Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Research Articles

Sex Modifies the Severity and Outcome of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

The limited existing evidence on sex differences in the clinical characteristics of patients with spontaneous, non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) comes from small, single-center studies. Here, we performed an individual patient data meta-analysis of 3 randomized clinical trials and 1 multi-ethnic observational study of ICH to investigate the impact of sex on ICH severity and outcome. Inclusion criteria in our study were a neuroimaging-confirmed ICH. We evaluated whether sex was associated with ICH severity (hematoma volume and expansion) and poor functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale >3) 3 or 6 months after the ICH. A total of 4,812 ICH patients were evaluated (mean age 62, 40% female). Males with ICH were younger, more likely to be smokers and have diabetes, and less likely to be on anticoagulants (all p < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, male sex was associated with non-lobar location (odds ratio [OR]: 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.39-1.92]; p < 0.001), larger hemorrhages (beta: 0.16 [0.08-0.23]; p < 0.001) and a higher risk of hematoma expansion (OR: 1.43 [1.20-1.71]; p < 0.001). Despite the larger hemorrhage volume and higher risk of expansion, male sex was associated with a 24% lower risk of poor outcomes (OR: 0.76 [0.64-0.90]; p = 0.002). Compared to females, males with ICH have larger bleeds and higher risk of hematoma expansion. Despite the larger bleeds and higher risk of hematoma expansion, males with ICH have lower risk of poor outcomes. Our results suggest that the biology and clinical trajectory are different in females and males with ICH, supporting sex-specific research in this condition. ANN NEUROL 2024.

Predictive factors for shunt dependency in patients with spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) occurs in approximately 30–50% patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), with a high 30-day mortality rate. Excess accumulation of parenchymal or ventricular blood associated with the development of acute hydrocephalus leads to poor outcomes. The prediction of shunt dependency is important to identify patients susceptible to requiring permanent shunt placement and benefit from the diversion. This retrospective analytical study aimed to establish a predictive model of shunt dependency in patients with IVH. This study included 179 patients with primary IVH with supratentorial origin or spontaneous ICH with extension into the ventricles between 2015 and 2021. Patients were grouped into “shunt required” and “shunt not required” groups. Variables, including age, sex, preexisting hypertension and diabetes, initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores, ICH location and volume, urokinase administration, modified Graeb score (mGraeb score), and bicaudate index, were analyzed. The shunt required group had significantly higher mGraeb scores (12.0 (6.5–15.0) vs. 7.0 (4.0–12.0), p = 0.001) and higher bicaudate index (0.20 (0.17–0.23) vs. 0.16 (0.13–0.18), P < 0.001) than the shunt not required group. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis revealed that a cut-off value of 0.16 of the bicaudate index was significantly related to shunt dependency. The subgroup statistical analysis revealed that neither urokinase administration (p = 0.533) nor urokinase dosage (p = 0.117) showed significant relevance in shunt dependency in patients who received external ventricular drainage. In logistic regression adjusted for the confounders, thalamic ICH (odds ratio (OR) 3.55; 95% confidence interval [(95%CI), 1.13–11.18], an mGraeb score greater than 8 (OR, 3.93; 95%CI, 1.84–8.38), and a bicaudate index greater than 0.16 (OR, 9.87; 95%CI, 3.79–25.73) were factors associated with a higher tendency for shunting. The findings of this study may help identify patients at risk for a permanent shunt after IVH.

Management of intracavitary bleeding during ultra-early minimally invasive intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation.

Surgical evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) at early time points contributes to improved functional outcomes. However, ultra-early evacuation has been associated with postoperative rebleeding, a devastating complication that contributes to worse outcomes. Minimally invasive endoscopic techniques allow for intraoperative management of active bleeding, potentially allowing for safe and effective hemostasis at ultra-early time points. The authors proposed and prospectively assigned an intraoperative grading scale that quantified the severity of bleeding encountered intraoperatively. They hypothesized that ultra-early evacuation would correlate to increased intraoperative bleeding but not postoperative rebleeding or worse long-term clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients undergoing minimally invasive endoscopic evacuation. Patients presenting to a large healthcare system with spontaneous supratentorial ICH were triaged to a central hospital for potential surgical evacuation. Inclusion criteria for evacuation included age ≥ 18 years, premorbid mRS score ≤ 3, hematoma volume ≥ 15 mL, and presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥ 6. A 5-point scale was developed and prospectively applied to grade the severity of bleeding encountered intraoperatively. A score of 1 indicated no active intraoperative bleeding. A score of 2 indicated minimal bleeding treated with irrigation alone. A score of 3 indicated bleeding that required cauterization to control. A score of 4 indicated bleeding that required irrigation or cauterization for at least 15 minutes to achieve hemostasis. A score of 5 indicated bleeding that required irrigation or cauterization for at least 1 hour. The authors evaluated 142 consecutive patients. The median bleeding score was 2 (IQR 2-4). Greater preoperative volume, concomitant intraventricular hemorrhage, and earlier time to evacuation were independently associated with increased bleeding score. Specifically, ultra-early evacuation within 5 hours was independently associated with a 2.4-point greater bleeding score as compared with evacuation thereafter (β = 2.41, 95% CI 1.44-3.38; p < 0.0001). Despite having higher intraoperative bleeding scores, patients undergoing ultra-early evacuation did not have an increased likelihood of postoperative rebleeding (14% vs 3%, p = 0.23), 30-day mortality (0% vs 6%, p = 0.99), or worse median 6-month mRS scores (4 [IQR 2-5] vs 4 [IQR 3-5], p = 0.51). Ultra-early evacuation within 5 hours of ictus is associated with increased intraoperative bleeding but not postoperative rebleeding or worse clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that the benefits of ultra-early evacuation can be explored without an increased risk of postoperative rebleeding when utilizing a minimally invasive endoscopic technique with good intraoperative visualization, active irrigation for targeted tamponade, and direct cauterization of bleeding vessels.

Response to Dr. Lu X regarding “Hybrid clinical-radiomics model based on fully automatic segmentation for predicting the early expansion of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A multi-center study”

Response to Dr. Lu X regarding “Hybrid clinical-radiomics model based on fully automatic segmentation for predicting the early expansion of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A multi-center study”

Overall and linked blood pressure variabilities in the first 24 hours and mortality after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective study of 1,036 patients.

This study aims to establish the individual contributions of blood pressure variability (BPV) indexes, categorized into overall and linked variability, to mortality following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) by examining the risk factors. Patients with spontaneous ICH (n = 1,036) were identified with valid blood pressures (BP) from the first 24-h systolic BP records in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV version 2.2 database (MIMIC IV). Information on the baseline characteristics, including age, sex, initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, ICH location, Charlson comorbidity index score, and presence of diabetes with or without complications, were collected. Three indexes of BPV-range, standard deviation (SD), and generalized BPV (GBPV)-were calculated using the first 24-h systolic BPs. An automated stepwise variable-selection procedure was used to develop the final logistic model for predicting in-hospital mortality. Out of 1,036 patients, 802 (77.4%) survived and were discharged after spontaneous ICH. Factors associated with mortality included age; male sex; ICH in the brainstem, ventricle, or multiple locations; low GCS score (< 9); high NIHSS score (> 20); and diabetes with complications. Mean systolic BP, SD, and GBPV were also linked to mortality. Higher GBPV notably increased the risk of in-hospital death, with an odds ratio of 3.21 (95% confidence interval, 2.10 to 4.97) for every + 10 mmHg/h change in GBPV. This study underscores the additional impact of GBPV, herein linked to BPV, on mortality following ICH, providing further insights into the management of blood pressure in the early stages of ICH treatment.

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Meta-Analysis of High-Quality Randomized Clinical Trials.

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) poses high mortality and morbidity rates with limited evidence-based therapeutic approaches. We aimed to evaluate the current evidence for the role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the management of ICH. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed recommended guidelines and protocols. Medline, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception up to April 12, 2024. The inclusion was restricted to randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of high quality, ensuring they were not deemed to have a high risk of bias in any of the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB2) domains. Primary outcomes were good functional outcome (modified Rankin scale, 0-3) and mortality beyond 90 days. Secondary outcomes were early mortality within 30 days and rebleeding rates. We pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects models. Fourteen high-quality RCTs were included. There were 3,027 patients with ICH (1,475 randomized to MIS, and 1,452 randomized to medical management or craniotomy). Of included patients, 1,899 (62.7%) were males. MIS resulted in higher odds of achieving long-term good functional outcome (OR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.25-1.82]), lower odds of long-term mortality (OR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.57-0.90]) and lower odds of early mortality (OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56-0.95]). Rebleeding rates were similar (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.55-2.19]). The treatment effect of MIS was consistent across multiple sensitivity and subgroup analyses, including individuals with deep ICH. This meta-analysis provides high-quality clinical trial evidence supporting the use of MIS as a primary treatment strategy in the management of ICH. ANN NEUROL 2024.

Pathology-Proven Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in a Patient with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) related intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 20% of all types of spontaneous ICH. Results of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) supports the clinical diagnosis of suspected CAA and can help predict the future risk of ICH. A definitive diagnosis of CAA requires brain biopsy and histopathological analysis.

Reliability of ABC/2 volumetric estimation in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage for hematoma expansion prediction scores.

Prediction scores for hematoma expansion in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), such as the 9-point and BRAIN scores, were developed predominantly using planimetry to measure hematoma volume. In this study, we aim to investigate whether the ABC/2 formula, which is known to overestimate hematoma volume, can be reliably used as a substitute for planimetry in these prediction scores. A total of 429 patients from four hospitals were retrospectively enrolled. CT scan and clinical data at admission and follow-up CT scan were collected. The 9-point and BRAIN scores were calculated using hematoma volume from ABC/2 and planimetry. Hematoma expansion was assessed using hematoma volume from planimetry. The median hematoma volume measured by ABC/2 was 11.97 ml (interquartile range [IQR], 4.8-30.0), whereas the volume measured by planimetry was 11.70 ml (IQR, 4.9-26.6). The median measurement error between ABC/2 and planimetry was 0.30 ml (IQR, -0.72-2.87). ABC/2 overestimated hematoma volume in 244 patients (56.9%) compared to planimetry. In the 9-point score, the area under the curves (AUCs) for predicting hematoma expansion were 0.735 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.675-0.796) with ABC/2 and 0.732 (95% CI, 0.672-0.793) with planimetry. In the BRAIN score, the AUCs were 0.753 (95% CI, 0.693-0.813) with ABC/2 and 0.745 (95% CI, 0.688-0.803) with planimetry. The 9-point and BRAIN scores using hematoma volume measured by ABC/2 and planimetry showed good performance in predicting hematoma expansion in ICH. ABC/2 volumetric estimation proved to be reliable for these scores.

Editorial: Brain injury in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: from bench to bedside

Editorial: Brain injury in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: from bench to bedside

Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Keep It Simple.

The quotation, attributed to Confucius many centuries ago, in our opinion, applies to the evolving story of defining a primary surgical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. The precise quote is: "Keep it simple and focus on what matters. Don't let yourself be overwhelmed."1 The evidence from multiple trials on intracerebral hemorrhage regarding mortality benefit and potential functional benefit directs us toward the simple task of evacuating the clot, similar to our prime focus on opening the artery in ischemic stroke. We need not be overwhelmed by questions about adjustments to patient selection, comparative techniques, and precision timing, for which we do not have conclusive data. We review the consensus results from the recent MISTIE trial (Minimally Invasive Surgery Plus Alteplase in ICH Evacuation) and ENRICH trial (Early Minimally Invasive Removal of Intracerebral Hemorrhage) and articulate remaining questions where further evidence is needed to challenge equipoise and define future practice.

Long-term administration of atorvastatin had no effect on the occurrence and progression of spontaneous hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in mice

Abstract Background Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a catastrophic disease with limited treatment options. Statins and low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels have been reported to be associated with increased risk of ICH. Safety concerns of statins were raised as statins become the cornerstone of anti-atherosclerosis therapy. To date, the effect of statins on the incidence of ICH still remains a controversial topic. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on the occurrence and progression of hypertensive ICH in mice. Methods Male wild-type C57BL/6J mice, 13 months old, were randomly divided into atorvastatin (Ato, n=20) group and vehicle (Veh, n=20) group. The atorvastatin group and vehicle group were given atorvastatin (20 mg/kg) and same volume of 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose by oral gavage for 8 weeks, separately. Angiotensin II (Ang II) and L-NAME were then used to induce hypertensive ICH. The time of stroke symptom onset was documented. Hemorrhage volumes were measured by spectrophotometric hemoglobin assay. Results After 8 weeks of atorvastatin or vehicle administration, serum LDL-C levels were significantly lower in the mice treated with atorvastatin than vehicle controls (0.705 vs. 1.008 mmol/L, P&amp;lt;0.001). The administration of atorvastatin did not show significant effects on the systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels when compared with the vehicle group (164 vs. 166 mmHg, P=0.497) after the induction of Ang II and L-NAME. Hemorrhage was observed in brain morphology, and was further verified by hematoxylin and eosin staining or MRI scans in mice that showed signs of stroke. During the 28-day experimental period, 75% (15/20) of mice in the atorvastatin group developed signs of ICH, and 70% (14/20) of mice in the vehicle group developed in the similar time window. The incidence of hypertensive ICH had no significant difference between atorvastatin and vehicle groups (Log-rank P=0.761). Hemorrhage volumes were also comparable between the two groups (1.462 vs. 1.392 uL, P=0.788). Conclusion Reducing serum LDL-C levels by long-term administration of atorvastatin had no effect on the occurrence and progression of spontaneous hypertensive ICH in middle-aged mice.

Impact of Volume and Locations of Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage on “In – Hospital Mortality and Outcome”: A Single Centre Analysis

Impact of Volume and Locations of Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage on “In – Hospital Mortality and Outcome”: A Single Centre Analysis

Continuous Blood Pressure Indices During the First 72 Hours and Functional Outcome in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Management of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is challenged by limited therapeutic options and a complex relationship between blood pressure (BP) dynamics, especially BP variability (BPV) and ICH outcome. In an exploratory analysis of prospectively collected data on consecutive patients with nontraumatic ICH between 2015 and 2020, continuous BP accessed via an arterial line extracted from the Intellispace Critical Care and Anesthesia information system (Philips Healthcare) was analyzed over the first 72 h post admission. Arterial lines were used as part of standard clinical practice in the intensive care, ensuring high fidelity and real-time data essential for acute care settings. BPV was assessed through successive variation (SV), standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation using all available BP measurements. Multivariate regression models were applied to evaluate the association between BPV indices and functional outcome at 3 months. Among 261 patients (mean age 69.6 ± 15.2 years, 47.9% female, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score 6 [interquartile range 2-12]) analyzed, lower systolic BP upon admission (< 140 mm Hg) and lower systolic BPV were significantly associated with favorable outcome, whereas higher diastolic BPV correlated with improved outcomes. In the multivariate analysis, diastolic BPV (SD, SV) within the first 72 h post admission emerged as an independent predictor of good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score < 3; odds ratio 1.123, 95% confidence interval CI 1.008-1.184, p = 0.035), whereas systolic BPV (SD) showed a negative association. Patients with better outcomes also exhibited distinct clinical characteristics, including younger age, lower median NIHSS scores, and less prevalence of anticoagulation therapy upon admission. This study shows the prognostic value of BPV in the acute phase of ICH. Lower systolic BPV (SD) and higher diastolic BPV (SD, SV) were associated with better functional outcomes, challenging traditional BP management strategies. These findings might help to tailor a personalized BP management in ICH.

Outcome Predictor of Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage Management

Background: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is responsible for higher morbidity and mortality rates than ischemic stroke. Although SICH is less common than ischemic stroke. Identifying the predictors of outcome after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage is crucial for a clinical decision-making framework and implementing efficient therapeutic measures. Aims: The study aimed to analyze the clinical profile, assess the outcome, and identify the outcome prognosticators after supratentorial SICH in the Neurosurgery Department of a tertiary care hospital in the southeastern part of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study included 183 patients with computerized tomography (CT) evidence of supratentorial SICH above 18 years of age from the Department of Neurosurgery of Chittagong Medical College Hospital between September 2021 and February 2023.The variables analyzed were age, sex, comorbidities, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score on admission, radiological features, treatment modality and outcome at 90-day. Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score was used to assess the outcome. GOS score 4-5 was considered good outcome and GOS score 1-3 was considered as poor outcome. Results: The mean age of the patients was 58.9±14.4 years and 52.5% were male. The 90-day mortality rate was 50.8% and 55.2% patients had poor outcomes. On bivariate analysis, higher age, comorbid CKD state, low GCS score, higher hematoma volume, midline shift, hydrocephalus and intraventricular hematoma (IVH) were associated with poor outcome. Independent predictors of poor outcome included a higher baseline age (OR: 1.07, 95% CI:1.02-1.11, p=0.002), lower GCS on admission (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39- 0.76, p&lt;0.001), and medical management (OR = 30.56, 95% CI = 7.15-130.69, P &lt;0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, SICH is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Higher age, low GCS on admission and medical management independently predicted poor outcome in the present study. Patients with a lower age, higher GCS on admission and who were managed surgically were more likely to have a good outcome. Bang. J Neurosurgery 2024; 13(2): 96-103

Identification of Genetic Loci Associated With Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using a Multitrait Analysis Approach.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have only 2 loci associated with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH): APOE for lobar and 1q22 for nonlobar ICH. We aimed to discover new loci through an analysis that combines correlated traits (multi-trait analysis of GWAS [MTAG]) and explore a gene-based analysis, transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), and proteome-wide association study (PWAS) to understand the biological mechanisms of spontaneous ICH providing potential therapeutic targets. We use the published MTAG of ICH (patients with spontaneous intraparenchymal bleeding) and small-vessel ischemic stroke. For all ICH, lobar ICH, and nonlobar ICH, a pairwise MTAG combined ICH with traits related to cardiovascular risk factors, cerebrovascular diseases, or Alzheimer disease (AD). For the analysis, we assembled those traits with a genetic correlation ≥0.3. A new MTAG combining multiple traits was performed with those traits whose pairwise MTAG yielded new GWAS-significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with a posterior-probability of model 3 (GWAS-pairwise) ≥0.6. We perform TWAS and PWAS that correlate the genetic component of expression or protein levels with the genetic component of a trait. We use the ICH cohort from UK Biobank as replication. For all ICH (1,543 ICH, 1,711 controls), the mean age was 72 ± 2 in cases and 70 ± 2 in controls, and half of them were women. Replication cohort: 700 ICH and 399,717 controls. Novel loci were found only for all ICH (the trait containing lobar and nonlobar ICH), combining data of ICH and small vessel stroke, white matter hyperintensities volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, and AD. We replicated 6 SNPs belonging to 2q33.2 (ICA1L, β = 0.20, SE = 0.03, p value = 8.91 × 10-12), 10q24.33 (OBFC1, β = -0.12, SE = 0.02, p value = 1.67 × 10-8), 13q34 (COL4A2, β = 0.02, SE = 0.02, p value = 2.34 × 10-11), and 19q13.32 (APOC1, β = -0.19, SE = 0.03, p value = 1.38 × 10-12; APOE, β = 0.21, SE = 0.03, p value = 2.70 × 10-11; PVRL2:CTB-129P6.4, β = 0.15, SE = 0.03, p value = 1.38 × 10-8); 2 genes (SH3PXD2A, Z-score = 4.83, p value = 6.67 × 10-7; and APOC1, Z-score: = 5.11, p value = 1.60 × 10-7); and ICA1L transcript (Z-score = 6.8, p value = 9.1 × 10-12) and protein levels (Z-score = -5.8, p value = 6.7 × 10-9). Our results reinforce the role of APOE in ICH risk, replicate previous ICH-associated loci (2q33 and 13q34), and point to new ICH associations with OBFC1, PVRL2:CTB-129P6.4, APOC1, and SH3PXD2A. Our study used data from European subjects, our main limitation. These molecules could be potential targets for future studies for modulating ICH risk.

Surgical Management of large Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage: A Bi-institutional Experience

Background and Aim: Numerous prognostic factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage have been advocated; however, only a few studies have specifically addressed basal ganglia bleed prognosis and management. Regarding basal ganglia bleeding, this study determines the predictors of functional outcomes and predictors of severe disability or death in surgically treated cases. Methods and Materials/Patients: This was a one-time follow-up study of 271 spontaneous basal ganglia bleed patients undergoing surgical intervention over 3 years. An electronic hospital database was used to collect data regarding clinical and radiological parameters and functional outcomes according to the glasgow outcome scale (GOS) three months after the hemorrhage. Results: We analyzed 271 cases, with a mean age of 50.8±13.57 years. At the end of 3 months, 53.87% of patients had favorable outcomes (GOS=4, 5), 9.59% had poor outcomes (GOS=2, 3) and mortality was 37.75% (GOS=1) at the end of 3 months. Independent predictors of poor outcome were age (odd ratio [OR]=1.81, 95% CI, 1.09%, 3.02%, GCS OR=6.93, 95% CI, 1.52%, 31.51%), hematoma volume more than 60 mL (OR=12.73, 95% CI, 3.29%, 49.23%, midline shift (OR=2.78, 95% CI, 1.64%, 4.73%), the left side of bleed (OR=1.81, 95% CI, 1.11%, 2.94%), intraventricular hemorrhage (OR=2.94, 95% CI, 1.72%, 5.02%) and intraventricular hemorrhage associated with hydrocephalus (OR=22.30, 95% CI, 6.35%, 78.27%). There was a significant association between these factors and poor outcomes (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Almost half of the patients with large basal ganglia hemorrhage survivors were severely disabled or died within three months after the event. Basal ganglia hemorrhage was associated with severe disability or death among patients aged over 60 years with left-side bleeding, low GCS on admission, preoperative computed tomography scan showing midline shift of more than 5mm with the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage or associated hydrocephalus and a large hematoma volume.

Postoperative fever and clinical outcomes after endoscopic surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective database study

BackgroundSpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is a severe stroke with high mortality and disability rates. Endoscopic surgery is an increasingly widely used minimally invasive method for the treatment of SICH. However, the impact of fever on patient outcomes remains unclear.MethodsWe retrospectively included patients aged 18 years or older with supratentorial SICH confirmed by CT, who underwent endoscopic hematoma evacuation within 48 h of symptom onset. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included hospital and neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU) stays, and perioperative complications. We analyzed the association between postoperative fever (highest temperature within 24 h after surgery) and these outcomes using multivariate analysis, generalized additive models, and segmented regression analysis.ResultsOf the 56 patients, 38 had favorable outcomes (mRS ≤ 3) and 18 had unfavorable outcomes (mRS > 3) at 3 months. A threshold effect at 38.2 °C was observed between postoperative body temperature and clinical outcomes. The mean age was 56 years (SD = 9) for the > 38.2 °C group and 58 years (SD = 8) for the ≤ 38.2 °C group, with a similar proportion of male patients (63% vs. 69%, P = 0.635). Patients with postoperative fever had larger hematoma volumes (65 vs. 56 mL; P = 0.008). Other characteristics were similar between the groups. Postoperative fever (> 38.2 °C) was independently associated with a 4.99-fold increased risk of unfavorable outcomes (95% CI = [1.13 to 25.90]; P = 0.040), which remained significant after excluding patients with postoperative complications (adjusted RR = 16.03, 95% CI = [1.69 to 417.24]; P = 0.033). The association was consistent across subgroups with different Glasgow Coma Scale scores, hematoma volumes, and intraventricular extension. Postoperative fever was also associated with longer NSICU stays (3.1 vs. 2.3 days; P = 0.023), longer hospital stays (17.2 vs. 13.6 days; P = 0.010), more residual hematoma, and greater edema volume. Different antipyretic therapies did not affect outcomes.ConclusionsThis study identifies a temperature threshold (38.2 °C) associated with poor outcomes in SICH patients undergoing endoscopic surgery. Further research is needed to mitigate postoperative fever and improve patient outcomes.

Genetic Variants ε2 and ε4 of APOE Predict Mortality and Poor Outcome Independently in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Within the Chinese Han Population.

The heightened mortality and disability rates, coupled with restricted neurological recovery post intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), have sparked considerable attention toward its treatment and results. Simultaneously, the influence of the APOE gene on ICH prognosis has been well-documented. This research aimed to explore the relationship between specific APOE alleles in the present cohort and the incidences of mortality, recurrence, and adverse prognosis, as determined by neurological function assessments in ICH patients. Data on patients diagnosed with ICH and hospitalized in the Department of Neurology at our institution from October 2021 to March 2022 were collected, including determining their APOE genotypes. A 1-year follow-up was conducted to evaluate mortality, ICH recurrence, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores at 3 and 12 months. Poor prognosis was defined as an mRS score of ≥ 3. Initially, we analyzed the relationships between different APOE alleles and mortality, recurrence, and poor prognosis. Subsequently, we explored additional factors influencing each prognostic outcome and conducted multivariate analysis to identify independent risk factors. An analysis was conducted on 289 patients diagnosed with ICH. The presence of the ε2 allele was found to be a significant independent predictor for unfavorable outcomes at both 3 months (p = 0.022, OR = 2.138, 95% CI [2.041, 3.470]) and 1 year (p = 0.020, OR = 5.116, 95% CI [5.044, 5.307]). Moreover, the ε4 allele was established as an independent risk factor for ICH recurrence within 1 year (p = 0.025, OR = 2.326, 95% CI [1.163, 2.652]), as well as for mortality at 3 months (p = 0.037, OR = 4.250, 95% CI [4.068, 4.920]) and 1 year (p = 0.023, OR = 4.109, 95% CI [4.016, 4.739]). In conclusions, Both APOE ε2 and ε4 variants independently heighten mortality risk, recurrence, and poor prognosis after ICH. The substantial influence underscores the need for additional investigation into the impact of APOE genotype on ICH prognosis.

Machine learning based classification of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages using radiomics features.

To assess the efficacy of radiomics features extracted from non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) scans in differentiating multiple etiologies of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). CT images and clinical data from 141 ICH patients from 2010 to 2022 were collected. The cohort comprised primary (n = 57), tumorous (n = 46), and vascular malformation-related ICH (n = 38). Radiomics features were extracted from the initial brain NCCT scans and identified potential features using mutual information. A hierarchical classification with AdaBoost classifiers was employed to classify the multiple etiologies of ICH. Age of the patient and ICH's location were examined alongside radiomics features. The accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate classification performance. The proposed method achieved an accuracy of 0.79. For identifying primary ICH, the model achieved a sensitivity of 0.86 and specificity of 0.87. Meanwhile, the sensitivity and specificity for identifying tumoral causes were 0.78 and 0.93, respectively. For vascular malformation, the model reached a sensitivity and specificity of 0.72 and 0.89, respectively. The AUCs for primary, tumorous, and vascular malformation were 0.86, 0.85, and 0.82, respectively. The findings further highlight the importance of texture-based variables in ICH classification. The age and location of the ICH can enhance the classification performance. The use of a machine learning model with radiomics features has the potential in classifying the three types of non-traumatic ICH. It may help the radiologist decide on an appropriate further examination plan to arrive at a correct diagnosis.

Predicting cerebral edema in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage using machine learning.

The early prediction of cerebral edema changes in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) may facilitate earlier interventions and result in improved outcomes. This study aimed to develop and validate machine learning models to predict cerebral edema changes within 72 h, using readily available clinical parameters, and to identify relevant influencing factors. An observational study was conducted between April 2021 and October 2023 at the Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. After preprocessing the data, the study population was randomly divided into training and internal validation cohorts in a 7:3 ratio (training: N = 150; validation: N = 65). The most relevant variables were selected using Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) algorithms. The predictive performance of random forest (RF), GDBT, linear regression (LR), and XGBoost models was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), precision-recall curve (AUPRC), accuracy, F1-score, precision, recall, sensitivity, and specificity. Feature importance was calculated, and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) methods were employed to explain the top-performing model. A total of 84 (39.1%) patients developed cerebral edema changes. In the validation cohort, GDBT outperformed LR and RF, achieving an AUC of 0.654 (95% CI: 0.611-0.699) compared to LR of 0.578 (95% CI, 0.535-0.623, DeLong: p = 0.197) and RF of 0.624 (95% CI, 0.588-0.687, DeLong: p = 0.236). XGBoost also demonstrated similar performance with an AUC of 0.660 (95% CI, 0.611-0.711, DeLong: p = 0.963). However, in the training set, GDBT still outperformed XGBoost, with an AUC of 0.603 ± 0.100 compared to XGBoost of 0.575 ± 0.096. SHAP analysis revealed that serum sodium, HDL, subarachnoid hemorrhage volume, sex, and left basal ganglia hemorrhage volume were the top five most important features for predicting cerebral edema changes in the GDBT model. The GDBT model demonstrated the best performance in predicting 72-h changes in cerebral edema. It has the potential to assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients and guiding clinical decision-making.