practice organization. Design. Ethnographic study with thick description. A participant observation of the GP was followed by a personal interview. A substantial description was elaborated that was analysed qualitatively. Setting. Primary care surgeries in Sweden. Subjects. A number of competent GPs. Results. Two main categories emerged, deliberated strategy and personal style. These categories set up the individual pattern of working behaviour for each GP. A behaviour that is a deliberate strategy for one GP for the other belongs to his or her personal style. Common denominators in the overall working behaviour were attention to the patient as a person, practising patient-centred medicine, saving the consultations from disturbances, rejecting taking over responsibilities from the patients, and safeguarding own autonomy. Conclusion. The transition of deliberate, favourable strategies into one's personal style is an important aspect of professional development. A well-developed personal style is necessary to obtain the spontaneous interchange between attentive listening and detachment characteristic of patient-centeredness.

B-A interchanges are an unlikely pathway for B chromosome integration into the standard genome.

One of the conceivable evolutionary pathways of a parasitic B chromosome is its integration into the host genome through translocation to an A chromosome. To investigate this possibility, we analyze here the nature, meiotic behavior and genetic effects of a spontaneous interchange between a medium-sized autosome and a B chromosome, found in one male caught in a Moroccan population of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans and the offspring of controlled crosses with six different females. Most metaphase I cells analyzed (115 out of 118) showed a trivalent with chiasmata in both the interstitial and pairing segments, which predicted about half of genetically unbalanced spermatozoa. The analysis of 234 embryos sired by this male on six females showed the lethality of some meiotic products paralleled to a decrease in egg fertility (0.541 +/- 0.051, compared to the 0.879 +/- 0.017 shown by females mated to standard males). These results suggest that the cost of the B-A interchange on host fitness, in terms of gametic inviability, highly diminishes the possibility of frequency increase for the interchange to reach a polymorphic status, which is the first and indispensable step to reach fixation and thus integration of the B chromosome DNA into the host genome.

Chromosomal identification and meiotic behavior of reciprocal translocations in a rye polymorphic population. Evolutionary implications

The spontaneous interchange polymorphism of rye cultivar "Ailés" is composed, as can be deduced from the chromosomal identification of the interchanges analyzed, of several different reciprocal translocations in which the chromosomes of its haploid complement are involved with a similar frequency, except for chromosomes 4R and 6R. Several features of chromosome behavior at metaphase I, such as configuration and orientation of quadrivalents and frequency of chiasmata, were analyzed in structural heterozygotes for different interchanges. The two main factors affecting the orientation of quadrivalents at metaphase I proved to be the morphology of these chromosome associations at metaphase I and, in particular, the frequency of bound chromosome arms that they showed. A genotypic control of alternate orientation of quadrivalents independent of chiasmata frequency was not detected. In addition, the frequency of alternate orientation shows no relation to the fitness. Possible evolutionary implications of the results obtained are discussed.

A semiselective test for the detection of first- and second-division nondisjunction in Drosophila melanogaster.

Little is known about the relative frequency of induction of nondisjunction in the first and second divisions of meiosis. The killer of prune system is a semiselective Drosophila aneuploidy assay designed to detect chromosome gain resulting from first- or second-division nondisjunction in males. The system can also detect X-Y interchange. Extensive data from nonmutagenized controls indicate that all the expected phenotypes can be recovered. Spontaneous nondisjunction in the first division is three times more frequent than in the second division. Spontaneous interchange between the X chromosome and YS is six times more frequent than between the X chromosome and YL. Exposures of larval males to X-rays, 35 degrees C heat shock, and colchicine were performed. X-ray exposure induced an increase in X-Y interchange events only. A 24-hr heat shock induced an increase in first-division nondisjunction and one type of interchange event. Colchicine failed to induce both nondisjunction and interchange, although it did decrease fertility. The Killer of prune test is of potential value because it allows for the assessment of the relative sensitivities of the two meiotic divisions to perturbations in chromosome number.

Further studies of spontaneous meiotic interchanges in Drosphila females Evidence for asynapsis of homologues in the interchange region

Spontaneous formation of half-translocations (HTs) of X · 2L and Y · 2L types in y ec ct v f/ XY; C(2L); C(2R) females were studied. The HTs were the result of interchange between the XY and C(2L) autosomal compound in their precentromeric heterochromatic regions. The HTs produced in previous experiments with y/ XY; C(2L); C(2R) females were also analysed. The great majority of spontaneous interchanges were of meiotic origin. Of 13 HT offspring yielded by y ec ct v f/ XY; C(2L); C(2R) females, 10 were X-cross-overs. 8 HT individuals among the offspring of y/ XY; C(2L); C(2R) females were X-crossovers. Based on the segregation pattern of chromosomes following interchange, it is concluded that interchange takes place during meiotic prophase. Interchange and crossing over are concomitant events giving rise to the X- XY-C(2L) trivalent. In this trivalent, the euchromatic region of XY compound pairs with the X euchromatic region, and the XY heterochromatic region with the C(2L). The heterochromatic regions of the X and XY in the trivalent are asynaptic. Two lines of evidence for this partial asynapsis were obtained: (1) the high rate of XY - X non-disjunction (34.1% in HT offspring of y/ XY; C(2L); C(2R) females); (2) the regular segregation of the X chromosome with C(2R). The crossing over in the X-euchromatic region, which was associated with XY - C(2 L) interchange, was disturbed (a high proportion of multiple exchanges). Crossing-over disturbance and the high level of non-disjunction in the HT offspring were not caused by the presence of the XY and autosomal compounds in the stock investigated. It is concluded that the spontaneous asynapsis of the X and XY- heterochromatic regions initiates XY - C(2 L) pairing and interchange, thereby giving rise to abnormal X- XY crossing over and disjunction. Partial asynapsis of homologues as the sufficient cause for non-disjunction and non-homologue pairing is discussed.

A Spontaneous Interchange Heterozygote inCapsicum ChinenseJacq.

SUMMARYThe behaviour of a spontaneous interchange heterozygote in Capsicum chinense has been analysed. It showed 44.4% pollen sterility and PMCs with 10II + 1 ring or chain of four chromosomes or 10II + 1III + 1I or 11II + 2I in addition to cells with 12II. The somatic chromosome set of 2n = 24 has one homomorphic and a second heteromorphic pairs of satellited chromosomes. It is inferred that the smaller member in the heteromorphic pair is the normal chromosome and that during the interchange its homologue has shifted a very short satellited segment to a centric segment of a nonhomologous chromosome, bearing no satellite, to form the longer chromosome in the heteromorphic pair.

Mutation-selection equilibrium as a possible cause of an interchange chromosome polymorphism in a cultivar of rye, Secale cereale L.

A persistent chromosomal polymorphism exists in a population of cultivated rye, Secale cereale (Candela et al. 1979). In order to ascertain the possible causes that maintain it, we have estimated the fitness values of structurally homozygous and heterozygous plants and the mutation rate of spontaneous interchange. The estimates of the selection coefficient against heterozygotes (s=0.15-0.40) and of the mutation rate u=6.12×10(-2) support a mutation-selection equilibrium as a likely cause of the interchange chromosome polymorphism.

A spontaneous translocation heterozygote involving centromere regions in Gomphocerus sibiricus (L.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

A spontaneous interchange with breaks in the centromeric regions of the L2 and L3 submetacentric chromosome pairs is described, using the C-banding technique, in a male of the mountain grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus (2n=17♂). In 100% of the examined cells from standard follicles of the mutant, the interchange was present as a ring of four and concordant separations during anaphase-I were always observed. The orientation of these rings is predominantly either adjacent I or II and a very much lower frequency was detected for the alternate type. Fertility is therefore expected to be low. — A single follicle was found where the centromeric region of the 32 chromosome had split, resulting in two telocentric chromosomes. At meiosis chains with five centromeric regions resulted. The nature of the original interchange has been interpreted on the basis of this new aberration. — A large variation in the number of nucleoli is regularly present in spermatocytes at the same stage and differences between the two karyotypes (mutant and standard) could not be demonstrated using Ag-staining. This technique has also been used to study the morphology, with respect to number and localization of the adjunct centrioles, of the spermatids in the mutant.

Dynamic stereochemistry of cis-[PtH(SiR3)(PPh3)2]. Spontaneous ligand interchange with retentilon of nuclear spin–spin correlation

Above 0 °C in various solvents the complexes cis-[PtH(SiR3)(PPh3)2] with R = C6H5, p-ClC6H4, or p-MeC6H4 undergo spontaneous interchange of the PPh3 ligand position by a mechanism which retains P ⋯(Pt)⋯ H spin correlation and is thus intramolecular and non-dissociative within the limits of the n.m.r. experiment.

Non-homologue pairing and spontaneous meiotic interchanges in Drosophila melanogaster females

Spontaneous interchange between the X chromosomes and the C(2 L) autosomal compound in their centromeric regions was studied in y/ XY;C(2L);(2R) and In(1)dl-49+B M1 / XY;C(2L);C(2R) Drosophila melanogaster females. These females were mated with F(2 L)/ F(2 L); C(2 R) males. Interchange occurrence was recorded as the appearance of an F 1 individual with a half-translocation of either X · 2 L or Y · 2 L type. 37 interchanges were recovered in y/ XY and 67 in In(1)/ XY females. The majority of the interchanges were of meiotic origin. The interchanges were mainly C(2L)- XY ; the most frequent type of half-translocation was Y · 2 L; dl-49+ B M1. Inversion increased about 5-fold the interchange frequency. In the course of C(2L)- XY interchange, the other X chromosome and C(2 R) compound regularly paired and disjoined. In y/ XY females, 8 crossover half-translocations of meiotic origin were recovered. The results obtained indicate that meiotic pairing between the X's and C(2 L) occurred in the females examined. According to our estimates, XY-C(2L) pairing is associated with interchange in the heterochromatic centrometric regions with a frequency of 10 −3. The recovery crossover half-translocations supports the chromocentral model of non-homologous pairing and allows us to assume that a chromosome may simultaneously pair with a homologue and a non-homologue. The disjunction pattern of this trivalent depends on its structure in each particular case. The chromosome-segregation pattern resulting from spontaneous interchanges was similar to that resulting from radiation-induced interchanges in the immature oocytes described by Parker. This similarity suggests that non-homologue pairing occurs in the immature oocytes too. The non-homologue-pairing pattern established by the interchange test conformed well with that previously established in y/ XY and In(1) XY females by the distribution test.

Spontaneous interchanges in females of Drosophila melanogaster

Herein is described an attempts to establish chromosome pairing-interchange relationships in Drosophila melanogaster female. For this purpose, the formation of half-translocations was studied in XXY and XX females bearing compounds of the second pair of autosomes. With respect to XXY females, it was expected that the free Y chromosome would pair with these compounds and that half-translocations involving 2L would arise. In as much as compound chromosomes in XX females had no partner for pairing, the formation of half-translocations involving 2L was not expected.Half-translocations were registered in the F1 from crosses of XX and XXY females to b j pr cn/T(Y;2)C males. The cross was designed to permit the detection of very rarely occurring non-homologue interchanges.Offspring number was 335 in XX females and 550 in XXY females. The majority of offspring consisted of individuals arisen from the spontaneous restitution of compounds and the formation of 2n egg cells. Based on phenotype, the offspring of XX females contained 4 individuals with half-translocations involving 2L; there were 48 such flies among the offspring of XXY females. As confirmed by progeny analysis, 38 half-translocations occurred in XXY females and none in XX females. Of the 31 spontaneous interchanges in XXY females 28 were recorded between the Y and the left compound, one between the Y and the right compound, and one between the X and the left compound. Non-homologue interchanges were of oogonial origin judging by the fact that individuals with half-translocations arose in clusters. Unlike Y - left compound interchanges, the interchanges between autosomal compounds seem to be of meiotic origin.

CRITICAL PERIODS AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIRST 2 YEARS

There is no evidence at present to support the assertion that biologically fixed critical periods control the sequence of cognitive development, no evidence that scientifically designed toys are in any way superior to the usual household items available to most infants, no evidence that the systematic application of such toys accelerates intellectual development, and no persuasive evidence that acceleration of specific skills during the sensory motor phase of development, even if possible, has any lasting effects on intellectual competence. Until more persuasive evidence is presented, it seems unethical for toy companies to invoke the concept of critical periods to sell their products; for academic consultants in the behavioral sciences to lend their authority to the promotion of such toys; and for private industry and the federal government to join forces in creating an infant development market which will assure industry a large profit and which may become the means for "shaping" the development of infants in keeping with the misguided national interest, if such programs should ever become effective. While there is also no established experimental evidence which demonstrates that early enrichment will harm the infant, clinical experience suggests that, when such programs are used by parents for focused mental training, the effort can interfere with the mutually nuturing relation of mother and infant. The spontaneous social interchange of parent and child is at least as important for the child long-term intellectual development as early academic achievement. Therefore, there is little reason for pediatricians to encourage, and ample reason for them to discourage, the use of specialized toys when these are used for maximizing the rate of mental development in the first 2 years. The principles of child-rearing advocated by Dr. Benjamin Spock are not as popular today as they were a decade ago. In an age when technological gadgetry and the authority of "scientism" are progressively displacing reason and moral responsibility, it is useful to remember that Dr. Spock stressed an approach to child rearing which would permit parents and children a broad latitude of alternatives in finding their optimal fit. He also cautioned that these alternatives should not be rigorously codified by experts. Dr. Spock advice pertained to emotional development and social training. With appropriate transformations it is just as relevant for the intellectual development of infants. The attitudes which encourage parents to accelerate the cognitive development of non-deprived infants seem to us to be diametrically opposed to such a view of child rearing.

A spontaneous interchange in chorthippus brunneus with extensive chiasma formation in an interstitial segment

1. A spontaneous interchange is described between the metacentric L1 and the acrocentric M5 members in a male of Chorthippus brunneus (2n=17). The interchange is markedly unequal and leads to the production of two new categories of chromosomes 15 and 51 which are readily distinguishable both at mitosis and meiosis. 2. In 85% of the cells examined the interchange was present as a chain of four multiple. 58% of these chains had a chiasma in the longer of the two interstitial segments produced as a result of the interchange. A further 38% of them had a chiasma in the homologous minute arms of their acrocentric members. In the remaining 4% chiasmata were absent from both these segments. 3. The orientation behaviour of these chains is predominantly nondisjunctional. Only the 4%, where chiasmata are completely absent from the arm common to the acrocentric 51, 5 members, succeed in orientating in an alternate manner. Fertility is therefore expected to be low. 4. Where chiasma formation is restricted to the pairing segments only, the pattern of orientation shows a correlation with the chain type.

Spontaneous interchange in Chorthippus brunneus

1. The meiotic behaviour of a male of Chorthippus brunneus (2n=16+X) is described whose germ-line was uniform in respect of a single interchange. 2. The sub-equal interchange was between a long, metacentric (L3) and the longest of the medium-sized acrocentric chromosomes (M4). The interchange points were equidistant from the centromere and the segments involved were at least as long as half the length of the arms involved. 3. Chains of four predominate. Chiasma formation was not observed in one of the interstitial segments and was uncommon in the other. The multiples showed only ca. 30% alternate orientation while adjacent homologous orientation was observed in over 50% of the cells. Chains with adjacent non-homologous orientation were not seen. 4. Although the relative frequency of adjacent homologous and adjacent non-homologous orientation recorded here is in the opposite direction to that found by Burnham in maize, the two sets of data are comparable because the structure of the chains is different in the two cases. 5. The role of structural changes and the probability of their becoming established is discussed. In this connection both their immediate prospects and their subsequent utility have to be considered. It is suggested that the maintenance of super-genes after crossing structurally different chromosome homozygotes may be more important than hybrid sterility in maintaining their genic dissimilarity. And protecting a super gene from recombination prior to its fixation in the homozygous condition may be more important in the origin of species than maintaining it by hybrid sterility afterwards.

PHOTOLYSIS AND PHOTO‐OXIDATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES—VI. A STUDY OF THE INITIATION OF DISULPHIDE INTERCHANGE BY LIGHT IRRADIATION

Abstract— Investigations concerning the occurrence of disulphide interchange for disulphides related to cystine are made with either a single unsymmetrical disulphide or an equimolar mixture of two symmetrical disulphides. It is found that in the pH range 1–6 where spontaneous interchange can usually be disregarded, interchange can be initiated by the addition of a small amount of a thiol or by irradiation with ultraviolet light from either of two artificial sources, interchange being more rapid at pH 4–6 than at pH 1–3. Direct sunlight and, to a lesser extent, visible (filtered tungsten) light are also effective. Disulphide interchange in the solid state can also be promoted by ultraviolet light. A comparison is made between the roles' of S‐S and C‐S bond fission in the photochemistry of disulphides, with respect not only to the promotion of disulphide interchange, but to other phenomena such as the dismutation of disulphides to thioethers and trisulphides.

On magnetospheric interchange instability

Theoretical investigation of the stability of the magnetosphere against spontaneous interchange motions

A simple method of establishing disulphide interchange in protein constituents

Abstract Disulphide interchange can be demonstrated as follows. To a solution of oxidised glutathione a sufficient amount of acetic anhydride is added to obtain complete conversion of oxidised glutathione. After completion of the acetylation a fresh sample of oxidised glutathione is added. If the mixture of oxidised glutathione and diacetyl oxidised glutathione thus obtained is incubated, disulphide interchange occurs if a proper catalyst has been added. This interchange is evident from the appearance of monoacetyl oxidised glutathione. The three compounds involved in this reaction (oxidised glutathione, monoacetyl and diacetyl oxidised glutathione) were readily distinguished by paper electrophoresis at pH 1.7. Using this method several compounds were tested for their catalysing or inhibiting effect upon disulphide interchange. SH-containing compounds catalyse the reaction, in conformity with literature data; the SH-generating compounds Na2SO3 and KCN also catalyse the reaction, the latter compound being far less efficient than the former one. It was shown by amperometric titration that slow spontaneous disulphide interchange is due to traces of SH compound in the oxidised glutathione preparation. SH-blocking compounds inhibit this spontaneous interchange.

The Origin and Behaviour of Chiasmata, VIII

1. The two k fragments in a plant of Secale cereale with 16 chromosomes fail to pair in a proportion of pollen mother-cells. Their chiasma frequency and that of their long and skort arms is approximately proportional to their length.2. Terminalisation is, as expected, more complete in the fragment pair than in the major chromosomes.3. There is a negative correlation (-0.330) between the chiasma frequency in the major chromosomes and that in the fragment pair of the saure nucleus.4. The saure plant with otherwise normal pairing had a group of eight cells each showing a ring or chain of four chromosomes. Spontaneous interchange must have taken place in a common ancestral mitotic nucleus.I have to thank Prof. Kihara for the facilities kindly placed at my disposal while carrying out this work in his department. I am also indebted to Prof. Takezaki for advice an statistical treatment.