Spiritual Health Questionnaire Research Articles

The relationship between daily spiritual experiences and spiritual health of nursing students: the role of demographic factors

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify the relationship between nursing students’ daily spiritual experiences and spiritual health, as well as investigate the role of demographic variables. The cross-sectional study was conducted on 401 nursing students from Medical Sciences Universities in Tehran province in 2021. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire, the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, and the Spiritual Health Questionnaire. The findings revealed a significant relationship between students’ daily spiritual experiences and spiritual health (p < .001). Additionally, significant associations were found between daily spiritual experiences and demographic variables such as sex, marital status, place of residence, adherence to religious rituals, economic status, smoking, and alcohol use (p < .05). These results highlight the influence of demographic factors on nursing students’ daily spiritual experiences and spiritual health, emphasising the interconnection between the two. Consequently, it is recommended to prioritise spiritual health as a crucial aspect of holistic spiritual care provision to patients.

Association of spiritual well-being with quality of life among undergraduate nursing students

Objective: The study was conducted with the aim of determining the spiritual well-being (SWB) of nursing students and its association with quality of life (QOL). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with a sample size of 504 nursing students collected from January 2023 to March 2023 in the nursing institutes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, using convenient sampling techniques. A Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM) questionnaire for SWB and K-27 QOL (K-27 QOL) instrument were used for data collection that contains three parts. Results: The number of female participants was in the majority (50.4%) compared to male nurses (49.6%). The overall mean score of SWB of the students was 3.79 ± 0.48, while the mean K-27 QOL score was 3.73 ± 0.57. There were significant differences between the groups of gender (P = 0.001), while no significant difference within the groups of semester (P = 0.061) and college status (0.285). In QOL, there were significant differences within the groups of semester (P = 0.000) and college status (P = 0.036) while no significant difference in gender category (P = 0.480). SHALOM score is positively and moderately correlated with QOL score (r = 0.597, P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Spiritual practices are one of the important factors that are associated positively with QOL, therefore to enhance the QOL, it will require spiritual practices.

Parental Sexual Education Style and its Impact on Religious Attitude: The Mediating Role of Islamic Spiritual Health

Objective: Sexual education presents a series of essential psychological, physical, and religious information in the domain of individual sexual aspects along with providing individuals with knowledge and awareness in understanding the characteristics of the opposite gender. The current study aimed to present a structural model of sexual education style with the mediating role of spiritual health on the religious attitudes of high school students in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational research included all female high school students in Shiraz during the academic year 2023-2024 and their parents, with a total of 1234 students selected through cluster random sampling method according to the Morgan formula. Data collection tools included the Surajzadeh Religious Attitude Questionnaire, the Islamic Spiritual Health Questionnaire by Miri et al. (2016), and the Abdollahzadeh and Keykhosravi Sexual Education Style Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Amos software. Findings: The findings indicated that the permissive sexual education style has a direct negative effect on spiritual health. Furthermore, the relationship between this style and religious attitude is negatively significant considering the mediating role of spiritual health. Additionally, the authoritative style has a direct and significant effect on spiritual health, and the relationship between this style and religious attitude is positively significant considering the mediating role of spiritual health. The authoritarian style has no direct or indirect relationship with spiritual health and religious attitude. Also, spiritual health has a direct and significant effect on religious attitude. Conclusion: In conclusion, sexual education plays a pivotal role in imparting psychological, physical, and religious knowledge. The study elucidated a structural model of sexual education, revealing the permissive style's detrimental impact on spiritual health, while the authoritative style positively influenced both spiritual health and religious attitudes among high school students in Shiraz.

The relationships of spiritual health, pregnancy worries and stress and perceived social support with childbirth fear and experience: A path analysis

Background Given maternal health is a major health indicator, the present research aimed at determining the causal relationships of spiritual health, worries, stress and perceived social support with the fear and experience of childbirth in pregnant women. Methods The present longitudinal prospective research recruited 352 pregnant women presenting to selected health centers in Qazvin, Iran in 2021. The data were collected using the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire-2 (CEQ-2), the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Persian version of the Pregnancy Worries and Stress Questionnaire (PWSQ), the Spiritual Health Questionnaire, the Socioeconomic Status (SES) questionnaire and a sociodemographic checklist, and were analyzed in SPSS-25 and Lisrel-8.8. Results The mean age of the participants was 28.1±6.8 years. According to the results of the path analysis, among the variables related to fear of childbirth, childbirth experience (B = -0.37, CI:-0.44;-0.22) in the direct path and perceived social support (B = -0.51, CI:-0.58;-0.43) in both direct and indirect paths demonstrated the most significant negative relationship. Among the variables related to childbirth experience, pregnancy worries and stress had a negative causal relationship (B = -0.06, CI:-0.079;-0.043) in the direct path, spiritual health showed the highest significant positive relationship (B = 0.01, CI: 0.008; 0.012) in the indirect path, and perceived social support (B = 0.112, CI: 0.092; 0.131) and the number of children (B = 0.32,CI: 0.30; 0.34) demonstrated the highest significant positive relationship in both direct and indirect paths. In other words, childbirth experience becomes more desirable as spiritual health, social support, and the number of children increases, and it becomes less desirable as pregnancy worries and stress rise. Conclusion According to the present findings, various psychological, social, and spiritual factors are associated with childbirth fear and experience. It is thus necessary to utilize appropriate methods and promote training and support to reduce the adverse outcomes of childbirth.

Relationship Between Spiritual Health and Anxiety in Nurses Caring for Patients with COVID-19

Background: The global outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in significant mental and emotional distress, including anxiety, among healthcare workers due to the nature of the disease and its rapid spread. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between spiritual health and anxiety in nurses caring for patients with COVID-19. Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on all nurses who worked at hospitals affiliated with the Alborz University of Medical Sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. A total of 153 nurses were selected using convenience sampling, and they completed the Paloutzian &amp; Ellison standard spiritual health questionnaire and Beck Anxiety Inventory, both electronically and offline. Descriptive and inferential statistics, such as the Pearson and Spearman correlation and multiple regression, were employed to analyze the data. All statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 26. Results: Most nurses (99.3%) had average to high levels of spiritual health, and only 0.7% had low spiritual health. Most (54.9%) reported no or mild anxiety. An inverse correlation was observed between spiritual health and anxiety (P &lt; 0.001, r = -0.464). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was found between religious health (P &lt; 0.001, r = -0.321) and existential health (P &lt; 0.001, r = -0.496) dimensions of spiritual health and COVID-19-related anxiety. The results of multiple regression analysis demonstrated that anxiety levels could be predicted by spiritual health and its dimensions. Conclusions: The present study suggests nurses can manage their anxiety through good spiritual health. Hospital managers and officials should take measures to strengthen nurses' spiritual well-being and reduce their anxiety levels.

Relationship between Spiritual Health, Burn Pain Anxiety, and Resilience in Burn Patients

Background and Objective: Burn pain during therapeutic procedures causes anxiety in patients. Spiritual health and resilience are factors affecting anxiety. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual health with resilience and wound pain anxiety in burn patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 213 patients were selected by random sampling method. Demographic information, Polotzin and Ellison's spiritual health questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale were used to collect data. T-tests and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the collected data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 21). Results: The findings showed that most patients were male (62.91%) with an average age of 38.21 ± 12.72. The average scores of spiritual health, wound pain anxiety, and resilience were 73.63 ± 21.20, 52.83 ± 16.18, and 58.24 ± 13.51, respectively. Although a significant relationship was found between spiritual health and resilience and between resilience and wound pain anxiety, no significant relationship was seen between spiritual health and wound pain anxiety. Conclusion: Burn patients suffer a lot of pain during procedures such as dressings. Considering the relationship between spiritual health, burn pain anxiety and resilience, educational workshops are suggested to increase spiritual health, resilience and better tolerance during hospitalization.

Investigating the Relationship Between Spiritual Health, Meaning in Life, and Death Attitudes among COVID-19 Patients Discharged from ICUs: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to affect both physical and mental health. Because of this mental health burden, it is important to pay attention to issues such as the relationship between spiritual health, death attitudes and meaning in life - all issues made more prominent during the pandemic. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between these three factors - spiritual health, meaning in life, and death attitudes, among patients with COVID-19 discharged from the intensive care units of hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted between April 2020 and August 2021 with 260 participants. The data collection instruments were a demographic characteristics questionnaire, Polotzin and Ellison's Spiritual Health Questionnaire, The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R).The correlation between meaning in life, spiritual health, and death attitudes was determined by Spearman's correlation coefficient. The research results showed that there is an inverse and significant correlation between spiritual health and death attitudes (p = 0.01); an inverse, but insignificant correlation between existential health and subscales of death attitudes, except for the subscales of approach acceptance and neutral acceptance (p > 0.05); and an inverse, but insignificant, correlation between spiritual health and death attitudes, (p > 0.05). In addition, there was an inverse and significant correlation between the presence of meaning in life and escape acceptance (p = 0.002); an inverse and significant correlation between the search for meaning in life and neutral acceptance (p = 0.007); and an inverse and significant correlation between the meaning in life and death attitudes (p = 0.04). Besides, the findings showed an inverse but insignificant correlation between all spiritual health subscales and the meaning in life subscales (p > 0.05). Spiritual health has an inverse correlation with death attitudes.Also, there is an inverse correlation between the total score of spiritual health and death attitudes. Regarding the subscales of spiritual health, there is an inverse correlation between existential health and death attitudes subscales, except for approach acceptance and neutral acceptance. Also, the results showed an inverse and significant correlation between meaning in life and death acceptance and avoidance subscales, and there was an inverse and significant correlation between the meaning in life and death attitudes. Finally, the increase in spiritual health reduces patients' risks of thinking about death. The research results double the significance of the role of nurses, especially those dealing with critically ill patients and those who have experienced severe disease conditions.

Relationship among Maternal Perception of Childbirth Experience, Spiritual Health and Maternal-Infant Relationship in the Postpartum Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Birth represents an influential moment in women's lives that can be a powerful or traumatic experience. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship among maternal perception of childbirth experience, spiritual health, and maternal-infant relationship in the postpartum women. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 305 postpartum women referred to Health Centers in Karaj. The data were collected using the Perception of Birth Scale (POBS), maternal postnatal relationship scale, and spiritual health questionnaire. In this study, the mean (standard deviation (SD) age of the participants was 27.50 (5.56) years. The Spearman's correlation test results showed that there was a significant positive relationship among the maternal perception of childbirth experience, the general maternal-infant relationship (r = 0.34, p < 0.001), quality of relationship (r = 0.17, p = 0.002), pleasure with interaction (r = 0.32, p < 0.001), and absence of hostility (r = 0.28, p < 0.001). In addition, a positive relationship was observed among spiritual health and general maternal-infant relationship (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), pleasure in interaction (r = 0.08, p = 0.164), absence of hostility (r = 0.15, p = 0.008), and the maternal perception of childbirth experience (r = 0.11, p = 0.039). It seems that to promote maternal-infant relationship, health care providers should not only try to promote physical intimacy between mother and infant but also create a positive emotional state for the mother during birth.

The mediating role of spiritual health in the relationship between dark personality traits and tendency to cyber bullying in high school students

Background and Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of spiritual health in the relationship between dark personality traits and tendency to cyberbullying in high school students. Methods: It was a descriptive correlational research based on the structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of the research was made up of all 658 male students of the first secondary school of the ninth grade in 5 public schools of Babol city in the academic year of 2023. In this research, to determine the sample size according to the number of observed variables and assigning a coefficient of 30(7 observed variables in the model), and taking into account the possibility of incomplete questionnaires, 250 people were selected as the sample size using the available method. The research tools included the questionnaire of cyber victimization-bullying experience questionnaire of Antoniadou et al. (2016), the scale of three dark personality traits of Janason &amp; Webster (2010) and the spiritual health questionnaire of Paloutzian &amp; Ellison (1982). Data analysis was done by structural equation method based on regression equations. Results: The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between dark personality traits and spiritual health with the tendency to cyber bullying in first secondary school students and the research model was confirmed and in general 46% of the tendency to cyber bullying was caused by dark personality traits and spiritual health in First secondary students can be explained. Also, the variables of dark personality traits and spiritual health have a significant direct effect on the tendency to cyber bullying in first secondary school students, and the indirect path of dark personality traits with the mediation of spiritual health on the tendency to cyber bullying in first secondary school students was confirmed. Conclusion: This research provides practical implications for psychologists and counselors regarding the role of cognitive and spiritual factors in students' tendency towards cyber bullying.

The Relationship Between Spiritual Health and Job Stress of Nurses in Selected Teaching Hospitals in Yazd in 2020

Background: Job stress greatly affects the physical and mental health of nurses. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual health and job stress among nurses working in selected hospitals of Yazd University of Medical Sciences and Health Services in 2020.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross-sectional and correlational study conducted in 2020 in Rahnemoun and Shahid Sadoughi hospitals in Yazd. The sample size was 203 nurses selected through random cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Pulotzin Wallison Spiritual Health questionnaire and the Tuft and Anderson Job Stress Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Spearman, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis correlation coefficient by SPSS24.&#x0D; Results: The mean of nurses' job stress was (109.17 ± 28.66) and the mean of spiritual health was (92.58 ± 14.80). The relationship between job stress and spiritual health was statistically significant and negative (P-value &lt; 0.001). There was a statistically significant relationship between spiritual health and marital status(P-value = 0.0002), age groups(P-value = 0.013), work group(P-value = 0.003)s and employment status (P-value &lt; 0.001); and between job stress and gender (P-value &lt; 0.001), marital status (P-value &lt; 0.001), age groups (P-value &lt; 0.001), work experience(P-value &lt; 0.001) and employment status (P-value &lt; 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: In order to improve spiritual health, experts advise managers and supervisors to hold classes and seminars related to the positive effects of spiritual health regarding physical and mental health. Consequently, their job performance will improve.

The correlation between spiritual care competence and spiritual health among Iranian nurses

BackgroundConsidering the importance of spiritual aspects of human beings, spiritual care provision is increasingly recognized as a major duty of healthcare providers, particularly nursing staff. Spiritual care competence is necessary for the nurses to be able to provide spiritual care, but the competence itself is associated with other variables. This study aimed to investigate if the spiritual care competence of nurses is related to their spiritual health.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 172 practicing nurses in hospitals affiliated with Qom University of Medical Sciences, selected through stratified random sampling. Participants completed the Persian versions of the Spiritual Health Questionnaire (Amiri) and the Spiritual Care Competence Scale (Van Leeuwen). To examine the correlation between nurses’ spiritual health and spiritual care competence, a Spearman coefficient was used and a linear regression analysis was done to determine the predictability of the spiritual care competence of the nurses. The data were analyzed using SPSS v.23 and the significance level was set at 0.05.ResultsThe participants showed a mean (SD) score of 108.93 (19.04) on spiritual care competence and 213.38 (16.49) on spiritual health. Spiritual care competence of nurses showed no significant relationship with demographic characteristics and their spiritual health had a significant relationship with gender only. Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between spiritual health and spiritual care competence and their subscales. Moreover, the linear regression analysis indicated that the nurses’ performance regarding spiritual health can predict their spiritual care competence.ConclusionThe study revealed that the spiritual care competence of nurses is correlated with their spiritual health and performance as a subscale of spiritual health can predict their spiritual care competence. Thus, it can be concluded that the spiritual health of nurses is an important factor in providing spiritual care for patients and meeting their spiritual needs.

The relationship between spiritual health and happiness in medical students during the COVID-19 outbreak: A survey in southeastern Iran.

It is necessary to study the various dimensions of health and their affecting factors during the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic to identify the necessary interventions. The study aims to determine the relationship between spiritual health and happiness in medical students during the COVID-19 outbreak. In this analytical cross-sectional design study, 409 medical students were examined for the state of happiness and spiritual health and the relationship between them. Student information was collected through Web-based sampling by using standard tools from 20 April to 20 June 2020. Medical students completed the demographic questionnaire as well as Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) and Paloutzian and Ellison spiritual health questionnaire. The results showed that while the score of spiritual health and happiness was related to factors such as marriage, interest in a field of study, and socioeconomic status, the relationship between spiritual health and happiness was significant (r = 0.72). This study showed that students’ happiness scores were not optimal during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the strong relationship between spiritual health and happiness scores, spiritual health promotion, in conjunction with other interventions, can be used to improve happiness in this group.

Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Group Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy in Mental, Spiritual, and Social Health of Addicts

Background: The mental health of addicts and the selection of appropriate treatment methods are essential. Given the role of spirituality and social health of addicts in relapse prevention and treatment, this study aimed to assess cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in the mental, spiritual, and social health of addicted people.&#x0D; Methods: This interventional study utilized a pretest-posttest design with a control group. Addicts referred to the health centers of Birjand were selected in 2018 - 2019 through a convenience sampling method. According to the study’s objectives, eligible individuals were randomly divided into three groups of 32 people. The Social Well-being Questionnaire of Keyes, the Spiritual Health Questionnaire of Alison and Palowtzin, and the General Health Questionnaire of Goldberg were used in the study. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy were held in 12 60-minute sessions based on treatment protocols. After one month, the questionnaires were completed again. The chi-square test, paired t-test, and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data at a significance level of less than 0.05.&#x0D; Results: The three groups were similar in age, occupation, and education level. The mean scores of religious and existential health were significantly higher in the ACT group than in the control group after the intervention. Also, the paired t-test showed that the mean score of religious and existential health in the ACT group and the mean score of religious health in the CBT group significantly increased after the intervention compared to before (P &lt; 0.001). Also, the mean scores of social actualization, social solidarity, social cohesion, social acceptance, and social participation were significantly higher in the ACT group than in the control group after the intervention. The paired t-test showed that the mean scores of social actualization, solidarity, cohesion, and participation in the ACT group and the mean scores of social acceptance and cohesion in the CBT group significantly increased after the intervention compared to before. After the intervention, the mean scores of physical health, low anxiety, non-dysfunction, and low depression were significantly higher in the ACT and CBT groups than in the control group (P &lt; 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions: Both ACT and CBT are influential in the mental, spiritual, and social health of addicts. Nevertheless, ACT has a more significant impact on the mental, spiritual, and social health of addicts.

Effect of spiritual care on stress and spiritual health of mothers of neonates hospitalized in NICU

Background: hospitalizing neonates in NICU is a critical feeling for the parents. The present research aim was the effect of spiritual care on stress and spiritual health of mothers of neonates hospitalized in NICU. Method: The present study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design with control groupA total of 66 mothers with including criteria were selected and divided into two groups of control and randomly assigned test. For the test group, spiritual need assessment was performed using the spiritual need assessment guide and nine spiritual actions based on native culture and religion were implemented based on the needs of the mother. In the control group, intervention was not performed. In both groups, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Palutzian and Ellison Spiritual Health Questionnaire completed the pre and post-test pre-admission and discharge procedures. Findings: The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between demographic characteristics in both control and test groups. Comparison of the level of anxiety and spiritual well-being before intervention was done between the two groups using independent t-test and paired t-test. There was no significant difference between them (P&gt; 0.05). After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the groups (P &lt;0.05).

Evaluation of the Correlation between Spiritual Health and Depression in Dental Students of Clinical Stage in 2020

Introduction: The widespread prevalence of depression in society is one of the biggest concerns today. Spiritual health affects depression and plays an important role in improving the quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between spiritual health and depression in general and residency dental students of Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences&#x0D; Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 166 students of 5th semester and higher were selected through census. Demographic questionnaires of Palutzian and Ellison spiritual health questionnaire and Beck depression questionnaire were used to collect data. Participants' information was entered into PASS statistical software version 11 and data analysis was performed using ANOVA tests and correlation coefficients.&#x0D; Results: In the study, 166 students were included by census. Among all the factors measured, marital status had a direct and significant relationship with spiritual health (P=0.022). Moreover, the history of physical and mental illness had an inverse and significant relationship with spiritual health (P=0.034). Educational status and history of physical and mental illness had a statistically direct and significant relationship with depression (P=0.014, P=0.064). People who had no history of physical or mental illness and were married had higher spiritual health, and people who studied in higher semesters and had a history of physical and mental illness had more depression. Finally, spiritual health and depression showed an inverse and significant relationship (P≤0.0001).&#x0D; Conclusion: A study of the results obtained from dentistry students showed that there was a significant and inverse correlation between spiritual health and depression.

A Study of Pregnancy-Related Anxiety with Spiritual Health Among Cesarean and Vaginal Delivery

Background: One of the most important causes of anxiety during pregnancy is postpartum anxiety and the effects that this anxiety can have on the health of mother and infant and the role that studies have considered for spiritual health in promoting mental health. Objective: the aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between anxiety and spiritual health of mothers with cesarean section and vaginal delivery. Methods: This study was performed on 171 women referred to Amir al-momenin (PB) in Gerash Hospital (Fars, Iran) from August 2017 to October 2018. Convenience sampling was used. Data were collected through Demographic Information Questionnaire, Spielberger Anxiety Inventory, and Pulotzin and Ellison Spiritual Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods including mean, standard deviation and frequency percentage and analytical methods, such as independent t-test and Pearson correlation. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean of total score of anxiety (P = 0.560) and spiritual health (P = 0.313) in mothers with cesarean section and vaginal delivery). There was no significant correlation between maternal spiritual health, maternal anxiety, cesarean delivery (r = -0.111, p = 0.269) and vaginal delivery (r = 0.152, p = 0.209). Conclusion: In this study, anxiety and spiritual health were not different among cesarean section and vaginal delivery women and unlike other studies, no correlation was found between spiritual health and anxiety. However, further studies in this field and attention to other strategies to control labor anxiety among women seem necessary.

The Role of Spiritual Health Experience with Intensity and Duration of Labor Pain While Childbearing and Postpartum

Background: The birth of a child is one of the most important events in a mother's life. The use of religious beliefs and spirituality is often considered as a constructive coping strategy in improving the psychological health of individuals. Objective: The present study aimed to examine the role of spiritual health experience with intensity and duration of labor pain during childbearing and postpartum. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a total of 200 pregnant women who were 37-42 weeks pregnant and referred to Shiraz Medical Hospital for delivery were selected by nonprobability convenience sampling method. Personal and Midwifery Information Questionnaire and Ellison-Paloutzian Spiritual Health Questionnaire were used for data collection. These questionnaires were completed by interviews. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Descriptive test was used for data description and Chi-square test was used for data analysis. The significance level in all testes was set at &lt; 0.05. Results: There is a significant negative relationship between the variable of spiritual health and duration of the admission stage until the full opening of the cervix in primipara and multipara. But there is no significant relationship between the variables of complete opening of the cervix to fetal delivery and fetal delivery to placental delivery and maternal spiritual health. Conclusion: This study increases our knowledge about spiritual health strategies to prevent labor pains and promote mental health in pregnant women. Midwives should be sensitive to the spiritual health of pregnant women and integrate this element into maternal care.

Effect of Perceived Social Support, Spiritual Well-being, Health Literacy, and Resilience on Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Structural Equation Model

Background: Spiritual well-being, social support, health literacy, and resilience may affect the quality of life (QOL) in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived social support, spiritual well-being, health literacy, and resilience on the QOL in patients under hemodialysis. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectioanl study randomly included 260 patients from three educational hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Data were collected using a 36-item QOL questionnaire, Spiritual Health Questionnaire (SHQ), Perceived Social Support (PSS) Questionnaire, Resilience Questionnaire, and Montazeri et al.’s Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) Questionnaire. Stata software version 14 was used for data analysis. The results were evaluated using descriptive statistics and a structural equation model (SEM). Results: In this study, a total of 260 patients (male: 138 vs. female: 122; mean age: 51.73 ± 15.32 years) undergoing hemodialysis were included. Most of the patients were married (76.9%) and had at least one comorbid disease (59.2%). Findings showed that health literacy, spiritual well-being, and social support had a significant correlation with the QOL (P &lt; 0.001). However, resilience was not significantly related to the patients’ QOL (P &gt; 0.58). Conclusions: To improve the QOL of patients undergoing hemodialysis, health care providers need to improve patients’ health literacy, social relationships, and spiritual well-being.

The association of the spiritual health and psychological well-being of teachers with their organizational commitment

BackgroundIn line with the significance of organizational commitment, the question arises "Do spiritual health and psychological well-being optimize teachers' organizational commitment?" The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual health, psychological well-being and the organizational commitment of high school teachers.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study in which, 346 teachers in Tehran high schools participated through multi-stage sampling. The data were collected using Ryff Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1989), Spiritual Health Questionnaire in Iranian Society (2014) and Organizational Commitment scale of Allen and Meyer (1990), and their relationships were assessed.ResultsPsychological well-being and spiritual health had positive and significant relationship with teachers' organizational commitment. Furthermore, approximately 50% of variations in organizational commitment subscales could be explained by the variables of spiritual health and psychological well-being.ConclusionPsychological well-being and spiritual health can predict organizational commitment as the dependent variable among high school teachers.

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the spiritual health scale

In recent years, spiritual health became a focus of interest and nurses' spiritual health is crucial to the quality of their own lives and patients' health care. In China, high workloads, tense nurse-patient relationships, and low social status have been found to have negative impacts on the work attitude and nursing quality and spiritual health offers direction for solving this problem. This study assessed the spiritual health levels of nurses on the Chinese mainland using a revised Chinese version of the spiritual health scale (SHS-C). A total of 747 nurses were recruited in Zhejiang Province, China. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the revised SHS-C were performed using convenience sampling, with 291 and 456 nurses used for each analysis type, respectively. Items on the SHS-C were screened using the discrete trend method, the extreme group approach, correlation analysis, and EFA to create a revised mental health questionnaire for nurses. An internal consistency test and CFA were then performed to verify the spiritual health questionnaire for nurses. A self-reporting questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and the revised SHS-C items was used for this cross-sectional correlation study. The revised SHS-C included 6 subscales comprising a total of 28 items. Cronbach's α and retest reliability for the revised questionnaire were 0.90 and 0.73, respectively. The fit of the model was analyzed by CFA [χ2/df =1.79; goodness of fit index (GFI) =0.83; adjusted GFI (AGFI) =0.79; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) =0.06; normed fit index (NFI) =0.86; comparative fit index (CFI) =0.93; non-NFI (NNFI) =0.92; incremental fit index (IFI) =0.93; parsimony NFI (PNFI) =0.76; parsimony CFI (PCFI) =0.83; and parsimony GFI (PGFI) =0.69; with each index score higher than those of the 5-subscale SHS short form previously developed by Hsiao et al.]. A reliability test showed that the overall Cronbach's α was 0.93, with a Cronbach's α of between 0.82 and 0.92 for each section. This study developed and validated a revised SHS-C. Our research will help policymakers, administrators, nursing leaders, and educators to identify areas for improvement regarding nurses' spiritual health, which could translate into significant improvements in patients' health care.