Spirulina Sp Research Articles

NANOENCAPSULATION OF SPIRULINA SP. LEB 18 MICROALGAE BIOMASS USING ELECTROSPRAY TECHNIQUE AND APPLICATION IN CHOCOLATE MILK

Chocolate powder is a widely consumed food, but it has a high sugar content. Spirulina microalgae contains high nutritional value and can be used to enrich foods. However, microalgae has strong sensory characteristics. To add it to food, it is necessary to hide these characteristics, such as through nanoencapsulation. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop nanospheres with Spirulina biomass by nanoencapsulation and apply them in chocolate milk. This nanospheres were produced through the electrospraying technique, with chitosan and Spirulina. The best parameters to produce nanospheres were a polymeric solution with 0.50% chitosan, electric potential of 24kV, and capillary diameter of 0.70mm. These resulted in more uniform nanoparticles without the presence of a residual solvent. Nanospheres with Spirulina sp. LEB 18 are stable up to approximately 200 °C. Chocolate milk containing nanospheres with Spirulina was formulated to contain 5% Spirulina, which increased the protein content by 16.3%, lipids by 88.9% and ash by 33.9% in this food compared to the control. It received an average score of 6.9 in the sensory analysis and had a public acceptance rate of 76.3%. By incorporating 300mL of chocolate milk containing nanospheres with Spirulina into school meals, children up to 5 years old (weighing approximately 18kg) meet their daily protein requirement in a single serving.

Spirulina sebagai Pengganti Artemia untuk Meningkatkan Produksi Larva Ikan Patin Pangasius hypophthalmus

The provision of quality and sufficient shrimp fry for production is largely determined by the management of maintenance during larval stadia. This study aims to obtain the best treatment of natural feed in the form of Spirulina sp. and Artemia sp. as feed supplements to improve the growth performance and survival rate of patin fish larvae. The experiment used a Complete Randomized Design consisting of 4 feed treatments and 3 replicates: A (Artemia sp. 100%), B (Artemia sp. 100% and Spirulina sp. 100%), C (Artemia sp. 50% and Spirulina sp. 50%), and D (Spirulina sp. 100%). The larvae with a density of 50 heads/L were kept in the aquarium and fed according to the treatment. The density of Spirulina sp. administered was 104–105 cells/mL maintained until day 7 according to the treatment. The parameters measured included growth performance, which included specific growth rate (SGR), survival (SR), absolute length growth (PPM), and analysis of larval digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease). The data were analyzed using one way-analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test with a 95% confidence interval using SPSS version 22.0. The results showed that the administration of Spirulina sp. produced better SGR, SR, PPM, amylase enzyme, lipase, and protease activities compared to the control (100% administration of Artemia sp.). The best treatment was given by 100% Spirulina sp. treatment. Keywords: Artemia sp., digestive enzymes, patin fish larvae, Spirulina sp.

Mass Transfer Phenomena during the Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Algal Oil from Spirulina sp.

Mass Transfer Phenomena during the Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Algal Oil from Spirulina sp.

Analisis Kinetika Pertumbuhan Mikroalga Spirulina Sp. Menggunakan Pemodelan Richard dan Gompertz pada Fotobioreaktor Algaetree

Algaetree is a closed cultivation system with a photobioreactor type created by Gadjah Mada University in collaboration with the Indonesian Institute of Arts Yogyakarta. The aim of this research was to see the effectiveness of the growth kinetics of the microalgae type Spirulina sp. The research was carried out by carrying out variations in data sampling at 3 (three) points where microalgae grow in Algaetree. The dose was 10 ml using the sampling method, then 2 ml was taken to be examined using a microscope and the number of microalgae cells found on the haemocytometer was counted. The microalgae cells were studied and counted on 4 haemocytometer columns, then the number of cells was accumulated and the standard deviation and growth kinetics were calculated using Microsoft Excel and Python software. As a result, it was found that the highest cell number of microalgae on the Algaetree was 69166.67 cells/ml, with a standard deviation of 4249.18, while the maximum growth kinetics of microalgae on the Algaetree with the Richard model and the Gompertz model, the most significant value was the Richard model, namely (miumax ) 1.9958, curve fitting parameter (A) 6.8700, stationary phase (V) 397.43, and r-square (R^2) close to 1, namely 0.9674. This value shows that there is a match between the data processed and the cultivation system used. The results of the cultivation process can be seen that the kinetics of microalgae growth is quite significant, meaning that spirulina type microalgae can grow well in a tool called Algaetree. In the next process, Algaetree can be used as a reference object for comparing microalgae growth from a closed cultivation system with an open cultivation system.

Improving Creative Thinking Skills In Marine Ecology In Developing Bioentrepreneurship

This research aims to determine the improvement of creative thinking skills in marine ecology in developing bioentrepreneurship towards sustainable development in prospective biology teacher students. The material in this research is plankton, especially the cultivation of Spirulina sp in the laboratory. The research method used was quasi-experimental with a one-group pretest posttest design. The research sample consisted of 27 students who took a marine ecology course in semester 5 at Central Kalimantan University. The test instruments were multiple choice (PG) reasoned and plankton material description test questions. The research results show that each indicator of creative thinking skills, namely flexibility, originality, and elaboration, is significantly different (p = 0.000). The research results show that plankton material towards sustainable development can improve creative thinking skills in prospective biology teacher students. The contribution of this research can have implications for sustainable development goals point 4, namely quality education, and point 14, namely life underwater.

Increased biomass and biomolecule productivity of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultivated with CO2 adsorbent nanofibers

Increased biomass and biomolecule productivity of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultivated with CO2 adsorbent nanofibers

Enhancing french basil growth through synergistic Foliar treatment with copper nanoparticles and Spirulina sp.

BackgroundThis study investigates a novel idea about the foliar application of nanoparticles as nanofertilizer combined with a natural stimulant, blue-green algae Spirulina platensis L. extract, as a bio-fertilizer to achieve safety from using nanoparticles for enhancement of the growth and production of the plant. Thus, this experiment aimed to chemically synthesize copper nanoparticles via copper sulfate in addition to evaluate the impact of CuNPs at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/L and the combination of CuNPs with or without microalgae extract at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L on the morphological parameters, photosynthetic pigments accumulation, essential oil production, and antioxidant activity of French basil.ResultsThe results revealed that foliar application of CuNPs and its interaction with spirulina extract significantly increased growth and yield compared with control, the treatments of 1000 and 1500 mg/L had less impact than 500 mg/L CuNPs. Plants treated with 500 mg/L CuNPs and 1.5 g/L spirulina extract showed the best growth and oil production, as well as the highest accumulation of chlorophylls and carotenoids. The application of CuNPs nanofertilizer caused a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of the French basil plant, but the combination of CuNPs with spirulina extract caused a decrease in antioxidant activity.ConculosionTherefore, foliar application of natural bio-fertilizer with CuNPsis necessary for obtaining the best growth and highest oil production from the French basil plant with the least damage to the plant and the environment.

Development of Cosmetic Formulations Containing Olive Extract and Spirulina sp.: Stability and Clinical Efficacy Studies

Cosmetic formulations with natural antioxidants can reduce the oxidative stress caused by solar radiation and pollution. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the clinical efficacy of cosmetic formulations containing olive extract (OE) and Spirulina sp. (SP). For this, rheological behavior, texture, and sensory properties were evaluated. In addition, 31 healthy women with an age of 39 to 60 years, with skin phototypes II and III, and the presence of signs of photoaging on the face were recruited and divided in Group 1 (vehicle formulation) and Group 2 (vehicle with active substances) for this clinical efficacy study. Both groups applied sunscreen daily during the day. The formulations showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviors and good sensory properties. The clinical evaluation using instrumental measurements showed an increase in skin hydration, an improvement of the skin barrier, and morphological characteristics of the epidermis after 12 weeks of application of the formulations. There was a significant increase in the brightness of the stratum corneum, which suggested a film-forming effect. In addition, both groups had an improvement in the dermis echogenicity, due to the use of sunscreens. Finally, the proposed formulation was effective in protecting the skin and reducing skin changes related to photoaging.

Indole-3-Acetic Acid Action in Outdoor and Indoor Cultures of Spirulina in Open Raceway Reactors

A significant research gap exists in investigating large-scale microalgae cultures exposed to outdoor conditions, with the addition of phytohormones using non-sterile growth media. Implementing these conditions is crucial for verifying the industrial viability of this strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) supplementation on Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures conducted indoors and outdoors in raceway bioreactors. The outdoor experiments were performed under uncontrolled environmental conditions. The indoor cultures were maintained within a thermostat-controlled chamber at a consistent temperature and lighting intensity. The outdoor experiments supplemented with IAA achieved a biomass concentration of 5.43 g L−1 and productivity of 173.9 mg L−1 d−1. These values increased 122.5% and 130.9% in biomass concentration and productivity, respectively, compared to the indoor experiments with the same supplementation. Moreover, roughly half of the biomass generated from outdoor cultivation with IAA consisted of carbohydrates (45%). Compared to indoor cultivation, this approach reduced production costs for biomass (55%) and lowered production costs for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids by 86%, 44%, and 50%, respectively. The successful application of phytohormones in microalgae cultures, particularly under larger scale, nonsterile, and outdoor conditions, represents a significant advancement toward industrial implementation.

Assessment of Cow Urine as a Nutrient Medium for Indoor Cultivation of Spirulina sp.

This study aims to explore the feasibility of utilizing cow urine as an economical alternative nutrient source for microalgae cultivation. By leveraging its mineral content and cost-effectiveness, this research investigates the potential to reduce production expenses associated with nutrient mediums, thus enhancing the value proposition of microalgae-derived products on a commercial scale. In order to assess its efficacy, cow urine was gathered, diluted, and introduced into our Spirulina-modified medium. This concoction was subjected to 8 hours of daily light exposure. Following an 18-day incubation period, we analysed the biomass quantity, specific growth rate, density, chlorophyll level, and total carotenoid content. In the Aquatic Biology laboratory at VNSGU, an experiment was conducted utilizing five distinct concentrations (0.2 ml, 1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml, and 4 ml in 200 ml) over an 18-day period. The control flask (0 ml) did not contain cow urine. In our current investigation, Spirulina cultivated in a cow urine extract at a concentration of 0.2 ml/200 ml exhibited a dry weight of 0.034±0.0029 g, a specific growth rate of 0.0016±0.00015, and a carotenoid content of 4.683±0.015. The density of Spirulina peaked at 0.0052±0.00005 with a concentration of 1 ml/200 ml of cow urine extract. Across various concentrations of cow urine extract, including 2 ml/200 ml (8.022±0.016 mg/L), 0.2 ml/200 ml (2.191±0.021 mg/L), and 4 ml/200 ml (0.631±0.020 mg/L), Spirulina exhibited higher levels of chlorophyll a, b, and c compared to the control medium in indoor culture setups.

A Review of Phycoremediation of Heavy Metals in Industrial Waste Water

Environmental Pollutants such as heavy metals poised serious threat to biological systems. Heavy metals which could be natural or anthropogenic sourced are non-degradable pollutants and must be eliminated or reduced to certain quantity that is analytically presumed to be a safe limit before discharging into the environment to avoid injurious effects on biological systems. This review work showed the abilities of microalgae to biologically remove heavy metals from waste water through the process known as ‘Phycoremediation’. Phycoremediation of heavy metals with the help of microalgae takes place in two stages: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation. Microalgae such as Nannochloropsis oculata, Scenedesmus sp, Scenedesmus obtusus, Gracilaria corticata, Sarcodia suidae and Spirulina sp has been proven to phycoremediate; Pb, Cr, Hg, As, Cd, and Cu respectively. Therefore, this review work has shown that the microalgae are efficient biological vectors for heavy metal uptake.

Spirulina supplementation to alleviate negative effects of lead in layer chicken.

Lead (Pb), a toxic heavy metal, is a serious concern for poultry that negatively affects their productivity and health. To combat those issues efficiently, it is necessary to include feed supplements that have rich antioxidant properties for satisfactory health and productivity. Spirulina platensis (Sp), a microalgae, is a compound that provides several health benefits for humans and animals. This study explores that supplementation of Sp in diet as well as in water reduces the burden of Pb in different tissues, improves hematology, and improves the productive performance of advanced-age laying hens. Forty birds were separated into four groups: the control (C), Spirulina (Sp), Pb, and (Pb + Sp) groups. The Pb group was given Pb acetate at a dose of 2 gm/l in water ad libitum for 4 weeks. Sp group was fed Sp at a dose of 4 gm/kg feed. The Pb + Sp group was given Pb and Sp as in the previous groups. Productive performance and hematology such as hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) concentration, and MCH were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in Pb-treated groups compared to controls. The distribution of Pb concentration was highest in the bones and lowest in the gizzard. However, Sp treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the productive performance and the hematological parameters. Moreover, Pb concentration in different organs significantly decreased in the group treated with Sp. This study indicates that Sp can possibly be used as a natural and powerful dietary additive to mitigate heavy metal intoxication in chickens, thereby being efficient and effective for production.

Enhancing Spirulina sp. Growth Performance through Rabbit Manure Supplement: A Comparative Study

Enhancing Spirulina sp. Growth Performance through Rabbit Manure Supplement: A Comparative Study

The Impact of Incorporating Phosphor Into Liquid Organic Fertilizer Media on The Production of Pigment and Protein in Spirulina sp.

The Impact of Incorporating Phosphor Into Liquid Organic Fertilizer Media on The Production of Pigment and Protein in Spirulina sp.

Optimization of Chromium (VI) Adsorption using Microalgae Biomass (Spirulina sp.) and its Application in Leather Tannery Waste

&lt;p class="E-JOURNALAbstractBodyEnglish"&gt;This study was conducted to examine the adsorption of Cr (VI) metal using Spirulina sp (inactive) biomass and its application in leather tannery wastewater. The treatment was carried out to determine the influence of independent variables on Cr (VI) adsorption with variations in pH, contact time, and metal solution concentration. The values of the solution pH, adsorption time, and concentration of the best metal solution were used to determine the center points of the optimization variables through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that based on the FTIR test, macromolecules present in Spirulina sp biomass included amino, carboxylate, and hydroxy groups. The combination of factor variables that produced the optimum response was at pH 3.165, contact time of 66.58 minutes, and Cr (VI) metal ion solution concentration of 22.9 mg/L, resulting in a Cr (VI) adsorption efficiency of 69.66%. The adsorption pattern was included in the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, and the application of Spirulina sp biomass adsorbent to tannery waste reduced the concentration of Cr (VI) from 3.9 g/L to an undetectable level at &amp;lt;1.4 g/L.&lt;/p&gt;

Investigating the Impact of Nitrogen Addition in Growing Media using Liquid Organic Fertilizer on Pigment and Protein Content of Spirulina sp.

Investigating the Impact of Nitrogen Addition in Growing Media using Liquid Organic Fertilizer on Pigment and Protein Content of Spirulina sp.

Evaluation of a newly formulated organic fertilizer on growth and yield of curry chilli (&lt;em&gt;Capsicum Frutescens&lt;/em&gt; L.)

A study was conducted to formulate a low-cost organic fertilizer using different nutrient sources and to assess the potential use of the formulated organic fertilizer (FOF) on the growth and yield of Curry Chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.). The organic fertilizer was formulated based on the nutrient content of dry powders of Spirulina (Sp), Azolla (Az) Palmyrah leaf (Pl), Coconut leaf (Cl) and Banana pseudostem (Bp). A pot experiment was conducted to find the response of different fertilizer combinations: 100% inorganic (T2-NPK-0.9,1.01,0.58 g/pot), 50% inorganic (T3), 100% organic (cattle manure-T4-135g/pot), 50% organic (cattle manure - T5), 50% inorganic + 67.5 g FOF (T6) and 50% organic + 67.5 g FOF (T7) and a control (no fertilizer - T1) on growth and yield of Curry Chilli. Plant height, biomass yield, fruit yield at first picking and plant nutrient uptake were recorded. The nutrient contents of organic sources namely, potassium (19.56 ppm), phosphorous (6.17 ppm), nitrogen (115.03 ppm) and carbon (832.50 ppm), were significantly higher in Bp, Bp, Sp and Pl, respectively, than other sources. Treatment T7 (50% organic + FOF) recorded the highest values in height (51.63 cm), nitrogen (2.0 g/plant), phosphorous (1.77 g/plant), and potassium (44.5 g/plant) uptake, dry biomass yield (42.30 g/plant) and fruit yield at first picking (40 g/plant). However, significant differences (P&lt;0.05) were observed only in dry biomass yield and NPK uptake between T7 and T2. Considering height, biomass yield, fruit yield and nutrient uptake substituting 50% organic or inorganic fertilizer with FOF, the performance of Curry Chilli was either equal to or higher than 100% organic or inorganic treatments. Results, therefore, indicate that FOF has potential as an organic fertilizer.

Influence of Seawater and Reaction Temperature on Biocrude Yield and Composition During Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina sp. Microalgal Biomass

Influence of Seawater and Reaction Temperature on Biocrude Yield and Composition During Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina sp. Microalgal Biomass

Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris

Bisphenols (BPs) are produced for many applications for used in industry. BPs have been found all part of aquatic environments such as sediment and surface water that is poses a risk to the aquatic ecosystem. Restricting the use of BPA, environmental concentrations of bisphenol S, and bisphenol AF begin to increase. The present study aims to indicate that toxicity BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) by algal growth inhibition test for the green algae Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus. In this way, result of this study present the nominal effective concentrations of BPA analogues and the suitability of the species for use as a biomarker in ecotoxicology tests. IC50 values (growth rate inhibition by 50%, respectively) for three toxicants were determined separately. Results of this study showed the effects of these chemicals on photosynthesis (primer production). The result of algal growth inhibition test showed that BPAF (72h EC50 3.80 mg/L) was found to be more toxic than BPS (3d EC50 6.31 m L-1) for Spirulina sp. BPS (3d EC50 2.43 mg/L) showed the most toxic effect on the growth of C. vulgaris, followed by BPAF with 3d EC50 3.32 mg/L. BPS (3d EC50 0.88 mg/L) and BPAF (3d EC50 6.48 mg/L) were found to be toxic for D. subspicatus, respectively, from highest to lowest toxicity. These results indicate that bisphenol analogues are hazardous to primer production. Therefore, it is necessary to study their combined effects as well as to study how they act individually.

Application note—A novel, low-cost pH-controlled solenoid-based CO2 dosing device for microalgal and cyanobacterial cultivation systems

This application note proposes a novel, low-cost, pH-controlled solenoid-based CO2 dosing device for microalgal and cyanobacterial cultivation systems. The device consists of an Arduino-Uno microcontroller, a (ph-4502c) module, a pH probe, a micro-SD card for data logging, and a relay-controlled solenoid valve. C functions are used to control, and data log the pH and operate the solenoid valve for CO2 dosing in microalgal cultivation systems. With open-source programming, the device can be used for a wide range of applications in both industry and academia. The proposed device is flexible, customizable, and upgradable. This study aims to develop a low-cost pH-controlled, solenoid-based CO2 dosing and data logging device and utilize it for pH control and CO2 dosing in a 200 L outdoor raceway tanks utilized in cultivating and studying the growth of marine cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. and Spirulina sp.