Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire Research Articles

Clinical validation of "spiritual distress (00066)" in parents of children with chronic diseases.

This study aimed to determine the clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis (ND) of "spiritual distress (00066)" and the sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, and predictive value in parents of children with chronic diseases. This cross-sectional study was conducted using the clinical diagnostic validity method proposed by Fehring. The data were collected through structured interviews and using a researcher-made list that included 5 parts of demographic information, parents' opinions about spiritual distress, the researcher's diagnosis, 74 defining characteristics (DCs) of the ND of spiritual distress, and the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratio, and predictive value. The prevalence of diagnosis was 70% in a sample of 120 parents. Out of the 74 DCs, 39 criteria were validated. Questioning meaning of illness and suffering had the highest sensitivity (98.8%), the highest negative predictive value (88.88%), and the lowest negative likelihood ratio (0.05%). Expressing the lack of meaning in life demonstrated the highest specificity (97.22%), the highest positive predictive value (98.33%), and the highest positive likelihood ratio (25.26%). Parents who search for meaning of illness and suffering related to a lack of meaning in life are in spiritual distress. The ND was validated. These findings can empower clinical nurses to confidently assess and identify patients experiencing spiritual distress, bridging the gaps caused by the absence of standardized tools for assessing spiritual distress in the inpatient setting.

The association of prognostic awareness with quality of life, spiritual well-being, psychological distress, and pain severity in patients with advanced cancer: Results from the APPROACH Study in Indonesia.

Advanced cancer patients' understanding of their illness is key for making informed treatment decisions. Despite the known importance of patients' awareness of their disease prognosis, it is debatable whether this awareness is positively, negatively, or not associated with clinical and psychological outcomes among patients with advanced cancer. This paper aims to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with prognostic awareness and its association with quality of life (QoL), spiritual well-being, pain control, and psychological distress in patients with advanced cancer in Indonesia. This cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was part of a multicountry study titled "Asian Patient Perspectives Regarding Oncology Awareness, Care and Health (APPROACH)." Patients were asked what they knew about their cancer and treatment. QoL and spiritual well-being were measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp) questionnaire. Psychological distress experienced by patients was recorded via the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Pain severity was also assessed. Data from 160 patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable regression models. Of the 160 patients who participated, 55 (34.4%) were unaware of their cancer stage. Those who were aware of their stage of cancer were younger than those who were not aware (45.7 years vs 50.4 years, p = .015). There was no significant difference in spiritual well-being and other domains of QoL between those who were aware and those who were not aware of their advanced cancer stage. There was also no significant difference in anxiety depression or pain severity, even after adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics. Given the high prevalence of patients who wrongly thought their cancer was curable, more could be done to improve disease and prognostic understanding among patients with advanced cancer in Indonesia. Those who were aware of their advanced cancer stage did not have a poorer QoL, nor did they have more anxiety or depression than those who were unaware. This finding suggests that concerns about the negative impact of prognostic disclosure may be unfounded.

Death Anxiety in Patients with a History of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Spiritual Well-Being and Coping Strategies.

Patients who have previously undergone coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) were prone to death anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. It appears that spiritual well-being and appropriate coping strategies may mitigate the harmful effects of death anxiety. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of death anxiety in patients with CABG during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being, coping strategies and death anxiety.This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients with CABG history in Tehran from June 2021 to February 2022. The face-to-face questionnaire, containing questions on demographics, Templer's death anxiety scale, the spiritual well-being questionnaire, and the ways of coping questionnaire was administered to collect data. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive-analytical statistics, correlation tests, and logistic regression models.Participants' mean age was 55.59 ± 12.78 years. The mean death anxiety score was 10.00 ± 2.16, with 87% of participants reporting high levels and 13% reporting low levels of death anxiety. Based on the results, there was a significant negative correlation between death anxiety and coping strategies, as well as subscales of distancing, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, and planful problem-solving. Logistic regression showed that with the increase in the score of spiritual well-being, the odds of having high levels of death anxiety decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the total score of coping strategies, and the score of self-controlling, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, and planful problem-solving, significantly reduced the odds of high levels of death anxiety (p < 0.05).The study showed that patients with a CABG history experienced high death anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the findings, spiritual well-being and coping strategies, especially self-controlling, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, and planful problem-solving,may reduce the odds of severe death anxiety. These should be considered as effective targets for psychological intervention in these patients.

Spirituality as predictors of career adaptability among Chinese youths: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT This research examined the relationship between spiritual well-being and the career adaptability of Chinese youths in Hong Kong. Cross-sectional data collected from one university consisted of 461 students (204 males, 257 females; ages 19–23). The participants were asked to complete the Spiritual well-being questionnaire (SWBQ) to evaluate the status of their spiritual wellbeing (including the personal and communal, environmental, and transcendental domains) and Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) to assess their career adaptability in the areas of concern, control, curiosity, and confidence. The study found that the personal and communal domains of spiritual well-being were positively associated with career adaptability in all domains. Hierarchical Regression analysis also showed that personal and communal domains of spiritual well-being explained 38.5%, 39.6%, 11.2% and 48.7% of the variance in Chinese youth’s concern, control, curiosity and confidence of career adaptability respectively. The personal and communal domain were the strongest predictor of career adaptability.

The Association Between Happiness and Spiritual Well-being in Students in Iran

Background: Ensuring individuals’ health and well-being has always been important in all societies, and its promotion is considered one of the essential factors in the development of any country. Hence, this study examined the association between happiness and spiritual well-being (SWB) in students. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 376 students who were selected by stratified simple random sampling from Hamadan universities in Iran in June 2020. A threepart questionnaire, including a socio-demographic questionnaire, Oxford Happiness Inventory, and SWB questionnaires was used to collect the data. The SPSS software (version 23) was then employed to analyze the data, and the significance level was considered at P&lt;0.001. Results: Based on the results, the mean (±standard deviation) scores of happiness and SWB were 36.73±17.63 and 90.87±16.96, respectively. In addition, there was a significant correlation between SWB and the total and happiness dimensions (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, the simple linear regression analysis results revealed that the students’ SWB (β=0.203, P&lt;0.001) is a predictor of happiness. Conclusion: In general, students’ happiness and SWB were at a moderate level. Therefore, designing and implementing spirituality-based educational interventions to improve the students’ happiness could be helpful.

Relationship between Family Support and Spirituality of HIV Patients in Tanjung Balai

Family support is a form of interaction in which there is a relationship that gives and receives real help carried out by the family. This support can be in the form of attitudes, actions, and family acceptance of sick patients. In family support, spirituality is needed, which involves an individual's relationship with others and the world. Spirituality is also often associated with self-discovery and the meaning of life. This study aimed to look at the relationship between family support and spirituality in people with HIV / AIDS in the city of Tanjung Balai. This research method is an observational correlation, with a cross-sectional approach where researchers use questionnaires to 50 respondents who got HIV, using a total sampling technique. Inclusion criteria: 1) respondents who get HIV, 2) willing to be a respondent, 3) can communicate well, 4) willing to cooperate, 5) age 20-50 years. The measurement of spirituality used of spiritual well-being questionnaire (SWBQ) and family support measurement used to measure respondents. This study showed a relationship between family support and spirituality in people with HIV / AIDS (p &lt; 0.05). Family support and spirituality can be a factor that can support people with HIV / AIDS to accept the process of self-acceptance.

Effects of Reminiscence on Distress Tolerance and Spiritual Health of Mothers with Premature Newborns Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan, Iran

Background and Objective: Hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit is a psychological crisis for the family. However, reminiscence has positive effects on the improvement of mental health. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effects of reminiscence writing on distress tolerance and spiritual health of mothers with hospitalized newborns. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 40 mothers of newborns admitted to the intensive care unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan, Iran from February 2021 to August 2022. The research samples were divided into two experimental and control groups. During the hospitalization of the newborns in the hospital, the mothers in the intervention group recorded their daily memories with their newborns in a notebook for half an hour every day for 6 days. Data collection tools were demographic questionnaires, Distress Tolerance Scale by Simmons and Gaher, and the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire by Polotzin and Ellison which were completed by mothers in both groups. At the descriptive level, the mean and standard deviation values as well as frequency distribution tables were used. Moreover, at the inferential level, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent t-test, and Mann-Whitney tests were employed. Results: The distress tolerance and the spiritual health scores of the mothers in the intervention group before the intervention were 45.03±5.57 and 39.63±18.16, respectively, which were increased to 56.95±12.32 and 68.60±30.07 after the intervention, respectively. After the intervention, the scores of distress tolerance and spiritual health in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control. Conclusion: Reminiscence in mothers of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit can positively affect the anxiety and spiritual health of mothers.

Spiritual well-being correlates with quality of life of both cancer and non-cancer patients in palliative care - further validation of EORTC QLQ-SWB32 in Finnish

BackgroundThe European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) has developed the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-SWB32), a measure of spiritual well-being validated with people receiving palliative care for cancer, although its usefulness is not restricted to that population. We aimed to translate and validate this tool in Finnish and to study the relationship between spiritual well-being (SWB) and quality of life (QOL).MethodsA Finnish translation was produced according to the guidelines of EORTC and included forward- and back-translations. Face, content, construct and convergence/divergence validity and reliability were studied in a prospective manner. QOL was assessed with EORTC QLQ-C30 and 15D questionnaires. Sixteen individuals participated in the pilot testing. 101 cancer patients drawn from oncology units, and 89 patients with other chronic diseases drawn from religious communities in different parts of the country participated in the validation stage. Retest was obtained from 16 individuals (8 cancer and 8 non-cancer patients). Inclusion criteria included patients with either a well-defined palliative care plan, or who would benefit from palliative care, as well as the capacity to understand and communicate in Finnish.ResultsThe translation appeared understandable and acceptable. Factorial analysis identified four scoring scales with high Cronbach alfa values: Relationship with Self (0.73), Relationship with Others (0.84), Relationship with Something Greater (0.82), Existential (0.81), and, additionally, a scale on Relationship with God (0.85). There was a significant correlation between SWB and QOL in all participants.ConclusionsThe Finnish translation of EORTC QLQ-SWB32 is a valid and reliable measure both for research and clinical practice. SWB is correlated with QOL in cancer and non-cancer patients undergoing palliative care or who are eligible for it.

Predicting post-traumatic growth based on spiritual and social well-being in women affected by extramarital relationships

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to predict post-traumatic growth based on spiritual and social well-being in women affected by extramarital relationships. Method: The current research method was descriptive-correlation type. The research population included all women who referred to Shahriar health assessment centers, of which 282 women who met the criteria for entering the research were selected by purposive sampling; Then they were evaluated by Tedeschi and Calhoun (1996) post-traumatic growth questionnaire, Palotzin and Ellison (1982) spiritual well-being questionnaire, and Keyes (1998) social well-being questionnaire. Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that spiritual well-being and social well-being significantly predict post-traumatic growth in women (p&lt;0.01). The examination of the obtained multiple correlation square showed that spiritual well-being and social well-being explained 24.4% of the variance of post-traumatic growth in women affected by extramarital relationships. Also, spiritual well-being has a greater contribution in predicting post-traumatic growth of women affected by extramarital relationships. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that based on spiritual and social well-being, post-traumatic growth can be predicted in women affected by extramarital relationships.

Compassion Fatigue in Nurses: The Role of Spiritual Well-Being, Emotion Regulation and Time Perspective.

Nurses experience many psychological problems in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Compassion Fatigue (CF) in nurses and the role of Spiritual Well-being (SW), Emotion Regulation (ER), and Time Perspective (TP) in predicting it. The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical samples of this study included 394 nurses in Iran who were selected by the census sampling method. The sub-scale of CF from the Professional Quality of Life Scale, SW questionnaire, ER, and the short form of TP questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance tests were used to analyze the data. The prevalence of CF in nurses in the COVID-19 outbreak was 59.39%. CF in female nurses was higher than that in male nurses (F3,392 = 15.23, p < 0.001); in married nurses, it was higher than that in single nurses (F3,392 = 14.23, p < 0.001); and in nurses on fixed shifts, it was higher than that in nurses on rotating shifts (F3,392 = 5.63, p < 0.001). Also, CF in the emergency nurses, intensive care unit nurses, and coronary care unit nurses working under COVID-19 pandemic was higher than that in the emergency nurses and nurses who worked in other wards (F3,388 = 14.31, p < 0.001). The results of hierarchical regression showed that SW, ER, and positive past negatively and suppression, present-fatalistic, negative past, and negative future positively predicted the CF (p < 0.001). Based on the results, programs and psychological trainings based on SW, ER, and TP are suggested to reduce CF in nurses in the COVID-19 outbreak.

The relationship between spiritual well-being and game addiction of youths: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT This study explores the correlation between spiritual well-being and game addiction among Chinese youths in Hong Kong. To examine such a relationship, cross-sectional data (N = 401) were taken from a sample of 209 Chinese university students in 2021 and 192 Chinese university students in 2022. They are between 18–21 years old. The participants answered the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire to gauge their spiritual well-being in the personal-communal, environmental and transcendental domains. Then, the respondents accomplished the Game Addiction Scale 21 to assess the extent of their gaming use in seven dimensions, namely, salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict and problems of game addiction. The study revealed a negative correlation between the three domains of spiritual well-being and the seven dimensions of game addiction. Moreover, multiple regression analysis showed that the personal-communal and environmental domains of spiritual well-being accounted for 59.0% and 10% of the variance in students’ overall game addiction, respectively. The personal-communal domain was found to be the strongest predictor of game addiction. As an effective preventive strategy and treatment, the spiritual well-being and health of adolescents should be enhanced.

Relationship between spiritual well-being and spiritual intelligence with mental health in students.

To investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and spiritual intelligence with mental health in students. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 277 students (110 boys and 167 girls) through convenience sampling. The data collection instruments in this study included a spiritual well-being questionnaire, King's spiritual intelligence questionnaire, and Goldberg's general health questionnaire. After being entered into SPSS statistical software, the data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical. The results of multivariate regression analysis using the step-by-step method showed that spiritual well-being predicts 14% of the variance of students' mental health. Also, on the scale of spiritual well-being, the two dimensions of communication with oneself and communication with others were predictors for the social functioning dimension of mental health. Also, among the subscales of spiritual well-being, the subscale of connection with God had an inverse and significant relationship with anxiety and physical health (p<0.05), and an inverse and significant relationship were observed between the subscale of connection with self with anxiety and depression (p<0.05). The results of the present study confirm that spiritual well-being and spiritual intelligence affect mental health and its dimensions.

Money Attitude and Spiritual Well-Being

This study seeks to explore the relationship between money attitude and spiritual well-being amongst Chinese youths in Hong Kong. Cross-sectional data (N = 501) were obtained from 249 Chinese university students in 2021 and 252 Chinese university students in 2022, aged between 19–23 years old. The participants were instructed to answer the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (SWBQ) to measure their spiritual well-being in the personal-communal, environmental and transcendental domains. The respondents were then asked to complete the Money Attitude Scale (MAS) to assess their attitudes and beliefs regarding money in three dimensions: power-prestige, anxiety and distrust. Results show that a negative correlation exists between the three dimensions of money attitude and the three domains of spiritual well-being. In addition, the power–prestige dimension of money attitude was the most accurate predictor of spiritual well-being. A stepwise regression analysis unveiled that the power-prestige dimension of students’ money attitudes explained 6.2%, 15.4% and 27.6% of the variance in their sense of spiritual well-being across the personal-communal, environmental and transcendental domains, respectively. Adopting healthy perspectives and attitudes towards money are vital for the development of the youths’ (spiritual) well-being. Thus, financial education and knowledge are crucial for adolescents.

Contributions of service learning to the development of university students’ spiritual well-being and psychological health: a quasi-experimental study

ABSTRACT In this study, the impacts of service learning (SL) on the spiritual well-being and psychological health of Chinese university students in Hong Kong are determined. The SL programme is a six-month, credit-bearing programme (not less than 80 working hours). The study adopted a pre-test–post-test quasi-experimental design, wherein students enrolled in SL comprised the experimental group (n = 132; 59 male, 73 female), and those who were not enrolled in SL comprised the control group (n = 128; 55 male, 73 female). The students completed the spiritual well-being questionnaire (SWBQ) to evaluate the status of their spiritual well-being (including the personal and communal, environmental, and transcendental domains), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to assess their emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress before and after the SL programme. At pre-test, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in SWBQ and DASS-21 scores. Findings indicated that students in the experimental group had greater increases in spiritual well-being in personal and communal, environmental and transcendental domains and decreases in stress, anxiety and depression than those in the control group at the end of the SL programme.

The mediating role of psychological capital in relations between spiritual well-being and mental health among nursing students

BackgroundNursing students face mental and emotional issues due to the nature of their profession. The role of protective factors such as psychological capital and spiritual well-being is vital in improving mental health. This study investigated the mediating role of psychological capital as a mediator in the relationships between spiritual well-being and mental health in Iran.MethodsThe present study was descriptive, cross-sectional research conducted on 426 undergraduate nursing students within a four-year educational program in Iran from July to December 2021. The participants were selected via convenience sampling. This research used psychological capital scale, spiritual well-being, and general health questionnaire. The collected data were then analyzed using descriptive tests, Pearson correlation, and a structural equation model.ResultsSpiritual well-being positively affects mental health and psychological capital. Psychological capital also is positively related to mental health. Psychological capital partially mediated the effect of spiritual well-being on mental health.ConclusionAccording to the results, High level of spiritual well-being can improve nursing students' mental health and the relationship is partially mediated Psychological capital. Therefore, psychological capital is an important factor in improving nursing students’ mental health.

Predicting Factors of Spiritual Well-Being among Thai Patients with Non-communicable Diseases

OBJECTIVES: To examine the spiritual well-being (SWB) and predicting the factors of SWB among Thai patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was 155 patients with NCDs in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Multistage cluster random sampling was used for the sample selection. The study was conducted from May 1, 2021 to July 31, 2021. Research instruments consisted of a personal characteristics questionnaire, a personal faith questionnaire, a spiritual contentment questionnaire, a religious practice questionnaire, a social support questionnaire, a perceived severity of illness questionnaire, a meaning of life questionnaire, and SWB questionnaire. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and factors predicting SWB taken together as a Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was used. RESULTS: The total score of SWB was at a high level (3.93 ± 0.44). Factors related to SWB were personal faith (r = 0.35; p &lt; 0.01), spiritual contentment (r = 0.33; p &lt; 0.01) religious practice (r = 0.37; p &lt; 0.01), social support (r = 0.42; p &lt; 0.01), and meaning of life (r = 0.35; p &lt; 0.01). Predicting the factors of SWB comprised social support (β = .345; p = 0.00) and religious practice (β = .282; p = 0.00). These predictors accounted for 24.8% of the variance in SWB. CONCLUSION: Factors related to SWB were personal faith, spiritual contentment, religious practice, social support, and meaning of life. Therefore, assessing and providing spiritual care related to these factors is important in promoting SWB among patients with NCDs.

A Reevaluation of the Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ)

The 20-item Gomez and Fisher (Personal Individ Differ 35:1975–1991, 2003) Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ) is a widely used measure of spiritual well-being. Its theoretical model is a higher-order model with primary factors for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental well-being, and a secondary global spiritual well-being factor. The current study, conducted in Australia, reevaluated the factor structure of the SWBQ. Unlike previous studies, the current study also used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the factor structure of the SWBQ and selected the preferred model using not only global model fit values, but also the clarity, reliabilities, and validities of the factors in the models. A total of 227 adults (males = 63; females = 164; M age = 26.1 years; SD = 5.2 years) completed the SWBQ. Based on the model selection criteria applied in the study, the ESEM model with four group factors was selected as the preferred model. However, there was also adequate support for the proposed theoretical higher-order model and the first-order oblique model with the four well-being factors. Concerning our preferred model, its factors showed reasonable clarity for factor loadings and (omega) reliabilities. However, only the communal domain scale was supported empirically for external validity. The implications of the findings for the theoretical model, the use of the SWBQ, and future studies are discussed. In this respect, there are three potential models (theorized higher-order model, 4-factor first-order oblique model, and the ESEM model proposed in this study) that warrant further detailed investigation with a larger, more representative population and additional validation measures.

Relationship of Spiritual Well-being, Social Health, and Parent-Child Interaction with Health-Related Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Specific Learning Disorders

Background: Health encompasses physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, and social dimensions. Parents' spiritual well-being can affect their social health and, therefore, their health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Objectives: In this study, we investigated the relationship between spiritual well-being, social health, parent-child interaction, and HRQOL in parents of children with specific learning disorders. Methods: This study investigated the relationship between spiritual well-being, social health, and the statistical population in this descriptive-correlational study comprised all parents of children with certain learning disorders in Andimeshk, Iran, in 2020. Through convenience sampling, 174 parents were selected as the sample. The study used instruments, including the Health-related Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire, Keyes's Social Wellbeing Questionnaire (KSWBQ), and the Pianta Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS). Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using Pearson correlation coefficients and simultaneous regression models. Results: There was a significant positive relationship between HRQOL and spiritual well-being, social health, and parent-child interaction (P &lt; 0.001). In addition, the regression analysis demonstrated multiple correlations between HRQOL and spiritual well-being, social health, and parent-child interaction (R = 0.48, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The study found that spiritual well-being, social health, and parent-child interactions were essential in the HRQOL of parents of children with specific learning disabilities.

The Resilience Scale in Portuguese Adults under Assisted Reproductive Techniques.

Assessing resilience response to an adverse event such as infertility requires measuring the same construct adequately and accurately by nurses. The objective of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the Resilience Scale for adults. A cross-sectional and methodological design was used, and factor analyses were performed. The sample comprised 140 adult Portuguese individuals under fertility treatment recruited from health-related websites. The findings yielded a bad fit of the hypothesized Resilience Scale structure with the observed data. Instead, a 21-item tool with a four-factor structure revealed high internal consistency (0.94). The tool correlated positively and significantly to the Portuguese version of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire and was negatively associated and lacked correlation with the Fertility Adjustment Scale. The 21-item Resilience Scale is a reliable tool suitable to measure resilience in Portuguese adults under assisted reproductive techniques. This tool offers the opportunity of early recognition by health professionals aiming to enhance patients’ coping skills effectively and promote positive psychological and mental health outcomes.

Portuguese Version of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire: Validation Study in People under Assisted Reproductive Techniques

Attention has been given to the experience of individuals undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. However, only recent literature has focused on the spiritual journey triggered by such an event and highlighted the nurses and midwives’ roles in the assessment of the spiritual needs of those living with infertility. This study aimed to perform a psychometric test of the factor structure of the Portuguese version of the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire in a sample of people undergoing assisted reproductive techniques. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2019 and June 2020 on a sample of 104 Portuguese adults attending fertility treatment. An online questionnaire was released on fertility-related websites. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on six hypothesized models of the instrument. The findings provided evidence of an adequate internal consistency of the instrument, and the validity and reliability of the oblique four-factor model was confirmed. Spiritual well-being had a significant association with the nature of infertility and a higher score was achieved by participants that perceived religion as very important. This study provides a validated tool for nurses and midwives to assess spiritual well-being and promote an integrated reproductive healthcare approach. Further longitudinal research with bigger samples would provide more evidence of the spiritual needs of people living with this condition.