Splitting Pattern Research Articles

Water Docking Bias in [4]Helicene.

We report on the one- and two-water clusters of [4]helicene, the smallest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a helical sense, which were captured in the gas phase using high-resolution rotational spectroscopy. The structures of the complexes are unambiguously revealed using microwave spectra of isotopically enriched species. In the one-water cluster, the apparent splitting pattern is consistent with a tunneling motion that encompasses an exchange of strongly and weakly bonded water hydrogens. This motion is "locked" in the two-water cluster. The relevant intermolecular contacts, symmetry, and aromaticity effects are unveiled for the microsolvated chiral topologies. These observations entail the first glance at the structures and internal dynamics of the water binding motifs of a chiral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

Structural Elucidation of Presilphiperfolane-7α,8α-diol, a Bioactive Sesquiterpenoid from Pulicaria vulgaris: A Combined Approach of Solvent-Induced Chemical Shifts, GIAO Calculation of Chemical Shifts, and Full Spin Analysis.

Structural elucidation of a new triquinane sesquiterpenoid, presilphiperfolane-7α,8α-diol, 1a, isolated from Pulicaria vulgaris, was accomplished by combining solvent-induced removal of chemical shift degeneracy and computational (DFT-GIAO) prediction of NMR spectra with the analysis of 1H NMR splitting patterns. In addition to extensive NMR experiments (in 10 different solvents), MS, and FTIR, the identity of 1a was also confirmed by chemical transformations. The applied approach can facilitate structural elucidation of organic molecules and decrease the probability of an erroneous identification, permitting an unambiguous stereochemical elucidation and full NMR assignment. The pharmacological/toxicological profile of 1a was evaluated in several different models.

How does bone thickness affect the split pattern of sagittal ramus osteotomy?

This study examined the influence of bone thickness on the split pattern of sagittal ramus osteotomy at 62 sites using Dolphin 3D software. Four measurements of thickness were obtained from the preoperative computed tomography scans: measurement A was made 1.5mm above the lingula, using the coronal and sagittal planes; measurement B was made at the same height as measurement A and 1mm from the anterior border of the ramus; measurement C was obtained 5mm distal to the last molar and 5mm below the upper border of the mandible; measurement D was made in the area between the first and second molars, 6mm above the mandibular border. Three-dimensional postoperative images were used to classify the split pattern into types, based on the classification of Plooij et al. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn post-hoc test. Thirty-five sagittal splits were type I, one was type II, 19 were type III, and seven were type IV. Type I presented the greatest thickness, whereas type IV presented the lowest. There was a statistically significant difference in thickness only for measurement A, when types I and IV were compared. The results indicate that thinner mandibular rami are more prone to bad splits.

The Conceptual Dilemma of the One‐Electron Picture in Describing the Uniaxial Magnetism at Linear Coordination Sites

High‐spin Fe2+, Fe+ and Co2+ ions at linear two‐coordination sites exhibit uniaxial magnetism. In the one‐electron picture, the uniaxial magnetism of the Fe2+ ion is explained, while those of the Fe+ and Co2+ ions are not, if the d‐state split pattern is 1e < 2e < 1a. The opposite is true if the d‐state split pattern is 1a < 1e < 2e. We resolved this conceptual dilemma by evaluating the relative stabilities for the various L states of linear molecules (FeL2)0, (FeL2)–, and (CoL2)0 with L = C(SiH3)3 on the basis of first‐principles broken‐symmetry and configuration interaction calculations. In the first‐principles picture, the total energy of an electron configuration depends not only on the energy sequence of the occupied d‐states, as do the one‐electron picture, but also on the electron repulsion between occupied d‐states, which is neglected by the one‐electron picture.

The Role of Variable Slab Dip in Driving Mantle Flow at the Eastern Edge of the Alaskan Subduction Margin: Insights From Shear‐Wave Splitting

AbstractAlaska provides an ideal tectonic setting for investigating the interaction between subduction and asthenospheric flow. Within the span of a few hundred kilometers along strike, the geometry of the subducting Pacific plate varies significantly and terminates in a sharp edge. Furthermore, the region documents a transition from subduction along the Aleutian Arc to strike‐slip faulting along the Pacific Northwest. To better understand mantle interactions within this subduction zone, we conduct an SKS shear‐wave splitting analysis on passive‐source seismic data collected between 2011 and 2018 at 239 broadband seismometers, including those from the Transportable Array. Anisotropic fast directions in the east of our study area parallel the Queen Charlotte and Fairweather transform faults, suggesting that the ongoing development of lithospheric anisotropy dominates the results there. However, our observed delay times (δt = 1–1.5 s) obtained across the study region may also imply an asthenospheric contribution to the splitting pattern. Our splitting observations exhibit slab‐parallel fast directions northwest of the trench and a rotation of fast directions around the northeastern slab edge. These observations suggest the presence of toroidal asthenospheric flow around the edge of the downgoing Pacific plate. We suggest that Wrangell Volcanic Field volcanism might be caused by mantle upwelling associated with this flow. Splitting observations closer to the trench can be explained by fossil anisotropy within the downgoing Pacific‐Yakutat plate combined with entrained subslab mantle. The geometry of the slab, including its variable dip and its abrupt eastern edge, thus plays an important role in governing mantle flow beneath Alaska.

Relation of crustal and upper mantle deformation beneath Sunda-Banda Island Arc inferred from shear-wave splitting analysis

We study the possible correlation of deformation in the crust and upper mantle beneath Sunda-Banda Island Arc using shear wave splitting analysis. The study area is very complex and located in the region where there is a transition in tectonic setting from subduction to collision. In this study, we measure the upper mantle splitting parameters from local events recorded at 6 broadband stations. The fast directions of the upper mantle splitting results are then compared with the orientation of fast waves previously obtained in the crust. Thus, this complex tectonic setting is expected to provide correlation of deformation pattern in the crust and upper mantle derived from the splitting results. The results show that the upper mantle fast orientations are generally parallel to the crustal splitting pattern. This finding suggests that this pattern could be caused the preferential alignment of anisotropic mineral inside the medium vertically localized in thin channel underneath the volcanic islands, or fracture zone fabrics related to the change of tectonic regime from subduction to collision, which involves high stresses and strains in the plate boundary.

Time-Resolved Systems Medicine Reveals Viral Infection-Modulating Host Targets.

Introduction: Drug-resistant infections are becoming increasingly frequent worldwide, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. This is partly due to the very limited set of protein drug targets known for human-infecting viral genomes. The eleven influenza virus proteins, for instance, exploit host cell factors for replication and suppression of the antiviral immune responses. A systems medicine approach to identify relevant and druggable host factors would dramatically expand therapeutic options. Therapeutic target identification, however, has hitherto relied on static molecular networks, whereas in reality the interactome, in particular during an infection, is subject to constant change.Methods: We developed time-course network enrichment (TiCoNE), an expert-centered approach for discovering temporal response pathways. In the first stage of TiCoNE, time-series expression data is clustered in a human-augmented manner to identify groups of biological entities with coherent temporal responses. Throughout this process, the expert can add, remove, merge, or split temporal patterns. The resulting groups can then be mapped to an interaction network to identify enriched pathways and to analyze cross-talk enrichments and depletions between groups. Finally, temporal response groups of two experiments can be intersected, to identify condition-variant response patterns that represent promising drug-target candidates.Results: We applied TiCoNE to human gene expression data for influenza A virus infection and rhino virus infection, respectively. We then identified coherent temporal response patterns and employed our cross-talk analysis to establish two potential timelines of systems-level host responses for either infection. Next, we compared the two phenotypes and unraveled condition-variant temporal groups interacting on a networks level. The highest-ranking ones we then validated via literature search and wet-lab experiments. This not only confirmed many of our candidates as previously known, but we also identified phospholipid scramblase 1 (encoded by PLSCR1) as a previously not recognized host factor that is essential for influenza A virus infection.Conclusion: With TiCoNE we developed a novel approach for conjointly analyzing molecular networks with time-series expression data and demonstrated its power by identifying temporal drug-targets. We provide proof-of-concept that not only novel targets can be identified using our approach, but also that anti-infective drug target discovery can be enhanced by investigating temporal molecular networks of the host in response to viral infection.

Rice plant growth and nutrient leaching under different patterns of split chemical fertilization on sandy soil using a pot

Savannakhet Province has 25% of the total lowland rice cultivation area of Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos). However, most of the fields are rainfed, with highly permeable sandy soil, which has low water and nutrient availability. In such sandy rainfed fields, high leaching loss of nutrients from applied fertilizer is expected, and rice yield is also decreased. Therefore, an efficient fertilization scheme is required to improve rice yield in this area. We conducted a pot experiment to evaluate rice plant growth and nutrient leaching under different split chemical fertilizer application patterns. Sandy soil collected in a village in Savannakhet Province was placed in test pots. Four treatments, viz., standard fertilization (control: C, three splits), subdivided fertilization (SF, six splits), intensive fertilization (IF, once at the time of transplanting), and no fertilizer (NF) were tested. Irrigation was done every 3 days during the initial 3 months and every 10 days in the final month with reference to the rainfall pattern recorded in the rainy season of 2016. Although the maximum number of tillers in C and IF was higher than that of SF, they ultimately decreased to a smaller number than that of SF. The yield of SF was higher than that of the other three treatments. NF showed the lowest growth and yield. The six-split fertilization might supplement nitrogen (N) at the late growing stage. IF showed the largest N leaching loss among treatments. Because of low phosphorus (P) leaching loss, split P fertilization was ineffective. K leaching was completed by 39 days after transplanting, suggesting that all of the K applied by fertilizer and irrigation was consumed by rice plants or lost through leaching before panicle initiation. The proposed split fertilization is advantageous in that it supplies N for panicle initiation and maturing stages in sandy paddy fields, but the timing and amount of P application must be considered.

Pola Komunikasi Keluarga Buruh Migran di Desan Pandan Wangi Kecamatan Jerowaru Kabupaten Lombok Timur

Migrant worker children left by one or both parents need to observe, the role of the missing father / mother in the family will certainly feel different compared to a complete family member of the family, children who live with fathers without mothers and children who live with you without father or child who lives with a grandmother without a mother and father we need to know. In this study consisted of three families of migrant workers left by both parents, abandoned by Father, and left by the mother in Pandan Wangi Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. The purpose of this study was to find out how the communication patterns of migrant workers' families and children's communication behavior in the families of migrant workers in Pandan Wangi Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. The research was conducted using a research method through a descriptive approach with qualitative data. The results of the research showed in the families of migrant workers left by one of their parents mother / father applying a family communication pattern that leads to unbalanced split patterns which are unequal separate relationships, where one person in the wife / husband's family dominates.

The photoionization dynamics based on molecular pre-orientation.

We study theoretically the photoionization dynamics of pre-oriented NaK molecule. Firstly, a THz laser pulse is utilized to orient the ground state molecule. And then the pump and probe laser pulses are used to excite and ionize the molecule, respectively. We study the influence of molecular orientation duration and degree on the ionization probability, angle-resolved photoelectron spectrum and photoelectron angular distribution (PAD). It is shown that we could obtain more stable ionization signal and PAD when the molecules are ionized in molecular orientation duration. We could increase the ionization probability and obtain more concentrated ionization signal and photoelectron distribution by increasing the orientation degree in the ground state. Moreover, we discuss the splitting pattern in the angle-resolved photoelectron spectrum.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON PRODUCTIVITY OF Panicum maximum, Setaria splendida, AND Pennisetum purpureum GRASS

Forage is the main feed that contains almost all the nutrients needed by ruminants. This study aimed to determine the productivity of Panicum maximum, Setaria splendida Stapf, and Pennisetum purpureum grass were given organic fertilizer and knew the best organic fertilizer for each type of grass. The study used a completely randomized design in split plot pattern. The first factor (main plot) consists of three types of grass; Panicum maximum, Setaria splendida, and Pennisetum purpureum. The second factor (sub plot / subplot) is a type of organic fertilizer; without fertilizer, manure, compost, and vermicompost. Each treatment was repeated three times so that it consisted of 36 experimental units. The results showed that the interaction between the treatment of the type of organic fertilizer with the type of grass occurred in the variable number of tillers and the dry weight of the stem. The types of compost in significant can increase the number of tillers, the number of leaves, the dry weight of the stems, the dry weight of the leaves, and the total dry weight of forage, compared to without fertilizer. The type of grass has a significant effect on all observed variables. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the interaction between the treatment of the type of organic fertilizer with the type of grass affects the number of tillers and the dry weight of the stem, the three types of grass have different productivity, while among the organic fertilizers provided, compost gives the best results.
 Keywords: grass, manure, compost, vermicompost

GROWTH AND YIELD OF BUTTERFLY PEA (Clitoria ternatea L.) ON VARIOUS LEVEL OF WATER CONTENT AND BIO-SLURRY FERTILIZERS

This research is aimed to know the growth and yield of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) at various level of water content and bio-slurry fertilizers. This research was conducted for 4 months at Tropical Forage Science Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Udayana University. The experiment design used a completely randomized design (CRD) in split plot pattern. Main factor or main plot is various level of water content: water content 60% (K1), 80% (K2), and 100% (K3) of field capacity, while sub factor or sub plot is level of fertilizer dosage: 0 ton ha-1 (D0), 10 ton ha-1 (D1), 20 ton ha-1 (D2), 30 ton ha-1(D3). The treatment repeated as much as 4 times. The variables observed in this study are growth and forage yield. The result of this research showed that giving various level of water content with different dosage bio-slurry fertilizer give significant effect (P<0,05) to growth and forage yield of butterfly pea (C. ternatea). There is no interaction between the treatment of level water content with the dosage of fertilizer to growth and the forage yield of butterfly pea (C. ternatea). Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the 80% (K2) level water content and 20 ton ha-1 (D2) fertilizer resulted in the best growth and forage yield of butterfly pea (C. ternatea).
 Keywords: growth and yield, butterfly pea, water content, bio-slurry.

Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Activity of Isonicotinylhydrazide Metal Complexes

This study focuses characterization of iron (II), iron (III), cobalt (II), copper (II) and nickel (II) complexes of Isoniazid (INH) and studying their spectroscopic as well as physiochemical properties. FTIR studies showed that INH binds the metal from oxygen of carbonyl group and nitrogen of amino group. The proton NMR spectra of the metal complexes confirmed the conversion of ligand molecules into their respective metal complexes. However, pattern of splitting and shapes of peaks was observed but the protons resonated in the expected region. XRD patterns may be concluded that the complexes are mostly comprised of nano-sized particles behaving like amorphous materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed marked changes in the morphology of complexes, and their degradation at higher temperature strengthens the hypothesis of the successful formation of complexes. The MTT cytotoxicity assay was used for the screening these complexes against four human cell lines but the results did not prove significant.

Comparison of combustion characteristics of an automotive CRDI engine with conventional HCV engine

In this present work, combustion parameters of an automotive CRDI diesel engine was investigated. A three cylinder CRDI passenger car engine employed with split injection pattern was tested at two different operating conditions namely, operating the engine at different speeds by maintaining a constant engine torque and also at different torques by maintaining a constant engine speed. Variation of combustion parameters of the engine was presented as function of BMEP, speed and torque. The variation of cylinder pressure and heat release rate of the CRDI engine was compared with a four stroke, six cylinder, heavy commercial vehicle (HCV) direct injection automotive engine employed with mechanical fuel injection system and significant variation was observed between the two. In the CRDI engine the magnitude of the cylinder pressure varied marginally during the combustion period when compared with mechanical fuel injection engine and the effect of split injection was observed in the heat release curve of the CRDI engine. Variation of start of combustion, peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, maximum heat release rate and combustion duration with respect to speed and torque was presented for CRDI engine. [Received: May 23, 2016; Accepted: June 7, 2017]

Comparison of combustion characteristics of an automotive CRDI engine with conventional HCV engine

In this present work, combustion parameters of an automotive CRDI diesel engine was investigated. A three cylinder CRDI passenger car engine employed with split injection pattern was tested at two different operating conditions namely, operating the engine at different speeds by maintaining a constant engine torque and also at different torques by maintaining a constant engine speed. Variation of combustion parameters of the engine was presented as function of BMEP, speed and torque. The variation of cylinder pressure and heat release rate of the CRDI engine was compared with a four stroke, six cylinder, heavy commercial vehicle (HCV) direct injection automotive engine employed with mechanical fuel injection system and significant variation was observed between the two. In the CRDI engine the magnitude of the cylinder pressure varied marginally during the combustion period when compared with mechanical fuel injection engine and the effect of split injection was observed in the heat release curve of the CRDI engine. Variation of start of combustion, peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise, maximum heat release rate and combustion duration with respect to speed and torque was presented for CRDI engine. [Received: May 23, 2016; Accepted: June 7, 2017]

Spin-torsion dominated hyperfine splittings in the first excited torsional state (vt = 1) of methanol

Doublet, triplet and quartet hyperfine splitting patterns have been observed in the E-species component of the first excited (vt = 1) torsional state of CH3OH. Four series of lines dominate the available data: (i) a K = 6 ← 7, Q branch series of quartets, with 7 ≤ J ≤ 15; (ii) a K = 3 ← 2, Q branch series, with 3 ≤ J ≤ 18, which starts as quartets, changes to doublets at J = 7, and then finally to singlets at J = 17; (iii) a K = −2 ← −3, P branch series of doublets, with 8 ≤ J ≤ 13; and (iv) a K = 8 ← 7, Q branch series, with 8 ≤ J ≤ 24, which starts as triplets and becomes doublets at J = 12. There are also a few isolated doublets and quartets, which do not form long spectroscopic branches. We have modeled the hyperfine quartet and doublet splittings with empirically chosen symmetry-allowed spin-torsion, spin-rotation, and spin–spin interaction terms appropriate for the two I = ½ spin systems arising from the OH proton and from the CH3 protons, respectively, and have achieved a least-squares fit of 144 hyperfine components (88 hyperfine intervals) to six hyperfine parameters with a standard deviation (0.75 kHz) near experimental measurement accuracy. The three spin-rotation parameters associated with one I = ½ spin system in the fit agree well with ab initio predictions for IOH parameters in the literature. The two spin-torsion parameters agree to some extent with other fitted values in the literature. The physical effects included in the present Hamiltonian differ from those included in the Hamiltonian for our earlier work on hyperfine splittings in vt = 0 E states, because the experimentally observed vt = 1 splittings are found to decrease approximately as 1/J, whereas the vt = 0 splittings increase approximately as J. The position and relative intensities of the weak central features of the triplets are explained as three-level Λ-type crossover resonances.

Dinuclear Ternary Copper(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, Structure and DNA-Binding Studies

A dinuclear centrosymmetric copper(II) complex has been prepared and characterized via FT-IR, UV-Visible and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, electrochemical method, and powder and single crystal XRD techniques. The two copper(II) ions are connected by two μ-1,1-O atoms belonging to para-fluorophenyl acetate ligands. Each copper(II) ion is coordinated by two other carboxylate ligands in monodentate and a 2,2'-bipyridine molecule in bidentate manner. Thus the geometry around each penta-coordinated copper(II) ion is square pyramidal with distortion factor τ = 0.04. Purity and uniform crystalline nature of the complex was assessed from powder XRD spectrum. ESR signal consisted of partially resolved hyperfine splitting pattern while electrochemical studies revealed diffusion controlled electron transfer processes with diffusion co-efficient of 1.628×10-7 cm2 s-1. The results of all spectroscopic experiments support each other. The complex afforded mixed binding mode with DNA yielding DNA-binding constant values of 3.667×104and 1.438×104 M-1 using cyclic voltammetry and absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The preliminary studies heralded good structural and biological importance of the synthesized complex.

Discordance between FISH, IHC, and NGS Analysis of ALK Status in Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): a Brief Report of 7 Cases

BACKGROUND: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement represents a landmark in the targeted therapy of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a sensitive and specific method to detect ALK protein expression, possibly an alternative to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In this study, the concordance of FISH and IHC to determine ALK status was evaluated, particularly focusing on discordant cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ALK status was tested by FISH and the IHC validated method (Ventana ALK (D5F3) CDx Assay) in 95 NSCLCs. Discordant cases were analyzed also by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The response to crizotinib of treated patients was recorded. RESULTS: Seven (7.3%) discordant cases were ALK FISH positive and IHC negative. They showed coexistent split signals pattern, with mean percentage of 15.4%, and 5′ deletions pattern, with mean percentage 31.7%. Two cases had also gene amplification pattern. In three cases (42.8 %), the polysomy was observed. The NGS assay confirmed IHC results. In these patients, the treatment with crizotinib was ineffective. CONCLUSIONS: In our discordant cases, a coexistent complex pattern (deleted, split, and amplified/polysomic) of ALK gene was observed by FISH analysis. These complex rearranged cases were not detectable by IHC, and it could be speculated that more complex biological mechanisms could modulate protein expression. These data highlight the role of IHC and underscore the complexity of the genetic pattern of ALK. It could be crucial to consider these findings in order to best select patients for anti-ALK treatment in daily clinical practice.

The critical damage state controlling the tension-tension fatigue life of unidirectional fibre composites

A fracture mechanics model is proposed for the prediction of the critical damage state corresponding to tension-tension fatigue failure of unidirectional fibre composites. The critical damage state is characterized by the development of longitudinal splitting cracks, enabling isolated damage zones with broken fibres to link up. The critical damage state can be expressed in terms of the size of damage zones with broken fibres. The critical damage zone size depends on the maximum applied cyclic stress level, the geometry of the splitting pattern and on the Mode II fracture energy of the composite. The model was used for predicting the critical damage size of a glass fibre composites subjected to cyclic loading. In a study reported in the literature, the damage zone size was determined experimentally by X-ray tomography just prior to fatigue failure. A good agreement was found between the predicted and reported damage zone sizes. Moreover, the reported failure involved longitudinal splitting in accordance with the model.

Seismic Anisotropy and Its Geodynamic Implications in Iran, the Easternmost Part of the Tethyan Belt

AbstractIn this study, we use the results of seismic anisotropy as inferred from shear wave splitting analyses of SKS phases to propose a geodynamical model of the Arabia‐Eurasia collision zone. A detailed analysis of the 202 non‐null splitting and 196 null splitting measurements obtained from a dense temporary network are utilized to investigate the possibility of lateral and vertical variations in the anisotropic parameters and the hypothesis of a dipping anisotropic layer. A 2‐D geodynamical model of the western part of the collision zone is constructed. The preferred 2‐D model suggests that the belt‐parallel orientation of fast axes in the western Zagros originates from a lithospheric transpressional deformation. The plate motion‐parallel pattern in central Iran and western Alborz coincides with the decrease in the lithospheric thickness. Thus, we believe this trend has its origin in the asthenosphere. A combination of the keel effect of the thickened Zagros lithosphere, the asthenospheric edge‐driven convection flow and the lithospheric deformation in the shear zones can cause the NW‐SE‐oriented splitting pattern reported in some parts of central Iran. The asthenospheric flow beneath the thinner lithosphere to the south of the Bitlis suture in northern Iraq is likely the causative mechanism for our observed plate motion‐parallel splittings there. The variation of the convergence obliquity along the Alborz and Zagros inferred from analysis of geodetic data implies that a change in the pattern of lithospheric deformation and the consequent anisotropy is expected.