Sponsors Of Terrorism Research Articles

Norms of international law regarding the prevention of crimes of genocide committed by the Russian Federation in the war against Ukraine

The article examines the norms of international law regarding the prevention of crimes of genocide committed by the Russian Federation in the war against Ukraine. The essence and specifics of ensuring the implementation of current provisions and norms of international criminal law regarding criminal prosecution for the commission of crimes of genocide against Russia as an aggressor state, a sponsor of terrorism, its top political and military leadership and the military, who directly commit these crimes in the beginning of February 24, 2022, were considered. full-scale war against Ukraine. It is established that the crimes of genocide are crimes against the security of humanity committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, any national, ethnic, racial or religious group as such by: a) killing members of such a group; b) causing serious bodily injury or mental disorder to members of such a group; c) deliberate creation of living conditions for such a group, designed to bring it to its complete or partial physical destruction; d) implementation of measures aimed at preventing childbirth within such a group; e) forcible transfer of children of this group to another group. The scientific developments and provisions of the current legal norms of the International Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide and its Punishment, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, as well as the criminal law of Ukraine were studied with the aim of the need for the immediate ratification by the Parliament of Ukraine of the legal norms of the International Criminal Court and their implementation into the criminal legislation of Ukraine and Law of Ukraine “On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges” in English”.
 The author formulated reasonable proposals for improving the criminal legislation of Ukraine in accordance with the norms of international criminal law, as well as the criminal prosecution and punishment of the highest political and military leadership and the military of the Russian Federation, who directly commit crimes of genocide in the war against Ukraine.

Kargil war as Security Deterioration of South Asia

India and Pakistan are two high risks running in this competitive strategy. Since India and Pakistan appeared as independent States on the World map, South Asian security has been derailing in an unstable and vast shape. Kargil pushes the region towards unease and insecurity. Although India called it a proxy War, which was controlled by Pakistan forces. In Kargil both states showed their presence of their nuclear weapons and exchange threats. Both states were in Competition for winning through their perception of nuclear weapons.There were basically two reasons of Pakistan to fight this particular war (i) Secure Territory (ii) Internationalize the Kashmir issue. Due to the effort of Pakistan Kashmir issue was internationalised in front of world but unfortunately Pakistan was labelled as sponsor of terrorism as well as threats about misuse of its nuclear weapons increased in South Asian region. Deterrence Theory will be used in article. Which involves using military threats/weapons as a mean to deter international crisis. In this research both analytical and descriptive methods will be used. Descriptive analytics is the process of using current and historical data to identify trends and relationships so this is the best suited method to conduct this research.

New trends in extremist and terrorist crime and measures to counter threats to national security

The author analyzes the current state of extremist and terrorist crime, as well as the main trends in the commission of individual crimes in 2022 and 2023. The choice of this time period is due to the increased threats to the national security of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the indicators of crimes provided for in Articles 205, 205.2, 281, 357 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Based on the evaluation of statistical data, information about the current criminogenic situation was obtained. There was a slowdown in the growth rate of the number of public calls for extremist activity (Article 280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and the facts of incitement to hatred or enmity (Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The intensification of terrorist and sabotage activities is stated. The materials of separate foreign studies concerning destructive activity in the information sphere are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the need to consider extremist and terrorist activities in the context of information warfare and the use of information weapons. With this in mind, it is proposed to take a number of measures in the field of information security. As a measure to counteract new threats to national security, the urgent need to systematize and publish information that became known during the investigation of criminal cases initiated on the facts of the genocide of the Russian-speaking population in the period from 2014 and the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War is called. It is proposed to consider the issue of securing in Russian legislation the powers of the Security Council of the Russian Federation to declare a State carrying out terrorist activities as a sponsor of terrorism.

Dealers and Brokers in Civil Wars: Why States Delegate Rebel Support to Conduit Countries

Abstract External state support to non-state armed groups is commonly seen as a direct relationship between a state sponsor and a rebel group. But powerful states often use third-party states as conduits of military aid. These intermediary states are secondary, subordinate principals that are part of extended chains of “dual delegation.” Because intermediaries are likely to have their own separate agendas, powerful states often face a double principal-agent problem when providing material support to rebel groups. The difficulties and problems associated with controlling the agent are reflected in the relationship between the principal and the intermediary. States need to identify the alignment of interests at an early stage, or risk strategic failure. There are two ideal types of intermediaries—dealers and brokers. Case studies of the United States’ support to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan and to UNITA in Angola (channeled through Pakistan and Zaire, respectively) demonstrate that intermediaries affect the provision of external support. States engaging in counterterrorism need to look beyond sponsors of terrorism and explore the role of all states involved in the process of conflict delegation. That states use intermediaries when providing support to non-state armed groups indicates that holding states accountable for violating the nonintervention principle under international law should be reconsidered.

ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ТЕРОРИЗМУ: ФІНАНСОВО-ПРАВОВИЙ ПОГЛЯД

The article examines approaches to the interpretation of the concepts of «financing», «terrorism». It was determined that the formation of a single meaningful approach to the concept of "financing of terrorism" should take into account both meanings of its components. The views of scientists regarding the definition of the main characteristics of terrorist financing are systematized. Among the determinants given by scientists are those that are of a purely financial nature (the reason and conditions for financing terrorism). These characteristics and the study of the relationships between them is important for preventing the financing of terrorism. It was determined that the study of the financing of terrorism should take into account the influence of the following factors: the amount of resources necessary for the activities carried out by the terrorist group; the limitations imposed by the terrorist group's ideology on its relationship with crime; internal organization and ability to integrate and manage relationships with criminal activities. The expediency of considering this process in two planes is substantiated: legal (characteristics of legal and illegal methods are given, a description of all financial transactions carried out by the terrorists themselves; provisions of the legal framework for punishment for criminal behavior are taken into account) and financial (funding sources, sponsors of terrorism are described; measures to reduce funds for supporting terrorism and sources of their receipt are investigated). The stages of terrorist financing are disclosed: collection, movement and use of funds and other assets. The allocation of the storage stage is critically evaluated. The impracticality of considering this stage is substantiated. It can occur within or parallel to the gathering stage. It was determined that, in the legal sphere, the financing of terrorism does not necessarily have to cover all stages, provided that there are mandatory features of this crime. The development of effective tools in the fight against the financing of terrorism should take into account the above approaches (legal, financial) and implementation at the international level.

УКРАЇНСЬКІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ ЦІННОСТІ ТА СИМВОЛИ В СУЧАСНОМУ УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ТА СВІТОВОМУ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-КОМУНІКАЦІЙНОМУ ПРОСТОРІ

<p><strong><em>The purpose of the research: </em></strong><em>is to identify the main trends in the spread of Ukrainian national values and symbols in the modern Ukrainian and international information and communication space during the full-scale invasion of the russian federation into Ukraine.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology. </em></strong><em>During the research, the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization – to study the sources of relevant issues and to understand the opinions of scientists about the essence of national values in general and authentic values in particular; comparison – to identify trends in the use of symbols to denote Ukrainian national values in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine in the Ukrainian and global information and communication space; observation and description – to clarify the peculiarities of the use of Ukrainian symbols on television, in the Internet media and in social networks. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> It is concluded that the research of values in the information and communication space of Ukraine usually concerns the moral and ethical plane. If we are talking about Ukrainian national values, they have traditionally been the object of study in the field of national security policy. Today, in the conditions of the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the importance of Ukrainian national values, the process of symbolizing which can be observed both on television and in the Internet media, as well as in social networks and popular messengers, is being actualized. The most symbolic now are the colors of the Ukrainian flag as the state symbol of Ukraine. At the same time, the process of symbolization affected such Ukrainian national values as the trident, Cossack, mace, embroidered towel, vyshyvanka (embroidered shirt or dress) and borscht. In the Ukrainian information and communication space, in particular on television and in the Internet media, blue and yellow colors symbolize, mainly, the official representations of Ukraine as a state and its officials. In social networks and messengers, emojis, as well as photos, posters or videos in blue and yellow colors have a much wider functional palette: from a visual marker of Ukrainian material to an incentive to unite in the struggle for the native land. In the global information and communication space, a bright trend towards the use of Ukrainian national symbols during public actions in support of Ukraine as a state and the Ukrainian people as a fighter for the freedom and independence of their country has been observed. In addition, the participants of such actions turn to the leadership of European countries and the world with specific requests: for help in liberating the courageous defenders of Azovstal, recognition of the Russian Federation as a sponsor of terrorism, etc. </em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty. </em></strong><em>New trends in the symbolization of Ukrainian national values and the expansion of their functions in the Ukrainian and global information and communication space during the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine are outlined. </em></p><p><strong><em>Practical value.</em></strong><em> The obtained results can be used in the educational process in colleges and universities that prepare specialists according to the educational programs of fields 061 «Journalism» and 021 «Audiovisual Art and Production» and for further scientific investigations concerning the influence of national values and symbols through mass media and social networks. </em></p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> Ukrainian national values and symbols, authentic values, Ukrainian and global information and communication space, color of the Ukrainian flag, trident, Ukrainian Cossacks, embroidery, television, Internet media, social networks.</em>

The Role of the Qods Force in the Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in 1979 had a great impact on the question of security in both the region and outside of the Middle East. The foreign policy of the new republic would show hostility and aggression as terrorism became its modus operandi. In order to safeguard the newly established regime and the revolution, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Pasdaran) was established, of which its external branch was named the Qods Force (QF). By reviewing scholarly works and regime publications, the current article aims to study and analyze the foreign policy of the IRI and the role of the QF in it. As the IRI is today deemed to be a sponsor of terrorism, and as the tensions between the IRI and the United States have increased since the Pasdaran and its QF was designated a terrorist organization, the role of the QF in the foreign policy of the IRI is even more important. This article shows that even though terrorism through the QF is still the modus operandi of the IRI, the QF has through the years evolved and uses other methods in order to influence and cement the power of the IRI in the international arena. The article also concludes that it is highly unlikely for the IRI to be reformed as long as the current leadership and establishment continue to rule, and if the regime feels threatened, it will almost certainly use terrorism and violence in order to guarantee its survival.

When news is the crisis: Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya framing of the 2017 Gulf conflict

The 2017 Gulf crisis raises important questions about what happens when news networks become part and parcel of a political conflict. This research employs content analysis to analyse how two flagship evening news programmes – Al-Hasad ( The Harvest) on Al Jazeera and Panorama on Al Arabiya – framed the early phase of the 2017 Gulf crisis. The study provides an elucidation of how, specifically, editorial positions were made manifest and, importantly, what framing mechanisms were employed. Results suggest that Al Jazeera’s Al-Hasad took the position of a victim being attacked by an external oppressor, while Al Arabiya’s Panorama framed Qatar as a sponsor of terrorism.

Suing Sponsors of Terrorism in U.S. Courts: Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran and Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC: SCOTUS Trims to Statutory Boundaries the Recovery in U.S. Courts Against Sponsors of Terrorism and Human-Rights Violations Under FSIA and ATS

Suing Sponsors of Terrorism in U.S. Courts: Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran and Jesner v. Arab Bank, PLC: SCOTUS Trims to Statutory Boundaries the Recovery in U.S. Courts Against Sponsors of Terrorism and Human-Rights Violations Under FSIA and ATS

The 9/11 families, the passage of the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA), and the pursuit of in the Saudi legal cases

ABSTRACTThis paper offers a critical rhetorical analysis of the counterterrorist arguments that were presented by 9/11 families and their representatives when they sued Saudi Arabians for their role in the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. By drawing from Foucault’s concept of governmentality, and by extending the work of critical security studies scholars who critique populist support for the Global War on Terrorism, the authors argue that supporters of the eventual passage of a bill known as the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act were able to interrogate official notions of <sovereign immunity>. By taking advantage of their social capital, their victimage status that was based on their traumatic experiences, and their moral authority, empowered 9/11 family members allowed the National September 11 Memorial and Memorial Museum to function as a governmentality that helped produce contested public memories and particular types of subjectivities. Visitors and defenders of this hallowed site were invited to become freedom fighters who vigilantly engaged in counterterrorist practices by questioning more official historiographies and public memories of 9/11 as they sued Saudi conspirators.

Military Economy and Military Reform in Russia

Unlike previous years, the findings of analysis of Russia’s military economics and policy in 2015 fail to match what is perceived as absolute peacetime. The IISS, a world-leading authority on global security, argues that Russia is conducting a so-called hybrid warfare. The published views of western experts on hybrid warfare reflect the events occurred in Ukraine over the last two years. The spring of 2015 saw changes in accusations against Russia following Russia’s air strikes and cruise missiles strikes on the positions of ISIS terrorists in Syria. The fact that Russia is conducting special-purpose military operations is indisputable. Russia took the terrorist attack that brought down the Russian plane in Egypt, killing all 224 Russian passengers on board, as military assault against Russia’s nationals, thus forcing Russia to introduce retaliatory military counteractions against not only the ISIS in Syria but also against organizers and sponsors of terrorism. Later there were acts of terrorism in France, that prompted the French government to join the war against the ISIS, acting in conjunction with Russia and with a few other countries. Being unhappy with these developments, the Turkish government prepared the shoot down of a Russian military jet along the Syrian border. Russia responded with economic countersanctions, warning more sanctions could follow. Therefore, it appears logical that a new version of the Russian Federation National Security Strategy (Executive Order of the President No. 683 dated December 31, 2015) was approved on the very last day of 2015 .

Iran’s Revolutionary Guards: Readying Strength

The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps is a state sponsor of terrorism, economic juggernaut, internal security service, expeditionary force and key political actor.

Congress Overrides Obama's Veto to Pass Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act

On September 28, 2016, Congress enacted the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA), overriding a presidential veto for the first and only time during Obama's presidency. The Act allows Americans to sue foreign states for playing a role in terrorist attacks on U.S. soil. While JASTA was written in general terms, it was drafted specifically to allow families of the victims of the 9/11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its suspected role in those attacks. The Act received widespread bipartisan support despite the administration's consistent stance that the Act would harm U.S. economic, diplomatic, and national security interests.

The Efficacy of United States Sanctions on the Republic of Sudan

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between the United States (US) and the Republic of Sudan (Sudan), the complicated nature of which is an end result of the US’s ongoing sanctions on Sudan. The paper also provides a careful analysis of the legitimacy of the US Department of State’s label of Sudan as a sponsor of terrorism. Additionally, the paper will examine the implications of the US sanctions on the livelihoods of everyday citizens in the country across a variety of different sectors, while also providing a glimpse into how the Sudanese government and its top officials have managed to thrive. The paper will then conclude by looking at alternative solutions, on the basis that the sanctions are an inherently ineffective tool of diplomacy.

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17: The Day Russia Became a State Sponsor of Terrorism

The downing of the Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17 on July 17th sent shockwaves around the world. The airliner was on its way from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur when it was shot down over Eastern Ukraine by an surface to air missile, killing all people on board, 283 passengers including 80 children, and 15 crew members. The victims were the nationals of at least 10 different states, with the Netherlands losing 192 of its citizens. This disaster brought the horrors of the Ukrainian war home to us in Western Europe, a hybrid war which started in March 2014 when Putin firstly annexed the Crimea illegally and then set his eyes on Eastern Ukraine (Sascha-Dominik Bachmann, Crimea and Ukraine 2014: a brief reflection on Russia's 'protective interventionism' before the backdrop of NATO's new security concept of Hybrid Threats, JURIST -- Forum, May 18, 2014). This short article highlights some possible responses to the crime with a particular focus on a potential terrorism argument.

Divestment laws, fiduciary duty, and pension fund management: an empirical examination

Purpose – This paper aims to conduct an empirical analysis of subnational laws of the USA that require public pension funds to divest from companies that are in business with Cuba, Iran, Syria, and Sudan and explores whether public fund officials may be in violation of their fiduciary duty responsibilities toward pension system beneficiaries as they execute state-mandated divestment schemes. Design/methodology/approach – A database search was conducted for specific federal laws, presidential executive orders, and departments, offices, and terminology relevant to the topic of the research to explore the extent by which states employ public pension divestment regimes inspired by the federal governments designation of the four countries labeled as state sponsors of terrorism. Quantitative and financial calculations were used to conduct the cost analysis of divestment laws. Findings – Divestment laws are costly for the beneficiaries. In the majority of the states that have divestment laws, the public funds, rather than the states, must cover the losses associated with divestment, resulting in pension fund trustees and managers having to take action that are in violation of their fiduciary duty responsibilities. Research limitations/implications – The study recommends a major overhaul of the current divestment laws. Practical implications – Divestment legislations must be revised as they cause a divergence of interests between state-driven political gestures, the fiduciary responsibilities of pension system trustees, and the financial interests of the beneficiaries. Originality/value – This is the first study that recommends specific legislative action that would resolve the divergence of interests between state-driven political gestures, the fiduciary responsibilities of pension system trustees, and the financial interests of the beneficiaries.

Firms with Ties to Countries Designated as State Sponsors of Terrorism: A Note on Ownership

We investigate equity holdings of two supposedly norm conscious investor types in firms with ties to countries designated as State Sponsors of Terrorism. These investor types are pension and endowment funds as well as US investors in general. Results indicate that pension and endowment funds are significantly less likely to own a majority stake in a firm if that firm is intensively involved in a country designated as State Sponsor of Terrorism by having locally operating employees or facilities. Consistent with our expectation, evidence is more pronounced for firms in the oil and gas industry than it is for firms in other industries. An analysis of US holdings reveals no evidence for the proposition that US investors own fewer shares in firms with ties to countries designated as State Sponsors of Terrorism than they do in otherwise comparable firms.

The SEC’s Publication of an Online Tool for Detecting Firms Doing Business in Countries Designated as State Sponsors of Terrorism: Short-Term Investor Reaction and Long-Term Consequences

In summer 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) published an online tool with information on firms doing business in State Sponsor of Terrorism countries. We take sides with those arguing that for moral reasons, investors will have traded on the information provided in the tool by selling stocks of mentioned firms. Contrary to our expectation, we find no evidence of a negative stock price reaction during the time the tool was posted online but do find such reaction subsequent to the tool’s publication. Additionally, we provide evidence for the notion that stigmatization is not transitory.

Terror‐free investment index screens

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the corporate governance implications of the US terror‐free investment screens, instituted both legislatively and voluntarily, on the operations of non‐US multinational corporations (MNCs) concerning international trade and foreign direct investment with nations designated as “State Sponsors of Terrorism.”Design/methodology/approachAfter a brief introduction to the issue of “terror‐free lists” and investment indexes and divestment screens, the paper summarizes the US Federal and State Laws pertaining to state sponsors of terrorism and their direct impact on international trade and investment transactions. The third section evaluates the success of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) indexes and investment screens compared to standard market investment indexes. The fourth section discusses the potential effects of terror‐free stock indexes and divestment (“social”) screens on corporate governance of non‐US corporations. In the final section, the paper offers business policy recommendations concerning international trade and foreign direct investment decisions and the listing of equity stock on the US financial market exchanges, and offer scholarly research questions addressing this issue.FindingsNon‐US MNC managers should recognize, first, the importance of global corporate citizenship and reputation; second, the expansion of terror‐free investing criterion in ESG investment indexes and divestment screens; and third, the growth in the number of state government prohibitions on investing funds with foreign MNCs complicit with terror‐sponsoring states.Originality/valueExploratory in nature, this seminal paper evaluates an issue of emerging importance to non‐US MNC managers and directors concerned with potential political and economic repercussions of their international trade and foreign direct investment decisions.

Engaging Pakistan

This article, which was written in the summer of 2009, when India did not want to resume any sort of structured dialogue with Pakistan, until it got satisfaction on terrorism, argues that this played into the hands of the sponsors of terrorism and was self-defeating. It argues that the principal objective of the Pakistan Army is now not Kashmir, but to arrest India’s growth; it uses terrorism as a cost-effective brake. Growth is our highest national priority, but we cannot concentrate on it, while ignoring Pakistan, because its Army will not let us. Sanctions have not worked in the past, because they immediately ratchet up tensions, as they did in 2002 and lead to economic consequences that are far heavier on India than on Pakistan. We must therefore try to persuade the Pakistan Army that peace has something in it too, and we can only do it through a sustained dialogue and through practical measures of cooperation that prove that peace pays. In all this, we should not insist on a reciprocity that in fact concedes to Pakistan the parity that it craves but does not merit.