Spondias Dulcis Research Articles

Spondias dulcis propagation by seeds and stem cuttings

Objective: To found simple and low-cost ways to increase the number of plants. In Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico, a trial was established to evaluate two propagation forms from January to June 2023. Design/Methodology/Approach: In soil enriched with bocashi, 22 seeds of seasoned fruits were sown. Also, four lots of stem cuttings were planted (five cuttings per lot) 30 cm in length, testing four average diameters (2.94, 2.34, 2.1 and 1.58, cm) that were also rooted in soil and bokashi, on the assumption that those with the largest diameter were also the oldest. The stem cuttings were obtained from 1.5- and 2.5-year-old trees. This latter experimental procedure was repeated, but stem cuttings were obtained from an 8-year-old tree, five lots of cuttings with the following average diameters (3.6, 1.92, 1.74, 1.7, and 1.16, cm) were evaluated; in addition, cuttings were treated with a stimulant to develop roots (Raizal® 400). Results: The data analyzed in Excel™ showed that germination is slow and irregular, 77% germination was reached after 2.5 months. Only the thickest cuttings from the 1.5-year-old tree developed abundant roots and vegetative shoots. Findings/Conclusions: The propagation of S. dulcis is better done by seeds. Propagation by cuttings is possible, but with low success, only 8.8%.

Formulation of Skin Moisturizing Body Scrub with Kedondong Leaf Extract (Spondias dulcis)

Background: Body scrub is a skincare preparation that effectively removes dead skin cells caused by free radicals. Kedondong leaves are a plant with extraordinary wealth, especially its vitamins, namely A, B1, and C, and have a high antioxidant content, so they can be used as a natural moisturizer for the skin. Objective: This research aims to formulate a body scrub containing Kedondong leaf extract. Method: Kedondong leaf extract was formulated with a concentration of 10.0; 15.0; and 20.0%. Evaluation of the body scrub formulation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, irritation and moisture using a skin analysis tool. Results: Research shows that the body scrub formulation with Kedondong leaf extract is homogeneous and has a shape, colour and pH value corresponding to skin pH standards. This formulation also does not irritate and provides adequate moisture for the skin. The formulation with a concentration of 20% (F4) shows the best effectiveness, being able to moisturize the skin up to 47.8%. Conclusion: Kedondong leaves can be formulated into an effective body scrub to improve the condition of dull skin to make it brighter, cleaner and smoother.

Aktivitas Tabir Surya Secara In-Vitro Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Kedondong (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G.Forst)

Excessive sun exposure to the skin can cause redness (erythema) and darkening of the skin (pigmentation). This effect can be prevented by using sunscreen. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Sol. Ex G. Forst) can act as a natural sunscreen because they contain secondary metabolite compounds with a conjugated double bond structure (chromophore), including phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The presence of conjugated double bonds in phenolic and flavonoid compounds is known to be able to absorb UV radiation thereby reducing its intensity on the skin. This study aims to determine the sunscreen activity of kedondong leaves based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), , the percentage of erythema transmission value (%Te), and the percentage of pigmentation transmission value (%Tp) and determine the secondary metabolite groups in kedondong leaf extracts and fractions. The research stages carried out were extraction of kedondong leaves by maceration, dechlorophyllation, followed by fractionation using n-hexane and dichloromethane, to obtain methanol extract, n-hexane fraction, dichloromethane fraction and methanol fraction. Then phytochemical tests were carried out on the extracts and fractions. Phytochemical tests showed that the secondary metabolite compounds in the methanol extract of kedondong leaves were alkaloids, phenolics, steroids and saponins. Furthermore, in the n-hexane fraction are steroids, the dichloromethane fraction is phenolic compounds, and the methanol fraction is alkaloid, phenolic and saponin compounds. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 200-400 nm, the sunscreen activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction at a concentration of 120 mg/L was included in the extra protection category with an SPF value of 7,86±0,23; fast tanning with a %Te value of 15,99±0,83 and sunblock with a %Tp value of 32,72±1,09.

Identification of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and South American crops introduced during early settlement of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), as revealed through starch analysis.

Starch residue analysis was carried out on stone tools recovered from the bottom layer of the Anakena site on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). These deposits have been dated to AD 1000-1300 AD and so far, represent the earliest evidence of human settlement on this island. Twenty obsidian tools were analyzed. Analysis of 46 starch grains recovered from 20 obsidian tools from the earliest dated level of the Anakena site on Rapa Nui provides direct evidence for translocation of traditional crop plants at initial stages of the colonization of this island. The analysis of starch grains was based mainly on statistical methods for species identification but was complemented by visual inspection in some cases. Our results identify taxons previously unknown to have been cultivated on the island, such as breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), Zingiber officinale (ginger), and starch grains of the Spondias dulcis and Inocarpus fagifer tropical trees. Additionally, starch grains of Colocasia esculenta (taro) and Dioscorea sp. (yam), both common species in Pacific agriculture, were identified. Furthermore, the presence of four American taxa Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Canna sp. (achira), Manihot esculenta (manioc), and Xanthosoma sp., was detected. The occurrence of Canna sp., M. esculenta, and Xanthosoma sp. starch grains suggests the translocation of previously not described South American cultivars into the Pacific. The detection of I. batatas from this site in Rapa Nui constitutes the earliest record of this cultigen in the Pacific. Our study provides direct evidence for translocation of a set of traditional Polynesian and South American crop plants at the initial stages of colonization in Rapa Nui.

Characterization of ambarella (<i>Spondias dulcis</i>) genotypes based on morphological and physio-biochemical quality attributes

Survey and characterization of ambarella found in valley region of Manipur was conducted during 2022–23 to identified superior genotypes for yield and various physio-biochemical characters having sweeter taste and high yield traits. Genotype P7 gave maximum yield (147.10 kg/tree) and P19 has maximum fruit weight (158.50 g), length (7.09 cm) and width (6.65 cm). However, genotypes P17 has highest TSS (170Brix), total sugar (6.84%), P7 highest vitamin C (40.81 mg/100 g) and P19 gave highest vitamin A content (0.62 mg/100 g). Hence, genetic diversity of ambarella was observed among the selected genotypes in valley region of Manipur for screening elite genotypes for the future.

Functional, antioxidant and organoleptic study of sauces prepared with Spondias dulcis forst (amra): An underutilized fruit

<p>In the present study, the underrated fruits of <em>Spondias dulcis frost</em> were utilized for the development of unconventional sauces. Two distinct sauces were prepared: one using the pulp of semi-ripened Amra fruit, and the other using its peels. The homogenized ingredients were cooked in an open vessel. Both sauces exhibited dose dependent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) reduction. The <em>R</em>-value of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of Amra peels and pulp sauces was found to be 0.9873 and 0.9759, respectively. The sauce made with pulp of fruit showed significantly stable emulsion and lower syneresis values whereas, sauce prepared with fruit peels was more astringent with significantly higher titratable acidity (<em>p </em>< 0.05). The mineral content and brix of sauce made with fruit pulp was found significantly higher. The sensorial characteristics of both sauces were found acceptable by sensory assessors. However, the taste of pulp sauce was found significantly better than fruit peels sauce. The findings suggest that pulp and peels of Amra fruits could be employed for the development of antioxidant rich sauce however the Amra peels application for the formulation of potential value-added sauces, jams and other condiments would reduce the manufacturing waste and cost.</p>

Activity Test of Kedondong Leaf Juice Extract (Spondias dulcis) as Anti-Candida albicans in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels which can stimulate the growth of the Candida albicans. Indonesia is the second highest country in the world with biodiversity which allows the creation of new compounds that can be used as medicine. One type of plant that has medicinal properties is kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis) which can be used as herbal medicine, and can also act as an anti-fungal, because it has anti-fungal substances such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins. This compound can prevent fungal growth. The aim of this research was to determine the inhibitory ability of kedondong (Spondias dulcis) leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans using the Kirby Bauer method. The type of research used in this research is laboratory experiments. The results of the inhibition test in this study were the concentration inhibition zone results of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, the results were 0 mm, indicating that these 4 concentrations could not inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Meanwhile, the positive control showed that there was a clear zone with an average of 28.8 mm, which indicated that antibiotics inhibited the growth of Candida albicans, while the negative control showed that no clear zone was formed. Therefore, the results of this study can be concluded that squeezed kedondong (Spondias dulcis) leaf extract cannot inhibit the growth of Candida albicans isolated from diabetes mellitus sufferers

The Extracted Pectin from Ambarella Fruit Peel (Spondias dulcis) as Biosorbent in Adsorption of Cu(II) Metal Ions

Heavy metals are known to seriously injure land plants and animals, including humans, as well as marine species when present in contaminated water. For the batch adsorption technique used in this study, Cu(II) ions were removed from an aqueous solution using an inexpensive environmentally friendly adsorbent prepared from the extracted pectin of ambarella fruit peel. The functional groups of the extracted pectin were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Operational conditions like pH, contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated. FTIR characterization showed that pectin was successfully extracted from ambarella fruit peel with the appearance of the peaks at 3331.36 cm-1, 2924.02 cm-1, 1727.38 cm-1, 1626.20 cm-1, 1329.31cm−1, 1232.43cm−1, 994.18 cm−1 and these peaks have similar characteristic with a commercial pectin. The maximum uptake of Cu(II) ions was obtained at a pH of 4, a contact time of 90 min, an initial metal concentration of 150 ppm. The extracted pectin has an adsorption capacity of 6.5860 mg/g for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solution under the optimum adsorption conditions. In addition, the data obtained from contacting the extracted pectin of ambarella fruit peel in Batang Arau River water showed an adsorption capacity of 0.0376 mg/g. Therefore, the pectin that was extracted from the peel of the ambarella fruit could be used to filter out Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions.

Effect of different types of electrolyzed water on drying characteristics and quality of Spondias dulcis in oven drying.

Due to its less adverse impact on the environment as well as human health, electrolyzed water, a non-thermal method, has been recognized to be a promising alternative as a new disinfectant for the food industry, which does not change odor, texture, and flavor of foods. Spondias dulcis fruit is rich in bioactive compounds, vitamins and minerals, which are known to have many beneficial effects on health. Fresh S. dulcis has a short shelf life and drying is an option to preserve the fruit. In this study, the effects of electrolyzed water treatment on the quality characteristics of dried S. dulcis were investigated. Slices of fruit treated with four different electrolyzed waters (Anolyte NaCl, Catholyte NaCl, Anolyte Na2CO3, and Catholyte Na2CO3) were dried in a conventional oven at 70 °C. Color, Browning index, antioxidant characteristics, texture profile, rehydration capacity, pH, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyzes of dried S. dulcis were performed. The samples treated with electrolyzed water prior to drying showed higher antioxidant activity (59.46 ± 0.09), total phenolic content (287.00 ± 1.76), and rehydration capacity (4.52 ± 0.05) compared to the control samples. The findings of the current study showed that electrolyzed water treatment could prevent the browning of dried S. dulcis fruits and preserve bioactive compounds as well as chemical properties.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE COMBINATION OF AMBARELLA LEAVES (Spondias dulcis Parkinson) AND SOURSOP LEAVES (Annona muricata Linn) EXTRACT

Degenerative diseases can be caused by free radicals, whereas antioxidants can overcome free radicals. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Parkinson) and soursop leaves (Annona muricata Linn.) are potential sources of suitable antioxidant compounds. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and the relationship between antioxidants and total phenolics from the combination of S. dulcis and A. muricata leaf extracts. S. dulcis leaves, and A. muricata leaves were macerated with 96% ethanol and then formulated with a combination of extracts (1:1, 2:1, and 1:2). Each was tested for its antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The ethanol extract of S. dulcis leaves had an antioxidant activity value of 36.72±4.01 ppm with a total phenol of 76.84±0.50 mgGAE/g extract, an ethanol extract of A. muricata leaves of 81.45±8.19 ppm with a total phenol of 104.48±7.55 mg GAE/g extract and a combination of extracts with a ratio of ethanol extract of S. dulcis leaves and ethanol extract of A. muricata leaves (2:1) of 29.98 ± 0.37 ppm with a total phenol of 36.99 ± 0.98 mgGAE/g extract. The results showed that the phenolic content of the ethanol extract of A. muricata leaves was more significant than the combination (2:1), which had the most excellent antioxidant activity among the other comparisons. Total phenolic is inversely related to antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity is not only played by phenolic compounds.

Pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical analysis of Spondias dulcis parkinson

Spondias dulcis Parkinson have been used in traditional medicine in Asia, Oceania, and South America, for different diseases conditions and as a functional food. The scientific literature described as different potential pharmacology such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and enzymatic inhibitor. This study aimed to: (1) establish the pharmacological activity in intestinal motility in vivo and antioxidant activity in vitro; (2) perform the acute toxicology test in mouse; (3) characterize the phytochemical profile based on counter-current chromatography (CCC) and NMR analysis. The results revealed a laxative effect of S. dulcis extract and a high antioxidant activity (IC50 = 5.10 for DPPH assay and 14.14 for hydrogen peroxide scavenging test). No side effects were observed in the oral acute toxicity test for a dose up to 2000 mg/kg. The chemical profile was identified by CCC and NMR, and the comparison of the data obtained with previous literature revealed the presence of the flavonoid rutin (Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) in the extract.

Antioxidant, antiglycation, and anti-inflammatory activities of Caesalpinia mimosoides.

Oxidative stress, glycation and inflammation are the main causes of many severe diseases. To date, no single extract has been shown to simultaneously inhibit these three reactions. In this study, the antioxidant, antiglycation and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts from four edible plants that are commonly used as Thai folk medicine were compared. Among these extracts, Caesalpinia mimosoides extract (CME) showed the highest antioxidant potential with Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) of 5.9 ± 0.1 mM/mg followed closely by Zingiber officinale extract (ZOE) with a TEAC value of 5.4 ± 0.2 mM/mg. However, CME showed no cytotoxicity, whereas ZOE greater than 60 μg/mL showed cytotoxicity to normal human cells. Antiglycation assay using bovine serum albumin-ribose showed comparable potency between CME and Spondias dulcis extract (SDE). However, CME exhibited a high anti-inflammatory activity, significantly higher than SDE and activity depending on the dose. At a concentration of 60 μg/mL, approximately 85% of the interleukin-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine produced from human monocytes, induced by lipopolysaccharides, was completely inhibited by CME whereas SDE showed no inhibition. In summary, CME is the most potential extract with simultaneously activity of these three reactions. CME has the highest total phenolic content expressed as gallic acid equivalent to 301 ± 8 mg/g. Identification using high-performance liquid chromatography revealed the presence of at least four phenolic compounds, gallic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ellagic acid are existed in CME. Our finding suggests that CME is a promising natural source for inhibition of oxidative stress, glycation, and inflammation.

TEST OF EFFECT KEDONDONG LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT (SPONDIAS DULCIS) ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERIA

Bacteria that cause infection and disease are commonly found in our environment, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Several infectious diseases are also caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including cellulitis, acne (acne), and infection with Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS). To determine whether the ethanol extract of kedondong leaves (EEDK) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study used a laboratory experimental method with several stages such as sample collection, identification of plants for making simplicia, phytochemical screening, extract preparation and preparation of kedondong leaf extract test solutions with various concentrations of 15%, 25%, 35% and positive control (Chloramphenicol), negative control (DMSO), and antibacterial activity testing using the paper disc method. The results of phytochemical screening of kedondong leaf simplicia (Spondias dulcis) found that kedondong leaves contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins that have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. % of 9.4 mm, 25% concentration of 13.5 mm and the greatest inhibition was at a concentration of 35% of 19.5 mm. Kedondong leaf extract has antibacterial activity against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with moderate to strong categories. inhibit the activity of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a concentration of 35%. Based on the description above, it was found that the EED with a concentration of 35% had the greatest antibacterial effect compared to the concentration of 15% and 25%. and it can be concluded that the higher the concentration of the extract used, the higher the antibacterial effect.

Species Diversity and The Importance of Charismatic Medicinal Plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve, Johor

Medicinal plants in peat swamp have not received much attention in Malaysia in recent years due to land conversion in this peat swamp area. This study aimed to record species diversity of medicinal plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve, to develop an interactive website containing medicinal plants in Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve and to collect feedback on user experience using the website by using an online survey. Data about species diversity was measured by Shannon-Wiener Index by doing random sampling with 10 m x 5 m quadrat. There are 21 species (14 families) of medicinal plants were identified. Clidemia hirta, Spondias dulcis andVitex pinnatawere among the highest number of individuals of each species that could be found. Fever, wound treatment, and stomachache, were the most common illness that uses these medicinal plants. Decoction method was the most typical way to prepare this herbal medicine. Koompassia excelsa is one of the new records of medicinal plants found in this Ayer Hitam Utara Forest Reserve which can lower cardiovascular risk, act as an antioxidant and help in wound healing. An interactive website was developed using StoryMap ArcGIS to document the collection. Based on feedback for the website, most of the respondents agreed that the website has good content and user-friendly. This documentation is crucial to preserve our natural resources for the future generation.

Potential Antioxidant Activity of Kedondong Leaves (Spondias dulcis Forst.) Using DPPH Method (1,1-Diphenyl-2- Pikril Hydrazil)

Background: Antioxidants are substances that can reduce free radicals to protect the body's biological systems from adverse effects arising from processes or reactions that cause excess oxidants. Kedondong leaves (Spondias dulcis Forst.) contain flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which have the potential to act as antioxidants. Objective: To determine the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate and 95% ethanol extracts from kedondong leaves. Methods: The antioxidant activity was tested using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, a free radical stable in an aqueous solution. Each extract was tested for its antioxidant activity with a comparison compound, vitamin C, using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of the antioxidant activity test revealed the IC50 (inhibitory concentration) value, namely the concentration of antioxidant compounds capable of inhibiting DPPH free radical activity by 50%. Result: The ethyl acetate extract has weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 194.123 ppm, the 95% ethanol extract has very weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 553.3694 ppm, and vitamin C, as a comparison, has very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 4.7805 ppm. Conclusion: Kedondong leaves have potential antioxidant activity but are very small.

The complete plastome of Spondias dulcis (Anacardiaceae): an edible deciduous tree species from South America

Spondias dulcis is a deciduous tree in the family Anacardiaceae. The species originates in South America and now is widely cultivated in tropical areas due to its edible fruits. In this study, we find that the length of the complete plastome of S. dulcis is 162,256 bp. It includes 35 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes, 86 protein-coding genes and totally 130 genes. The complete plastome of S. dulcis includes a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,459 bp, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 89,353 bp, and two inverted repeats (IRs) regions of 27,222 bp. The total G/C content of S. dulcis is 37.7%. It shows that S. dulcis is closely related to S. mombin within Anacardiaceae. It will contribute to the conservation genetics of S. dulcis and the phylogenetic studies in Anacardiaceae.

Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of an Abrasion Peeling Machine for Ambarella (<em>Spondias dulcis</em>) fruits

Ambarella (Spondias dulcis) is one of the newest exotic fruits to gain popularity since it has been used to produce various processed food in Sri Lanka. The fruit pulp of Ambarella is the primary entity used to process food. Thus, peeling at the preliminary processing stage is required to obtain fruit pulp. Currently, it has been done manually using hand tools, which takes a lot of time and labour costs. In addition, no technical solution has been developed for the small and medium food processing industry. Consequently, a continuous type, rotary abrasion peeling cum washing peeler was fabricated as a solution for Ambarella peeling to satisfy food processing at micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The machine consists of an abrasion drum where a fibre brush roller and water spraying unit are incorporated. While the drum spins, peeling is performed by a combination of abrasion surface, brush roller and water. The comparative machine performance was evaluated to find the best suited horizontal drum angle for peeling of Large and Miniature fruit types of Ambarella and compared with the manual knife peeling method. The best suited horizontal drum angle and rpm for mechanical Ambarella peeling were 10° and 75 rpm respectively. At this point, the machine capacity was 102 kg/h, with 49% peeling efficiency regardless of Ambarella fruit types. Moreover, the new peeling machine showed significantly higher (22-fold) mechanical peeling capacity in comparison to knife peeling (p < 0.05). However, machine peeling efficiency was significantly lower than manual knife peeling (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the material loss was less than 5%. The costs of peeling the Ambarella by machine and manual process were 2.00 LKR/kg and 40.00 LKR/kg, respectively. Machine peeling necessitates 19 times less labour than manual peeling. Based on the machine capacity, it is appropriate for MSMEs. However, further improvements are needed to enhance the Ambarella peeling efficiency.

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF KEDONDONG (SPONDIAS DULCIS PARKINSON) IN CENTRAL PART OF SUMATRA

Ibna Hayati, Alex Hartana, Nina Ratna Djuita & Nunik Sri Ariyanti. 2022. Morphological Variation of Kedondong (Spondias dulcis Parkinson) in Central Part of Sumatra. Floribunda 6(8): 315–323 — Kedondong (Spondias dulcis Parkinson), is widely cultivated in the tropics and reported possibly native plant from Malesia and Pacific. Since a long time several regions in Indonesia has been known as producing area. Around 60s, Sumatra has reputable kedondong from sabang which has sweet flavour and large size. However information on the morphological variation of kedondong germplasm is still limited. The objective of this study was to describe and grouped morphological variation of kedondong germplasm in central part of Sumatra. The specimens were explored and collected from Riau, West Sumatra, and Jambi. Fifty morphological characters were observed and scored for grouping analysis using UPGMA methods. Some characteristics of kedondong from central part of Sumatra are very varied. The kedondong specimens in the cluster analysis grouped into two main groups A and B based on the color of the mature fruit, but these characteristics may not qualify to be used as standard criteria for evaluating cultivated variety because within the group there are still variations in other characters, such as size and shape of the fruits. However based on fruit type, sweet kedondong tends to has oblong type.

Fruit quality and genetic diversity of Spondias dulcis accessions

Among the less exploited Brazilian native fruit trees, the Spondias dulcis (cajá-manga) has many uses, being their fruits appreciated in fresh consumption and its pulp used in popsicles, ice-creams, and jellies production. However, there is a lack of research on this species, being necessary more studies. This work aimed to characterize the physical and chemical quality and the genetic diversity of Spondias dulcis fruits harvested in different accessions in the municipality of Jataí - GO. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with six treatments (accessions), ten replications with ten fruits per plot, totaling a sample of 600 fruits. The fruits were evaluated for pulp and peel color, pulp yield, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids content/titratable acidity ratio, and vitamin C content. The fruits from accessions M4 and M5 presented physical and chemical characteristics higher than the other plants. The evaluated accessions presented genetic variability, being the methodology employed efficiently to indicate this variability, in which the accession M2 was the most divergent.

Hybridization of freeze drying and impacts on drying kinetics and dried product quality of kedondong fruits

Hybridization of freeze drying was carried out by incorporating hot air and infrared drying in a two-stage drying process with aims to investigate the drying kinetics and impacts on dried product quality of kedondong fruits (Spondias dulcis). The hybridization consisted of the first stage freeze drying (FD duration = 6 hours or 12 hours) and second stage hot air (HA temperature = 60 °C) or infrared (IR temperature = 60 °C) drying. Drying kinetics showed that drying rates improved drastically by 34-72% once it transitioned from the first stage freeze drying to the second stage hot air or infrared drying. Time saving of 16.7-37.5 hours were observed in all hybrid drying trials with reference to freeze drying alone due to the improved drying rates. Color measurement showed that FD12IR samples resulted in minimal total color change (ΔE) and no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed with reference to freeze dried samples. In terms of total polyphenols content (TPC) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH and ABTS), hybrid drying was able to improve significantly (p < 0.05) retention of TPC as compared to hot air drying especially for FD12IR (5.45 mg GAE/g dry solid) and FD12HA (4.52 mg GAE/g dry solid) samples. The same set of samples (FD12IR and FD12HA) also showed significantly higher antioxidant capacities (p < 0.05) (DPPH = 119.62 − 121.42 mg AA/100g dry solid and ABTS = 8.75 − 9.55 μM Trolox equivalent/100g dry solid) as compared to those dried using a shorter duration of first stage freeze drying (FD6HA and FD6IR) (DPPH = 63.31-84.49 mg AA/100g dry solid and ABTS = 6.31-6.86 μM Trolox equivalent/100g dry solid). In overall, sensory evaluation concluded that FD12IR samples showed the best acceptance among all the dried samples in terms of Just About Right (JAR) scores for kedondong notes and aroma as well as comparable to freeze dried samples for browning and sourness attributes.