Spitzer Infrared Array Camera Research Articles

The progenitor star of SN 2023ixf: a massive red supergiant with enhanced, episodic pre-supernova mass loss

ABSTRACT We identify the progenitor star of SN 2023ixf in Messier 101 using Keck/NIRC2 adaptive optics imaging and pre-explosion Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) images. The supernova, localized with diffraction spikes and high-precision astrometry, unambiguously coincides with a progenitor candidate of $m_\text{F814W}=24.87\pm 0.05$ (AB). Given its reported infrared excess and semiregular variability, we fit a time-dependent spectral energy distribution (SED) model of a dusty red supergiant (RSG) to a combined data set of HST optical, ground-based near-infrared, and Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) [3.6], [4.5] photometry. The progenitor resembles an RSG of $T_\text{eff}=3488\pm 39$ K and $\log (L/\mathrm{L}_\odot)=5.15\pm 0.02$, with a $0.13\pm 0.01$ dex ($31.1\pm 1.7$ per cent) luminosity variation at a period of $P=1144.7\pm 4.8$ d, obscured by a dusty envelope of $\tau =2.92\pm 0.02$ at $1\, \mu \text{m}$ in optical depth (or $A_\text{V}=8.43\pm 0.11$ mag). The signatures match a post-main-sequence star of $18.2_{-0.6}^{+1.3}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ in zero-age main-sequence mass, among the most massive SN II progenitor, with a pulsation-enhanced mass-loss rate of $\dot{M}=(4.32\pm 0.26)\times 10^{-4} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot \, \text{yr}^{-1}$. The dense and confined circumstellar material is ejected during the last episode of radial pulsation before the explosion. Notably, we find strong evidence for variations of $\tau$ or $T_\text{eff}$ along with luminosity, a necessary assumption to reproduce the wavelength-dependent variability, which implies periodic dust sublimation and condensation. Given the observed SED, partial dust obscuration remains possible, but any unobstructed binary companion over $5.6\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ can be ruled out.

WFC3 Infrared Spectroscopic Parallel (WISP) survey: photometric and emission-line data release

ABSTRACT We present reduced images and catalogues of photometric and emission-line data (∼230 000 and ∼8000 sources, respectively) for the WFC3 (Wide Field Camera 3) Infrared Spectroscopic Parallel (WISP) survey. These data are made publicly available on the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes and include reduced images from various facilities: ground-based ugri, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFC3, and Spitzer IRAC (Infrared Array Camera). Coverage in at least one additional filter beyond the WFC3/IR data are available for roughly half of the fields (227 out of 483), with ∼20 per cent (86) having coverage in six or more filters from u band to IRAC 3.6 $\mu$m (0.35–3.6 $\mu$m). For the lower spatial resolution (and shallower) ground-based and IRAC data, we perform PSF (point spread function)-matched, prior-based, deconfusion photometry (i.e. forced-photometry) using the tphot software to optimally extract measurements or upper limits. We present the methodology and software used for the WISP emission-line detection and visual inspection. The former adopts a continuous wavelet transformation that significantly reduces the number of spurious sources as candidates before the visual inspection stage. We combine both WISP catalogues and perform spectral energy distribution fitting on galaxies with reliable spectroscopic redshifts and multiband photometry to measure their stellar masses. We stack WISP spectra as functions of stellar mass and redshift and measure average emission-line fluxes and ratios. We find that WISP emission-line sources are typically ‘normal’ star-forming galaxies based on the mass–excitation diagram ([O iii]/Hβ versus M⋆; 0.74 < zgrism < 2.31), the galaxy main sequence (SFR versus M⋆; 0.30 < zgrism < 1.45), S32 ratio versus M⋆ (0.30 < zgrism < 0.73), and O32 and R23 ratios versus M⋆ (1.27 < zgrism < 1.45).

JWST NIRCam Observations of SN 1987A: Spitzer Comparison and Spectral Decomposition

JWST Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) observations at 1.5–4.5 μm have provided broadband and narrowband imaging of the evolving remnant of SN 1987A with unparalleled sensitivity and spatial resolution. Comparing with previous marginally spatially resolved Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations from 2004 to 2019 confirms that the emission arises from the circumstellar equatorial ring (ER), and the current brightness at 3.6 and 4.5 μm was accurately predicted by extrapolation of the declining brightness tracked by IRAC. Despite the regular light curve, the NIRCam observations clearly reveal that much of this emission is from a newly developing outer portion of the ER. Spots in the outer ER tend to lie at position angles in between the well-known ER hotspots. We show that the bulk of the emission in the field can be represented by five standard spectral energy distributions, each with a distinct origin and spatial distribution. This spectral decomposition provides a powerful technique for distinguishing overlapping emission from the circumstellar medium and the supernova ejecta, excited by the forward and reverse shocks, respectively.

The Spitzer Coverage of HSC-Deep with IRAC for Z studies (SHIRAZ). I. IRAC Mosaics

We present new Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) 3.6 and 4.5 μm mosaics of three fields, E-COSMOS, DEEP2-F3, and ELAIS-N1. Our mosaics include both new IRAC observations as well as reprocessed archival data in these fields. These fields are part of the HSC-Deep grizy survey and have a wealth of additional ancillary data. The addition of these new IRAC mosaics is critical in allowing for improved photometric redshifts and stellar population parameters at cosmic noon and earlier epochs. The total area mapped by this work is ∼17 deg2 with a mean integration time of ≈1200s, providing a median 5σ depth of 23.7(23.3) at 3.6(4.5) μm in AB. We perform SExtractor photometry both on the combined mosaics as well as the single-epoch mosaics taken ≈6 months apart. The resultant IRAC number counts show good agreement with previous studies. In combination with the wealth of existing and upcoming spectrophotometric data in these fields, our IRAC mosaics will enable a wide range of galactic evolution and AGN studies. With that goal in mind, we make the combined IRAC mosaics and coverage maps of these three fields publicly available.

New eruptive variable(s) in the RAFGL 7009S H ii region

ABSTRACT Eruptions of young stellar objects (YSOs) are rare events, therefore a new outburst is always noteworthy. We present two new high-amplitude variable YSOs, J183421.85−055951.0 (#1) and J183421.39−055937.7 (#2), in the RAFGL 7009S star-forming region. We find them in the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Infrared Deep Sky Survey Galactic Plane Survey data base, and supplement these data with archived infrared and millimetre photometric and spectral images and data from the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera, the K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph, and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array data bases. The outburst in #1 occurred in the period 2007–2011, during which the brightness increased by ∼2.7 mag in the K band and by ∼2.5 mag in the 3.6 μm band. The colour indices indicate a YSO in Class I/II evolutionary stage. After outburst, the K-band spectrum shows the CO band, Brγ, Mg i in absorption and H2 in emission – characteristics associated with a FU Orionis (FUors)-type eruptive variable. Object #1 is associated with an outflow detected in the near-infrared and millimetre ranges, mainly in the H2, SiO, HCO+, and HCN lines. Object #2 only shows high-amplitude variability in the K band (ΔK = 2.0 mag) while its colour indices before outburst indicate a YSO at an early evolutionary stage. There is no obvious outflow activity associated with this object. We classify #1 as a FUor-type eruptive variable based on the obtained data. The limited information on #2 makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions about the nature of its variability.

The Nature of Blue Stars with Mid-infrared Excesses in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present low-resolution optical spectra and classifications of 92 blue objects with mid-infrared excesses in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The majority of these objects were selected with the criteria of U − B < 0 and V < 17 from the potential young stellar object (YSO) candidates in Gruendl & Chu (GC09), which were identified based on Spitzer Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer observations in conjunction with optical photometry from the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey. Many of the sample objects have ambiguous classifications. We examined the properties of these 92 objects using low-resolution optical spectra obtained with the SOAR 4.1 m Telescope at Cerro Pachon and the Blanco 4 m Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, supplemented by available photometric and imaging observations. We estimated the spectral types, temperatures, and luminosities of these objects from the optical to near-IR spectral energy distributions based on the photometric data, and further examined stellar absorption line features in the optical spectra to verify the spectral types. The interstellar/circumstellar environments, assessed from nebular line imaging observations and nebular lines detected in the stellar spectra, further helped constrain the nature of stars. Among these 92 objects, we confirm 42 stars as YSOs, and the remaining 50 objects as protoplanetary nebulae, post-AGB/RGB stars, blue evolved massive stars, stars with dust in vicinity, or uncertain classifications. Our results show that the photometric criteria in GC09 are generally effective in the initial selection of YSO candidates, and the low-resolution spectroscopy combined with environment assessment can be useful to better constrain the classifications and ameliorate most ambiguities.

ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Photometry of 33 Lensed Fields Built with CHArGE

We present a set of multiwavelength mosaics and photometric catalogs in the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) lensing cluster survey fields. The catalogs were built by the reprocessing of archival data from the Complete Hubble Archive for Galaxy Evolution compilation, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey, Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble, and Hubble Frontier Fields. Additionally, we have reconstructed the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera 3.6 and 4.5 μm mosaics, by utilizing all the available archival IPAC Infrared Science Archive/Spitzer Heritage Archive exposures. To alleviate the effect of blending in such a crowded region, we have modeled the Spitzer photometry by convolving the HST detection image with the Spitzer point-spread function using the novel golfir software. The final catalogs contain 218,000 sources, covering a combined area of 690 arcmin2, a factor of ∼2 improvement over the currently existing photometry. A large number of detected sources is a result of reprocessing of all available and sometimes deeper exposures, in conjunction with a combined optical–near-IR detection strategy. These data will serve as an important tool in aiding the search of the submillimeter galaxies in future ALMA surveys, as well as follow-ups of the HST dark and high-z sources with JWST. Coupled with the available HST photometry, the addition of the 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands will allow us to place a better constraint on the photometric redshifts and stellar masses of these objects, thus giving us an opportunity to identify high-redshift candidates for spectroscopic follow-ups and to answer the important questions regarding the Epoch of Reionization and formation of the first galaxies. The mosaics, photometric catalogs, and the best-fit physical properties are publicly available at https://github.com/dawn-cph/alcs-clusters.

BFS 10: a nascent bipolar H ii region in a filamentary molecular cloud

ABSTRACT We present a study of the compact blister H ii region BFS 10 and its highly filamentary molecular cloud. We utilize 12CO observations from the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory to determine the distance, size, mass, and velocity structure of the molecular cloud. Infrared observations obtained from the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey and the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera, as well as radio continuum observations from the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey, are used to extract information about the central H ii region. This includes properties such as the ionizing photon rate and infrared luminosity, as well as identifying a rich embedded star cluster associated with the central O9 V star. Time-scales regarding the expansion rate of the H ii region and lifetime of the ionizing star reveal a high likelihood that BFS 10 will develop into a bipolar H ii region. Although the region is expected to become bipolar, we conclude from the cloud’s velocity structure that there is no evidence to support the idea that star formation at the location of BFS 10 was triggered by two colliding clouds. A search for embedded young stellar objects (YSOs) within the molecular cloud was performed. Two distinct regions of YSOs were identified: one region associated with the rich embedded cluster and another sparse group associated with an intermediate-mass YSO.

K2 and Spitzer phase curves of the rocky ultra-short-period planet K2-141 b hint at a tenuous rock vapor atmosphere

K2-141 b is a transiting, small (1.5 R⊕) ultra-short-period (USP) planet discovered by the Kepler space telescope orbiting a K-dwarf host star every 6.7 h. The planet's high surface temperature of more than 2000 K makes it an excellent target for thermal emission observations. Here we present 65 h of continuous photometric observations of K2-141 b collected with Spitzer's Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Channel 2 at 4.5 μm spanning ten full orbits of the planet. We measured an infrared eclipse depth of ${f_{{{\rm{p}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm{p}} {{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{*}}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{{\rm{f}}_{\rm{*}}}}}}} = 142.9_{ - 39.0}^{38.5}$ ppm and a peak to trough amplitude variation of $A = 120.6_{ - 43.0}^{42.3}$ ppm. The best fit model to the Spitzer data shows no significant thermal hotspot offset, in contrast to the previously observed offset for the well-studied USP planet 55 Cnc e. We also jointly analyzed the new Spitzer observations with the photometry collected by Kepler during two separate K2 campaigns. We modeled the planetary emission with a range of toy models that include a reflective and a thermal contribution. With a two-temperature model, we measured a dayside temperature of ${T_{{\rm{p,d}}}} = 2049_{ - 359}^{362}$ K and a night-side temperature that is consistent with zero (Tp,n &lt; 1712 K at 2σ). Models with a steep dayside temperature gradient provide a better fit to the data than a uniform dayside temperature (ΔBIC = 22.2). We also found evidence for a nonzero geometric albedo ${A_{\rm{g}}} = 0.282_{ - 0.078}^{0.070}$. We also compared the data to a physically motivated, pseudo-2D rock vapor model and a 1D turbulent boundary layer model. Both models fit the data well. Notably, we found that the optical eclipse depth can be explained by thermal emission from a hot inversion layer, rather than reflected light. A thermal inversion may also be responsible for the deep optical eclipse observed for another USP, Kepler-10 b. Finally, we significantly improved the ephemerides for K2-141 b and c, which will facilitate further follow-up observations of this interesting system with state-of-the-art observatories such as James Webb Space Telescope.

Tracing PAH Size in Prominent Nearby Mid-Infrared Environments

Abstract We present observations from the First Light Infrared TEst CAMera (FLITECAM) on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), and the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph SH mode in three well-known photodissociation regions, the reflection nebulae (RNe) NGC 7023 and NGC 2023 and to the southeast of the Orion Bar, which are well suited to probe emission from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules (PAHs). We investigate the spatial behavior of the FLITECAM 3.3 μm filter as a proxy for the 3.3 μm PAH band, the integrated 11.2 μm PAH band, and the IRAC 8.0 μm filter as a proxy for the sum of the 7.7 and 8.6 μm PAH bands. The resulting ratios of 11.2/3.3 and IRAC 8.0/11.2 provide an approximate measure of the average PAH size and PAH ionization, respectively. In both RNe, we find that the relative PAH ionization and the average PAH size increase with decreasing distance to the illuminating source. The average PAH sizes derived for NGC 2023 are greater than those found for NGC 7023 at all points. Both results indicate that PAH size is dependent on the radiation field intensity. These results provide additional evidence of a rich carbon-based chemistry driven by the photochemical evolution of the omnipresent PAH molecules within the interstellar medium. In contrast, we did not detect a significant variation in the average PAH size found in the region southeast of the Orion Bar and report a peculiar PAH ionization radial profile.

Shocked Molecular Hydrogen and Broad CO Lines from the Interacting Supernova Remnant HB 3

Abstract We present the detections of shocked molecular hydrogen (H2) gas in near- and mid-infrared and broad CO in millimeter from the mixed-morphology supernova remnant (SNR) HB 3 (G132.7+1.3) using the Palomar Wide-field InfraRed Camera, the Spitzer GLIMPSE360 and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) surveys, and the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope. Our near-infrared narrow-band filter H2 2.12 μm images of HB 3 show that both Spitzer Infrared Array Camera and WISE 4.6 μm emission originates from shocked H2 gas. The morphology of H2 exhibits thin filamentary structures and a large scale of interaction sites between the HB 3 and nearby molecular clouds. Half of HB 3, the southern and eastern shell of the SNR, emits H2 in a shape of a butterfly or W, indicating the interaction sites between the SNR and dense molecular clouds. Interestingly, the H2 emitting region in the southeast is also co-spatial to the interacting area between HB 3 and the H ii regions of the W3 complex, where we identified star-forming activity. We further explore the interaction between HB 3 and dense molecular clouds with detections of broad CO(3-2) and CO(2-1) molecular lines from the southern and southeastern shell along the H2 emitting region. The widths of the broad lines are 8–20 km s−1; the detection of such broad lines is unambiguous, dynamic evidence of the interactions between the SNR and clouds. The CO broad lines are from two branches of the bright, southern H2 shell. We apply the Paris–Durham shock model to the CO line profiles, which infer the shock velocities of 20–40 km s−1, relatively low densities of 103–4 cm−3, and strong (&gt;200 μG) magnetic fields.

Spitzer Reveals Evidence of Molecular Absorption in the Atmosphere of the Hot Neptune LTT 9779b

Abstract Non-rocky sub-Jovian exoplanets in high-irradiation environments are rare. LTT 9779b, also known as Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) object of interest (TOI) 193.01, is one of the few such planets discovered to date, and the first example of an ultrahot Neptune. The planet’s bulk density indicates that it has a substantial atmosphere, so to investigate its atmospheric composition and shed further light on its origin, we obtained Spitzer InfraRed Array Camera secondary eclipse observations of LTT 9779b at 3.6 and 4.5 μm. We combined the Spitzer observations with a measurement of the secondary eclipse in the TESS bandpass. The resulting secondary eclipse spectrum strongly prefers a model that includes CO absorption over a blackbody spectrum, incidentally making LTT 9779b the first TESS exoplanet (and the first ultrahot Neptune) with evidence of a spectral feature in its atmosphere. We did not find evidence of a thermal inversion, at odds with expectations based on the atmospheres of similarly irradiated hot Jupiters. We also report a nominal dayside brightness temperature of 2305 ± 141 K (based on the 3.6 μm secondary eclipse measurement), and we constrained the planet’s orbital eccentricity to e &lt; 0.01 at the 99.7% confidence level. Together with our analysis of LTT 9779b’s thermal phase curves reported in a companion paper, our results set the stage for similar investigations of a larger sample of exoplanets discovered in the hot-Neptune desert, investigations that are key to uncovering the origin of this population.

Introducing a New Spitzer Master BLISS Map to Remove the Instrument Systematic Phase-curve-parameter Degeneracy, as Demonstrated by a Reanalysis of the 4.5 μm WASP-43b Phase Curve

Abstract While Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) systematics are generally well understood, each data set can provide its own challenges that continue to teach us about the underlying functional form of these systematics. Multiple groups have analyzed the phase curves of WASP-43b with varying detrending techniques, each obtaining different results. In this work, we take another look at WASP-43b while exploring the degenerate relation between Bilinearly Interpolated Subpixel Sensitivity (BLISS) mapping, point response function (PRF)–FWHM detrending, and phase curve parameters. We find that there is a strong correlation between the detrending parameters in the two models, and best-fit phase curve amplitudes vary strongly when the data are temporally binned. To remove this degeneracy, we present a new Gaussian centroided intrapixel sensitivity map (hereafter fixed sensitivity map), generated using 3,712,830 exposures spanning 5 yr, for a variety of aperture sizes at 4.5 μm. We find evidence for time variability in the sensitivity at 3.6 μm and do not generate a visit-independent map for this channel. With the fixed 4.5 μm intrapixel sensitivity map, the best fits for WASP-43b no longer vary strongly with bin size and PRF–FWHM detrending is no longer required to remove correlated noise. For data sets that do not fall completely within the sweet spot, temporal binning should not be used in the analysis of Spitzer phase curves. We confirm nightside emission for WASP-43b with a disk-integrated nightside temperature of 806 ± 48 K at 4.5 μm. The 4.5 μm maps are available at github.com/kevin218/POET.

A transition between the hot and the ultra-hot Jupiter atmospheres

A key hypothesis in the field of exoplanet atmospheres is the trend of atmospheric thermal structure with planetary equilibrium temperature. We explore this trend and report here the first statistical detection of a transition in the near-infrared atmospheric emission between hot and ultra-hot Jupiters. We measure this transition using secondary eclipse observations and interpret this phenomenon as changes in atmospheric properties, and more specifically in terms of transition from non-inverted to inverted thermal profiles. We examine a sample of 78 hot Jupiters with secondary eclipse measurements at 3.6 and 4.5μm measured withSpitzerInfrared Array Camera. We calculate the planetary brightness temperatures using PHOENIX models to correct for the stellar flux. We measure the deviation of the data from the blackbody, which we define as the difference between the observed 4.5μm eclipse depth and that expected at this wavelength based on the brightness temperature measured at 3.6μm. We study how the deviation between 3.6 and 4.5μm changes with theoretical predictions with equilibrium temperature and incoming stellar irradiation. We reveal a clear transition in the observed emission spectra of the hot Jupiter population at 1660 ± 100 K in the zero albedo, full redistribution equilibrium temperature. We find the hotter exoplanets have even hotter daysides at 4.5μm compared to 3.6μm, which manifests as an exponential increase in the emitted power of the planets with stellar insolation. We propose that the measured transition is a result of seeing carbon monoxide in emission due to the formation of temperature inversions in the atmospheres of the hottest planets. These thermal inversions could be caused by the presence of atomic and molecular species with high opacities in the optical and/or the lack of cooling species. Our findings are in remarkable agreement with a new grid of 1D radiative and convective models varying metallicity, carbon to oxygen ratio (C/O), surface gravity, and stellar effective temperature. We find that the population of hot Jupiters statistically disfavors high C/O planets (C/O ≥ 0.85).

The Hubble Space Telescope PanCET Program: An Optical to Infrared Transmission Spectrum of HAT-P-32Ab

Abstract We present a 0.3−5 μm transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-32Ab observed with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and Wide Field Camera 3 instruments mounted on the Hubble Space Telescope, combined with Spitzer Infrared Array Camera photometry. The spectrum is composed of 51 spectrophotometric bins with widths ranging between 150 and 400 Å, measured to a median precision of 215 ppm. Comparisons of the observed transmission spectrum to a grid of 1D radiative-convective equilibrium models indicate the presence of clouds/hazes, consistent with previous transit observations and secondary eclipse measurements. To provide more robust constraints on the planet’s atmospheric properties, we perform the first full optical to infrared retrieval analysis for this planet. The retrieved spectrum is consistent with a limb temperature of K, a thick cloud deck, enhanced Rayleigh scattering, and ∼10× solar H2O abundance. We find log(Z/Z ⊙) = , and compare this measurement with the mass–metallicity relation derived for the solar system.

From Cold to Hot Irradiated Gaseous Exoplanets: Toward an Observation-based Classification Scheme

AbstractA carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O) of around unity is believed to act as a natural separator of water- and methane-dominated spectra when characterizing exoplanet atmospheres. In this paper, we quantify the C/O ratios at which this separation occurs by calculating a large self-consistent grid of cloud-free atmospheric models in chemical equilibrium using the latest version ofpetitCODE. Our study covers a broad range of parameter space: 400 K &lt; Teff &lt; 2600 K, 2.0 &lt; log(g) &lt; 5.0, −1.0 &lt; [Fe/H] &lt; 2.0, 0.25 &lt; C/O &lt; 1.25, and stellar types from M to F. We make the synthetic transmission and emission spectra, as well as the temperature structures, publicly available. We find that the transition C/O ratio depends on many parameters, such as effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, and spectral type of the host star, and could have values less than, equal to, or higher than unity. By mapping all of the transition C/O ratios, we propose a “four-class” classification scheme for irradiated planets in this temperature range. We find a parameter space where methane always remains the cause of dominant spectral features. Detection of CH4in this region, or the lack of it, provides a diagnostic tool to identify the prevalence of cloud formation and nonequilibrium chemistry. As another diagnostic tool, we construct syntheticSpitzerInfrared Array Camera color diagrams showing two distinguishable populations of planets. Since most of the exoplanet atmospheres appear cloudy when studied in transmission, we regard this study as a starting point of how such a C/O-sensitive observation-based classification scheme should be constructed. This preparatory work will have to be refined by future cloudy and nonequilibrium modeling to further investigate the existence and exact location of the classes, as well as the color-diagram analysis.

Complete IRAC Mapping of the CFHTLS-DEEP, MUSYC, and NMBS-II Fields

The IRAC mapping of the NMBS-II fields program is an imaging survey at 3.6 and 4.5 μm with the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC). The observations cover three Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey Deep (CFHTLS-D) fields, including one also imaged by AEGIS, and two MUSYC fields. These are then combined with archival data from all previous programs into deep mosaics. The resulting imaging covers a combined area of about 3 deg2, with at least ∼2 hr integration time for each field. In this work, we present our data reduction techniques and document the resulting coverage maps at 3.6 and 4.5 μm. All of the images are W-registered to the reference image, which is either the z-band stack image of the 25% best-seeing images from the CFHTLS-D for CFHTLS-D1, CFHTLS-D3, and CFHTLS-D4, or the K-band images obtained at the Blanco 4-m telescope at CTIO for MUSYC1030 and MUSYC1255. We make all images and coverage maps described here publicly available via the Spitzer Science Center.

TIFR Near Infrared Imaging Camera-II on the 3.6 m Devasthal Optical Telescope

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Near Infrared Imaging Camera-II (TIRCAM2) is a closed-cycle Helium cryo-cooled imaging camera equipped with a Raytheon 512[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]512 pixels InSb Aladdin III Quadrant focal plane array (FPA) having sensitivity to photons in the 1–5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] wavelength band. In this paper, we present the performance of the camera on the newly installed 3.6[Formula: see text]m Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT) based on the calibration observations carried out during 2017 May 11–14 and 2017 October 7–31. After the preliminary characterization, the camera has been released to the Indian and Belgian astronomical community for science observations since 2017 May. The camera offers a field-of-view (FoV) of [Formula: see text] on the DOT with a pixel scale of 0.169[Formula: see text]. The seeing at the telescope site in the near-infrared (NIR) bands is typically sub-arcsecond with the best seeing of [Formula: see text] realized in the NIR [Formula: see text]-band on 2017 October 16. The camera is found to be capable of deep observations in the [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] bands comparable to other 4[Formula: see text]m class telescopes available world-wide. Another highlight of this camera is the observational capability for sources up to Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) W1-band (3.4[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m) magnitudes of 9.2 in the narrow [Formula: see text]-band ([Formula: see text]; [Formula: see text] 3.59[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m). Hence, the camera could be a good complementary instrument to observe the bright [Formula: see text]-band sources that are saturated in the Spitzer-Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) ([3.6] [Formula: see text] 7.92 mag) and the WISE W1-band ([3.4] [Formula: see text] 8.1 mag). Sources with strong polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission at 3.3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m are also detected. Details of the observations and estimated parameters are presented in this paper.

Stellar Population Synthesis of Star-forming Clumps in Galaxy Pairs and Non-interacting Spiral Galaxies

We have identified 1027 star-forming complexes in a sample of 46 galaxies from the Spirals, Bridges, and Tails (SB&T) sample of interacting galaxies, and 693 star-forming complexes in a sample of 38 non-interacting spiral (NIS) galaxies in 8 μm observations from the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera. We have used archival multi-wavelength UV-to IR observations to fit the observed spectral energy distribution of our clumps with the Code Investigating GALaxy Emission using a double exponentially declined star formation history. We derive the star formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses, ages and fractions of the most recent burst, dust attenuation, and fractional emission due to an active galactic nucleus for these clumps. The resolved star formation main sequence holds on 2.5 kpc scales, although it does not hold on 1 kpc scales. We analyzed the relation between SFR, stellar mass, and age of the recent burst in the SB&T and NIS samples, and we found that the SFR per stellar mass is higher in the SB&T galaxies, and the clumps are younger in the galaxy pairs. We analyzed the SFR radial profile and found that the SFR is enhanced through the disk and in the tidal features relative to normal spirals.

SPITZER SECONDARY ECLIPSE DEPTHS WITH MULTIPLE INTRAPIXEL SENSITIVITY CORRECTION METHODS OBSERVATIONS OF WASP-13b, WASP-15b, WASP-16b, WASP-62b, AND HAT-P-22b

ABSTRACT We measure the 4.5 μm thermal emission of five transiting hot Jupiters, WASP-13b, WASP-15b, WASP-16b, WASP-62b, and HAT-P-22b using channel 2 of the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. Significant intrapixel sensitivity variations in Spitzer IRAC data require careful correction in order to achieve precision on the order of several hundred parts per million (ppm) for the measurement of exoplanet secondary eclipses. We determine eclipse depths by first correcting the raw data using three independent data reduction methods. The Pixel Gain Map (PMAP), Nearest Neighbors (NNBR), and Pixel Level Decorrelation (PLD) each correct for the intrapixel sensitivity effect in Spitzer photometric time-series observations. The results from each methodology are compared against each other to establish if they reach a statistically equivalent result in every case and to evaluate their ability to minimize uncertainty in the measurement. We find that all three methods produce reliable results. For every planet examined here NNBR and PLD produce results that are in statistical agreement. However, the PMAP method appears to produce results in slight disagreement in cases where the stellar centroid is not kept consistently on the most well characterized area of the detector. We evaluate the ability of each method to reduce the scatter in the residuals as well as in the correlated noise in the corrected data. The NNBR and PLD methods consistently minimize both white and red noise levels and should be considered reliable and consistent. The planets in this study span equilibrium temperatures from 1100 to 2000 K and have brightness temperatures that require either high albedo or efficient recirculation. However, it is possible that other processes such as clouds or disequilibrium chemistry may also be responsible for producing these brightness temperatures.