Splenic Lobe Research Articles

Study of morphological and histological properties of the pancreas in crow (Linnaecus corvus) and Iraqi black partridge (Melanoperdix niger).

The structures of the pancreas in crow (Linnaecus corvus) and Iraqi black partridge (Melanoperdix niger) were the targets for histological and morphometric differences in both birds. To study the comparative histomorphology of the pancreas in two species black partridge and local crow. Five healthy black partridge and five local crows were used in the current study. The anatomical study reveals that the pancreas in both species is situated within the coelomic compartment on the right side. It is composed of four lobes including splenic, ventral, third, and dorsal lobes. It showed three ducts of the pancreas located between two duodenal limbs. Histologically, the pancreas of both birds contained two portions, endocrine and exocrine zone. The portion that occupied a large area of the pancreas was the exocrine which consisted of acini made of pyramid cells varying in shape and size. In black partridge, the acini have centroacinar cells but no centroacinar in crow. The duct system starting from the intercalated duct, interlobular and terminated by the main duct was folded with line simple columnar epithelium. The islet Langerhans was oval in black partridge and had a distinctive border containing two types of cells (Alpha and Beta), while a Delta, in addition to Alpha Beta cells, was detected in the crow islet Langerhans which was a sphincter in shape. The pancreas of both bird black partridge (Melanoperdix niger) and crow (Linnaecus corvus) was a lobulated organ, that has a similar location in coelomic cavity. The pancreas in the crow was longer. In addition to the presence of some differences in histological structures between the two birds, a better understanding of the function of the pancreas in these species is needed.

Ultrastructural Architecture Studies of Pancreas in Guinea pig

Background: The pancreas is an accessory organ of the digestive system and also an important endocrine organ of vertebrates that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine function. Its endocrine function is to regulate blood sugar levels by secretion of hormones like insulin, glucagon, stomatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide and an exocrine function that helps in digestion. The study was performed to document the ultrastructural details of pancreas of guinea pigs by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Methods: Six adult healthy guinea pigs of 16-32 weeks of age (Irrespective of sex) were procured from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, TANUVAS as per ethical committee approval. Animals were dissected according to standard operating procedure by using the Carbon dioxide asphyxiations as per CPCSEA norms and pancreatic pieces were utilised for SEM and TEM study. Result: Pancreas was irregular in shaped and showed splenic, ventricular and intestinal lobes. In SEM, the parenchyma was covered by the dense irregular capsule. Each lobule contained many acini which were connected by a thin, long duct with branched pattern arrangement with increasing wall thickness and diameter. In TEM, the pancreatic tissue consisted of glandular lobules comprised of acini, islets of Langerhans and connective tissue between the lobules. Numerous mitochondria and golgi complexes were also present in the acinar cell cytoplasm along with zymogen granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The centroacinar cells were also found. A special type of interstitial cell named telocytes and each was found with many telopodes in the exocrine part of pancreatic parenchyma. Among the four islet cell types, alpha and beta cells could be identified.

Hippocampal Microglia Activation Induced by Acute Pancreatic Injury in Rats.

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreatic glandular parenchyma that causes injury with or without the destruction of pancreatic acini. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that certain systemic proinflammatory mediators may be responsible for initiating the fundamental mechanisms involved in microglial reactivity. Here, we investigated the possible repercussions of acute pancreatitis (AP) on the production of inflammatory mediators in the brain parenchyma focusing on microglial activation in the hippocampus. The acute pancreatic injury in rats was induced by a pancreas ligation surgical procedure (PLSP) on the splenic lobe, which corresponds to approximately 10% of total mass of the pancreas. Blood samples were collected via intracardiac puncture for the measurement of serum amylase. After euthanasia, frozen or paraffin-embedded brains and pancreas were analyzed using qRT-PCR or immunohistochemistry, respectively. Immunohistochemistry assays showed a large number of Iba1 and PU.1-positive cells in the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus of the PLSP group. TNF-α mRNA expression was significantly higher in the brain from PLSP group. NLRP3 inflammasome expression was found to be significantly increased in the pancreas and brain of rats of the PLSP group. High levels of BNDF mRNA were found in the rat brain of PLSP group. In contrast, NGF mRNA levels were significantly higher in the control group versus PLSP group. Our findings suggest that AP has the potential to induce morphological changes in microglia consistent with an activated phenotype.

Characterization of the pancreas of common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus): A light and transmission electron microscope study.

The present work was carried out to investigate the structure and ultra structure of the pancreas in the common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Totally, five healthy adult pheasant were used. The pancreas was assessed using histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The pancreas was composed of four lobes: dorsal, ventral, third, and splenic lobes. These lobes emptied into ascending duodenum through three excretory ducts as: ventral duct, splenic duct, and a common duct for dorsal and third lobes. The exocrine pancreas was constituted of pyramidal-shaped acinar cells with aggregation of zymogen granules at their apical cytoplasm. The endocrine pancreas was identified as large islet of Langerhans as α islets and small islets as β ones. No mixed islet was observed. At the level of TEM, two types of acinar cells were distinguished: Dark cells with electron dense cytoplasm, and indented nucleus, Light cells with electron lucent cytoplasm, and regular nucleus. The α islets were mainly constituted by A and D cells, whereas the β islets principally contained B cells and a few A cells. No D cells were identified in β islets. B cells were characterized by their polymorphic granules which were surrounded by a narrow halo zone. The granules of D cells were quite different. These cells contained large spherical granules with lower density as compared to the A or B granules surrounded by a limiting membrane. In conclusion, the pancreas of the common pheasant has a species-specific feature which must be considered in phylogenic studies. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The common pheasant's pancreas was composed of four lobes as dorsal, ventral, third, and splenic lobe. There were three excretory ducts. Ventral duct for ventral lobe, a common duct for both dorsal and third lobes, and a distinct splenic duct for splenic lobe. The exocrine acini were composed of two distinct types of cells: dark cells and light cells. The large alpha islets were composed of alpha cells and a few numbers of delta cells and small beta islets were composed of beta cells and a few numbers of alpha cells.

Heterogenous expression of endocrine and progenitor cells within the neonatal porcine pancreatic lobes-Implications for neonatal porcine islet xenotransplantation.

Neonatal porcine islets (NPIs) are a source of islets for xenotransplantation. In the pig, the pancreatic lobes remain separate, thus, when optimizing NPI isolation, the pancreatic lobes included in the pancreatic digest should be specified. These lobes are the duodenal (DL), splenic (SL) and connecting (CL) lobe that correspond to the head, body-tail, and uncinate process of the human pancreas. In this study we are the first to evaluate all three neonatal porcine pancreatic lobes and NPIs isolated from these lobes. We report, a significant difference in endocrine and progenitor cell composition between lobes, and observed pancreatic duct glands (PDG) within the mesenchyme surrounding exocrine ducts in the DL and CL. Following in vitro differentiation, NPIs isolated from each lobe differed significantly in the percent increase of endocrine cells and final cell composition. Compared to other recipients, diabetic immunodeficient mice transplanted with NPIs isolated from the SL demonstrated euglycemic control as early as 4 weeks (p < 0.05) and achieved normoglycemia by 6 weeks post-transplant (p < 0.01). For the first time we report significant differences between the neonatal porcine pancreatic lobes and demonstrate that NPIs from these lobes differ in xenograft function.

Histological and immunohistochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of duck (Anas platyrhnchos)

Because ducks are one of the important poultry in Iraq and due to the important role of the pancreas in the digestive process, this study was conducted to obtain the histological structure of the duck endocrine pancreas with its immunohistochemical study. The pancreas samples were taken from 10 indigenous adult male ducks. The histological study used two stains. Primary and secondary antibodies to the glucagon and insulin hormones were used for the immunohistochemical study. The result of the current study revealed three types of islets (alpha, beta, and mixed islets) in the duck pancreas. Alpha islets consisted of mainly alpha cells with few delta cells, and beta islets contained beta cells and a few delta cells. Also, alpha and beta cells with numerous delta cells were presented in mixed islets. The pancreatic islets are concentrated in the splenic lobe. The immunohistochemical result found the average glucagon intensity in alpha and mixed islets of duck pancreas was (295.3 ± 8.32 megapixel, and 110.2 ± 4.35 megapixel) respectively, and the average insulin intensity in beta and mixed islets of ducks was (265.4 ± 5.14 megapixels, 122.1 ± 3.65 megapixel) respectively.

Histological features of the spleen and pancreas of the Egyptian Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus)

The present study investigated the histological features of the spleen and pancreas of the Egyptian Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus). After gross observations the representative samples were collected from three adult male monitor lizards and were processed for histological examination. Grossly, the spleen was brownish in color and embedded in the mesentery near the stomach and pancreas. The pancreas was yellowish in color and consisted of a ventrally placed principal lobe which was pyramidal and extended in the mesentery, whereas the dorsally located splenic lobe was small and was attached to the spleen. a single duct was emerged from the pancreas. Histologically, the spleen was nodular and was encapsulated by the connective tissue capsule covered by mesothelium. it was composed of white and red pulps. Many ellipsoids, melano-macrophage centers, periarterial and periellipsoidal lymphatic sheaths (PALS and PELS; respectively) were observed. The pancreas demonstrated a thicker capsule covered by mesothelium and the exocrine portion was formed of tubule-acinar cells. Main pancreatic duct passed across the length of the pancreas and was lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium. The Islets were found in the ventral lobe where it was in various sizes. This is the first report about the histological structure of the spleen and pancreas of the Egyptian Nile monitor lizard, where the spleen showed a unique structure while the pancreas was similar to what was described in other varanus species. The information in this study will be a baseline knowledge for future studies regarding endocrine or immune organs in this species.

Laparoscopic Pancreatectomy in Rats: The Development of an Experimental Model

Introduction several pancreatectomy techniques in rats have been described and utilized for research concerning the pancreas endocrine and exocrine functions. However, we did not find a description of any kind of laparoscopic pancreatectomy in rats in the consulted databases. The objective of this study is to describe a laparoscopic splenic lobe pancreatectomy in rats. Methods ten Wistars rats weighting more then 300 g were operated for standardizing the laparoscopic pancreatosplenectomy technique, aided by previous descriptions of laparoscopic splenectomy and open pancreatectomy in rats. Adjustments have been progressively adopted for technical refinement. Results In five animals a low-cost rat laparoscopic set was used. In other five animals we used a standard laparoscopic set. Three rats died early due to different causes: transection of the gastroesophageal junction, hemorrhagic shock and inadvertent colonic injury. The postoperative period of the other seven rats was uneventful until the seventh postoperative day. Discussion laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy in rats is feasible and safe, even with a low-cost set, in which the results were alike the standard laparoscopic set.

Comparative Histological, Histochemical and Ultrastructure Studies on the Exocrine Pancreas of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)

The current study targeted to compare between the pancreas (exocrine part) of Japanese quail and Cattle egret. The pancreas was investigated in eight apparent healthy mature female Japanese quail and eight Cattle egret. Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructure studies were carried out. In both birds, the pancreas is located on the right side of the abdomen between the ascending and descending loops of the duodenum. The pancreas of the Japanese quail composed of dorsal, ventral, third, and splenic lobes, while in Cattle egret the pancreas is not lobulated. The Exocrine portion consists of serous acini and intercalated duct, intralobular duct, interlobular duct, and main duct. The duct system was similar in both birds with minor differences. The intralobular duct in the Cattle egret is characterized by the presence of serous glands within its wall. Under electron microscopy, the acinar cells were of two types, electron-dense, and electron-lucent acinar cells. Histochemically, the interlobular duct of the Cattle egret positively reacted to alcian blue (pH1) and aldehyde fuchsin stains but the interlobular duct of the Japanese quail was negatively reacted.

Chemotherapy associated liver injury and steatosis in Hispanic patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis

Presenter: Lucas Thornblade MD, MPH | City of Hope Cancer Center Background: Chemotherapy associated liver injury and steatosis (CALI/CASH) is common among patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRC-LM). As Hispanic patients experience high rates of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there may be a bias to avoid extended courses of chemotherapy because of a perceived risk of CALI/CASH in this population. We aimed to compare the development of CALI/CASH between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (nHW) patients with CRC-LM. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study of Hispanic and nHW patients with unoperated synchronous CRC-LM between (2014-2019). Patient records were reviewed for characteristics of CALI prior to initiation of (pre-chemo) and following up to six-months of chemotherapy (post-chemo). Non-contrast CT scans were sampled by investigators for characteristics of CASH (hepatic minus splenic attenuation (HSA)), and CALI (splenic and caudate lobe hypertrophy). Results: Among 64 patients (52% Hispanic, mean age 54.7 years, 48% female, 48% obese) mean chemotherapy treatment was 6.3 months and 98% received oxaliplatin (34% received irinotecan). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age, sex, or body mass index. Both Hispanic and nHW patients demonstrated a significant increase (p = 0.03) in mean caudate diameter (+2.3mm in Hispanics, +4.5mm in nHW) over the course of treatment. The rate of thrombocytopenia (platelets < 100k) was similar in both nHW (22.6%) and Hispanic patients (6.1%, p = 0.06) following chemotherapy. Both groups exhibited similar rates of splenic enlargement over 6 months of treatment (mean +0.74cm Hispanics, +0.62cm nHW, p = 0.79). However, we found no differences in the incidence of low-grade (HSA < 6.5, 30% Hispanics, 42% NHW, p = 0.33)) or high-grade steatosis (HSA < 3.2, 15% Hispanics, 19% NHW, p = 0.66) following chemotherapy. Conclusion: Both nHW and Hispanic patients in this study had evidence of liver injury as a result of predominantly oxaliplatin-based therapy. Despite a high rate of baseline hepatic steatosis in both groups, we did not see differential progression of steatosis as a result of chemotherapy regardless of baseline BMI or exposure to irinotecan. These findings suggest that, despite high rates of NAFLD in Hispanic patients, this should not be a reason to withhold prolonged chemotherapy for CRC-LM in this group.

Genetically engineered pigs manifesting pancreatic agenesis with severe diabetes

IntroductionPancreatic duodenum homeobox 1 (Pdx1) expression is crucial for pancreatic organogenesis and is a key regulator of insulin gene expression. Hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) controls tissue morphogenesis...

Pancreatic duct ligation reduces premalignant pancreatic lesions in a Kras model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in mice

Pancreatic duct ligation (PDL) in the murine model has been described as an exocrine pancreatic atrophy-inducing procedure. However, its influence has scarcely been described on premalignant lesions. This study describes the histological changes of premalignant lesions and the gene expression in a well-defined model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by PDL. Selective ligation of the splenic lobe of the pancreas was performed in Ptf1a-Cre(+/ki); K-ras LSLG12Vgeo(+/ki) mice (PDL-Kras mice). Three experimental groups were evaluated: PDL group, controls and shams. The presence and number of premalignant lesions (PanIN 1–3 and Atypical Flat Lesions—AFL) in proximal (PP) and distal (DP) pancreas were studied for each group over time. Microarray analysis was performed to find differentially expressed genes (DEG) between PP and PD. Clinical human specimens after pancreaticoduodenectomy with ductal occlusion were also evaluated. PDL-Kras mice showed an intense pattern of atrophy in DP which was shrunk to a minimal portion of tissue. Mice in control and sham groups had a 7 and 10-time increase respectively of risk of high-grade PanIN 2 and 3 and AFL in their DP than PDL-Kras mice. Furthermore, PDL-Kras mice had significantly less PanIN 1 and 2 and AFL lesions in DP compared to PP. We identified 38 DEGs comparing PP and PD. Among them, several mapped to protein secretion and digestion while others such as Nupr1 have been previously associated with PanIN and PDAC. PDL in Ptf1a-Cre(+/ki); K-ras LSLG12Vgeo(+/ki) mice induces a decrease in the presence of premalignant lesions in the ligated DP. This could be a potential line of research of interest in some cancerous risk patients.

SUN-LB90 Taurine Reverses Protein Malnutrition-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction of Pancreatic Vasculature

Background: Pancreatic islets are highly vascularized and there is a correlation between endocrine pancreas function and pancreas perfusion. Protein malnutrition during early stages of development predispose to cardiovascular diseases, impaired insulin secretion and, type 2 diabetes. However, it is unknown if there are alterations in the pancreatic vasculature in response to malnutrition. Taurine (TAU) supplementation has been suggested as antihypertensive and improves endothelial function and insulin secretion in cardiometabolic disorders. Here, we investigated the effect of TAU in the vasorelaxation and endothelium-derived factors of the lieno-pancreatic artery from protein malnourished mice. Because lieno-pancreatic artery provides blood supply to pancreatic splenic lobe, a protective effect of TAU may result in cardiometabolic benefits. Methods: Post-weaned male C57Bl/6 mice fed a normal- (14%, NP) or a low-protein (6%, LP) diet for 90 days. Concomitantly, half of LP mice received 2.5% TAU in drinking water. Lieno-pancreatic artery (internal diameter ~ 160 µm) was isolated and concentration-response relaxation curves to acetylcholine (ACh), nitric oxide (NO)-donor (SNP), or hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-donor (NaHS) were performed. The involvement of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) in ACh-induced relaxation was assessed using L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) or KCl (to attenuate K+ efflux), respectively. Protein expression was evaluated by Western-blot; NO and H2S production by DAF-2A and WSP-1 fluorescence, respectively. Results: Endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh was reduced in lieno-pancreatic artery from LP compared with NP group. Either KCl or L-NAME reduced ACh-induced relaxation, but only KCl abolished differences between LP and NP, suggesting that EDH rather than NO is involved in the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of LP. In accordance, relaxation to SNP, NO production, and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression were not altered in lieno-pancreatic artery of LP group compared to NP. Because H2S has been demonstrated to have EDH activity in several blood vessels we investigated this pathway. H2S production and NaHS-induced relaxation were both reduced in lieno-pancreatic artery of LP group compared with NP. TAU treatment reversed the impaired relaxation to ACh and to NaHS, as well as significantly increased H2S production in lieno-pancreatic artery of LP group. Conclusion: Protein malnutrition resulted in endothelial dysfunction of lieno-pancreatic artery associated with an impaired production and relaxation to H2S, which was restored by TAU. Therefore, beneficial effects of TAU on lieno-pancreatic artery vasodilatory function may result in improved pancreatic islet blood flow highlighting the potential of TAU for vasculo-metabolic protection.Funding: FAPESP, CAPES.

EUS anatomy of the pancreatobiliary system in a swine model: The WISE experience.

Background and Objectives:EUS training is recognized to have a substantial learning curve. To date, few dedicated training programs for EUS have been described. The swine model has been highlighted as a realistic tool to enhance EUS training. Studies extensively describing EUS swine anatomy are lacking in the current literature. The article aims to describe both radial and linear EUS pancreatobiliary swine anatomy.Materials and Methods:Four live pigs were endoscoped under general anesthesia using both radial and linear array echoendoscopes. Relevant images and videos were recorded.Results:It was possible to effectively image aorta, crus of the diaphragm, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, pancreas, common bile duct, gallbladder, portal vein, kidneys, spleen, and hepatic hilum. Images were comparable to human EUS findings, with some remarkable differences. The pancreas was relatively larger in swine and in contrast to humans has three segments (duodenal, splenic, and connecting lobe).Conclusions:The swine model was a highly realistic teaching model for linear and radial pancreatobiliary EUS and a useful tool for training in the setting of in vivo hands-on sessions.

Morphological, histological and ultrastructural studies on the exocrine pancreas of goose

The present work was aimed to study the morphological and histological features of goose pancreas and to investigate the ultrastructure of pancreatic acini. This study was conducted on the pancreas of ten healthy mature birds of goose. The pancreas was excised from the duodenum rapidly after slaughter of the birds. The specimens were fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin then processed for light and electron microscopic study. The macroscopic observations revealed that goose pancreas was located in the right side of the abdomen between the ascending and descending loops of duodenum. It was formed from dorsal, splenic, ventral and third lobes. The histological observations revealed that the pancreas was formed of lobules of serous acini. The secretory acinus unit was appearing as a single spherical mass composed of many serous cells surrounding narrow lumen. The pyramidal acinar cells appeared bizonal structure; the basal basophilic cytoplasm and apical acidophilic cytoplasm. Centroacinar cells were slightly smaller cells that appeared brighter than the acinar cells and were located in the center of the lumen of the acinus. The duct system was well developed began with the centroacinar cells. Underneath electron microscope, the acinar cells have been two kinds, the electron dense acinar cells with electron dense cytoplasm and heterochromatic nuclei and the electron lucent acinar cells, which characterized by means of electron lucent cytoplasm, and their nuclei had considerable euchromatin, abundant endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and numerous zymogen granules, and considered active cells.

Pancreatic parenchymal injection of ethanol and octreotide to induce focal pancreatic fibrosis in rats: Strategies to eliminate postoperative pancreatic fistula

BackgroundPostoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is more likely to occur in a soft pancreas compared to a hard pancreas in which fibrosis has progressed. There is almost no leakage at the anastomosis site or cut surface of a hard pancreas. The aim of this study was to induce localized fibrosis at the cut surface of the pancreas in a rat model. MethodsThirty-six rats were divided into three groups (group S: normal saline group; group E: ethanol group; and group O: octreotide group). Each rat was directly injected with a particular compound at the duodenal lobe of the pancreatic parenchyma. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to the time of post-injection sacrifice (1, 2, or 4 weeks). The hardness, suture holding capacity (SHC), and histological fibrosis grade of each pancreas were measured. ResultsThe hardness, SHC, and fibrosis grade of groups E and O were increased at week 1, with greater increases in group E (all P < 0.001). In a subgroup comparison, the hardness, SHC, and fibrosis grade of group E tended to decrease gradually over time, with no regular pattern evident in group O. A comparison between the injected site (duodenal lobe) and non-injected site (splenic lobe) of the pancreas revealed increases in the three parameters of group E only in the duodenal lobe, with increases in group O at both the duodenal and splenic lobes. ConclusionsParenchymal injection of ethanol and octreotide increased pancreatic fibrosis. Unlike octreotide, ethanol provoked localized fibrosis that was maintained over time. It is expected that ethanol injection could eliminate POPF during pancreatic surgery.

STUDI ANATOMIS DAN HISTOLOGIS PANKREAS BIAWAK AIR (Varanus salvator) (Anatomical and Histological Study of the Pancreas of Water Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator))

The aim of this research was to determine the anatomy and histology of pancreas of water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator). Two pancreas were used in this research (a male and a female). Water monitor lizard was euthanized using chloroform and subsequently necropsied to collect the pancreas. The pancreas was washed in 0.9 % NaCl solution. Anatomical observations were carried out including location, shape, and color of pancreas, also the length and weight measurements. Then, pancreas was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 7 days to proceed to histological preparation and hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining. The results of the anatomical observations showed that pancreas of water monitor lizard have two lobes, dorsal lobe (splenic lobe) and ventral lobe (duodenal lobe). Dorsal lobe which was in oval form adhered with the spleen, and ventral lobe was located in the cranial of intestines with the form of long spherical. Both of pancreas lobes were white-yellow color with the length of 1.45±0.64 cm (dorsal lobe) and 7.00±0.42 cm (ventral lobe). Weight of dorsal lobe was 0.15±0.01 g and ventral lobe was 6.35±2.30 g. The histological observations found the acinar cells, ducts, and blood vessels in both of pancreas lobes. Additionally, the similar structure of Langerhans islet only found at the ventral lobe of pancreas. In conclusion, pancreas of water monitor lizard consists of two lobes which located differently. Ventral lobe is larger than the dorsal lobe. Both lobes have similar histological structure except the Langerhans islets are only appeared in the ventral lobe.

Anatomical, Histological and Histochemical Architecture of pancreases in Early Hatched Goose (Anser anser)

The present work includes anatomical, histological and histochemical study of the pancreas in early hatched Goose (Anser anser). The current study was performed on ten early-hatched goose ageing from 5-10 dayes clinically healthy. The animals were anaesthetized by the ether after which they were carefully dissected and examined. Anatomical study shown pancreas it is a vital lobulated organ, pale pinkish in coular, located on the right side of the abdominal cavity between the descending and ascending duodenal loops closely covered by mesentery pancreatic duodenal ligament and Its consist of dorsal, ventral, third and splenic lobe. Histologically parenchyma of gland consisted of exocrine and endocrine parts was located in the meshwork of reticular fibres. Exocrine part was arranged in form of serous tubuloacinar glands that occupied a larger area of pancreas. The islands of langerhans consisted of various shapes and sizes of alpha, beta cell and mixed islets were not observed in the early hatched goose pancreas.

Continuous Quadrupole Magnetic Separation of Islets during Digestion Improves Purified Porcine Islet Viability.

Islet transplantation (ITx) is an emerging and promising therapy for patients with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. The islet isolation and purification processes require exposure to extended cold ischemia, warm-enzymatic digestion, mechanical agitation, and use of damaging chemicals for density gradient separation (DG), all of which reduce viable islet yield. In this paper, we describe initial proof-of-concept studies exploring quadrupole magnetic separation (QMS) of islets as an alternative to DG to reduce exposure to these harsh conditions. Three porcine pancreata were split into two parts, the splenic lobe (SPL) and the combined connecting/duodenal lobes (CDL), for paired digestions and purifications. Islets in the SPL were preferentially labeled using magnetic microparticles (MMPs) that lodge within the islet microvasculature when infused into the pancreas and were continuously separated from the exocrine tissue by QMS during the collection phase of the digestion process. Unlabeled islets from the CDL were purified by conventional DG. Islets purified by QMS exhibited significantly improved viability (measured by oxygen consumption rate per DNA, p < 0.03) and better morphology relative to control islets. Islet purification by QMS can reduce the detrimental effects of prolonged exposure to toxic enzymes and density gradient solutions and substantially improve islet viability after isolation.

Selective effect of irreversible electroporation on parenchyma of the pancreas and its vascular structures - an in vivo experiment on a porcine model

Irreversible electroporation is a local, non-thermal ablation method, where short electrical pulses of high voltage lead to changes in cell membrane permeability and cell death. Recent experimental studies have shown that it does not lead to damage of blood vessels, nerves, bile duct or ureters. The aim of our experimental study was to evaluate the negative effect of irreversible electroporation regarding damage to the vascular wall and porcine pancreatic tissue. Irreversible electroporation of the pancreas was performed in 6 pigs after medial laparotomy. Irreversible electroporation was applied to each pig to the splenic lobe of the pancreas in order to assess damage to the pancreatic tissue and to the duodenal lobe of the pancreas to assess damage to the vascular structure of the pancreatic tissue. Higher ablation electric intensity (minimum 500 V/cm – maximum 1,750 V/cm, step 250 V/cm) in 90 μs pulses was utilized on each pig. After 7 days, macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of en bloc resected specimen (pancreas with duodenum) were performed. During 7 post-ablation days, no deaths or clinical worsening occurred in any of the pigs. Necrotic changes in the pancreatic tissue were recorded at an electric intensity of 750 V/cm. Changes in the outer layers of the wall of the arteries and veins occurred at 1,000 V/cm. Transmural vascular wall damage was not recorded in any case. Irreversible electroporation allows for relatively efficient cell death in the target tissues. Our independent experimental work confirms the safety of this method towards vascular structures located in the ablation zone.