Spill Prevention Research Articles

Robust and Efficient Estimation of Potential Outcome Means Under Random Assignment

We study efficiency improvements in randomized experiments for estimating a vector of potential outcome means using regression adjustment (RA) when there are more than two treatment levels. We show that linear RA which estimates separate slopes for each assignment level is never worse, asymptotically, than using the subsample averages. We also show that separate RA improves over pooled RA except in the obvious case where slope parameters in the linear projections are identical across the different assignment levels. We further characterize the class of nonlinear RA methods that preserve consistency of the potential outcome means despite arbitrary misspecification of the conditional mean functions. Finally, we apply these regression adjustment techniques to efficiently estimate the lower bound mean willingness to pay for an oil spill prevention program in California.

Advancing chemical safety protocols in small and medium enterprises: A comprehensive guide

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) face significant challenges in managing chemical safety, often due to limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of awareness about regulatory requirements. As chemical safety becomes increasingly critical for protecting workers, communities, and the environment, it is essential to develop tailored safety protocols for SMEs that address their unique needs. This review presents a comprehensive guide on advancing chemical safety protocols in SMEs, focusing on risk assessment, proper storage and handling of chemicals, personal protective equipment (PPE), spill prevention, and waste management. The integration of modern technologies, such as digital risk management tools, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, and AI-driven predictive analytics, offers SMEs cost-effective solutions to enhance chemical safety. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, early warning systems for chemical hazards, and the automation of safety audits, which can significantly reduce risks and improve compliance. Additionally, fostering a strong chemical safety culture within SMEs is vital, requiring leadership commitment, employee training, and effective hazard reporting systems. Navigating regulatory frameworks and achieving compliance with limited resources presents another key challenge for SMEs. This guide highlights practical strategies for meeting safety standards, including leveraging external resources and simplifying documentation processes. Case studies showcase successful implementations of safety protocols and technologies in various SME sectors, providing insights into best practices and lessons learned. As technological advancements continue to evolve, SMEs must stay ahead by adopting innovations such as robotics, wearable safety technologies, and digital twins for chemical safety planning. This review emphasizes that a holistic approach—combining technology, policy, and workplace culture is essential for advancing chemical safety in SMEs, ensuring long-term sustainability, and safeguarding the health and well-being of workers.

Efforts to prevent oil spills in bunker supply activities at Pertamina Trans Kontinental Plaju Branch

This study aims to identify and understand the consequences of marine pollution caused by oil spills from the operation of ships used for maritime transport. Data collection methods include library research, documentation, and descriptive data from various sources. The study highlights the importance of effective pollution prevention strategies to minimize the negative impacts of oil spills on marine ecosystems and aquatic environments. The main issue addressed is the prevention of oil spills before they spread and cause extensive damage to ecosystems. The theoretical framework used is human resource management theory related to safety and marine pollution prevention. Data collection methods include observation, interviews, and literature review. Data analysis is conducted through triangulation and continuously until data saturation is achieved. The results indicate that regular training on oil spill handling for all workers is essential. Additionally, the mandatory use of personal protective equipment, such as safety shoes, helmets, and special life jackets, is crucial to prevent fatal consequences from work accidents.

Effectiveness of countermeasure options for chemical facilities against the discharge of chemical substances into rivers caused by a large earthquake: case study of the Yodo river system in Osaka prefecture, Japan

Technological accidents triggered by natural hazards, which are commonly referred to as Natech events, are rare occurrences yet carry the potential for significant damage. Specifically, the release of hazardous chemicals into the aquatic environment and community water systems poses a grave threat to human health and society. Accordingly, we must conduct assessments that consider the potential consequences of these accidents. In this study, we examined the criteria for implementing spill protection measures to mitigate river spills of chemical substances using information on the amount of chemical substances and their toxicity. The countermeasure options readily available to employees at industrial plants and chemical storage sites where a chemical spill might originate included emergency shut-off valves, bunds and related spill containment structures, and other spill prevention measures. In this case study, a combination of countermeasure options was evaluated to examine the effectiveness of spill mitigation in the Yodo River located in the Kyoto Prefecture of Japan. Results of the case study showed that bunds were emerged as the most useful countermeasure option, reducing the probability of accidents occurring and impact of accidents. We also defined a methodology for calculating the chemical storage volumes appropriate for different countermeasures to ensure that the concentration of chemicals that could reach the water intake does not exceed the standard values. We believe that these methodologies can help chemical-handling companies make decisions when countermeasure options for responding to a chemical spill into a river. Chemical-handling companies can estimate the risk to downstream water treatment plants in the chemical spill, which can also help them consider mitigation measures.

Ammonia – an assessment of potential environmental impacts including prevention and mitigation measures

Ammonia (chemical formula NH3) is one of the most widely produced chemicals for industrial and agricultural uses. Ammonia has gained attention as a potential hydrogen and energy carrier, and low carbon substitute fuel for rail and maritime transport. The potential of ammonia for new use cases may lead to an increased footprint of potential environmental impacts. The physical and chemical properties of ammonia offer significant benefits for transportation and storage, but challenges remain due to its highly toxic nature and uses outside of dedicated industrial precincts. Ammonia is typically liquefied to increase density for ready storage and transportation. Unplanned releases of liquid ammonia will result in immediate environmental impacts. Unplanned releases may adversely affect receptor species in aquatic and terrestrial environments, human health, as well as the reputation of the responsible organisation. Dispersion of ammonia into the environment depends on factors that include mixture density, temperature, humidity, wind and wave action, and release mode and direction. Understanding the fate of ammonia is fundamental to adoption of effective mitigation measures. Consequently, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of ammonia in the environment, how unplanned releases can be minimised, and how they can be combatted, in order to appraise its suitability as a low carbon liquid transport fuel. This paper assesses the risks posed by ammonia spills, its fate in aquatic environments, and the applicability of available spill models. It also addresses management measures for the prevention and mitigation of spills noting the highly soluble and toxic nature of the chemical.

Using a food web model to predict the effects of Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) accidental spills on deep-sea hydrothermal vents from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) region

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems but face risks of incidents with Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) along busy shipping lanes such as the transatlantic route. We developed an Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) model of the Menez Gwen (MG) vent field (MG-EwE) (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) to simulate ecosystem effects of potential accidental spills of four different HNS, using a semi-Lagrangian Dispersion Model (sLDM) coupled with the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) calibrated for the study area. Food web modelling revealed a simplified trophic structure with low energy efficiency. The MG ecosystem was vulnerable to disruptions caused by all tested HNS, yet it revealed some long-term resilience. Understanding these impacts is vital for enhancing Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure plans (SPCC) in remote marine areas and developing tools to assess stressors effects on these invaluable habitats.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEVEL MEASUREMENT METHODS

In industrial processes, the processes of material extraction, its transfer, storage, quantity study, processing, and distribution are quite complex. Nowadays, each of these processes is performed with the help of automated systems. Automated systems speed up operations, reduce human error, and simplify management. Tanks are used to store materials. Measuring the amount of materials is very important in the industries and applications where it is used or stored for various reasons: Inventory management: Accurate measurement of material quantities helps businesses and organizations manage their inventory effectively. This is important to ensure a continuous supply of products and avoid shortages or overstocks. Financial control: material monitoring allows companies to control their costs related to supply and storage. It helps you budget, track costs and optimize purchasing decisions. Prevention of leaks and spills: Accurate level measurement helps detect unexpected changes that may indicate leaks or spills. Early detection of such incidents is important to prevent environmental pollution and for safety. Preventing Damage to Equipment: Proper quantity maintenance is essential to prevent damage to pumps, valves, and other equipment used in the handling and handling of materials. Quality control: In some industries, material quality can be affected by factors such as temperature changes, which can be observed as level changes. Accurate measurement of quantity ensures product quality. Safety: Keeping the correct amount of material in storage tanks and other containers is critical to preventing fires, ruptures and explosions. Proper control of the level of flammable liquids such as chemicals and oil is essential to minimize safety risks. In summary, quantification of materials is essential for effective management, safety and compliance in industries where they are used or stored. It prevents environmental pollution, ensures efficient operations and minimizes safety risks associated with flammable liquids. Keywords: transmitters, measurement of quantities, ultrasonic waves, hydrostatic pressure, microwave signals.

Investigation of the transport and metabolic patterns of oil-displacing bacterium FY-07-G in the microcosm model using X-CT technology.

Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) is dedicated to enhancing oil recovery by harnessing microbial metabolic activities and their byproducts within reservoir rocks and fluids. Therefore, the investigation of microbial mobility and their extensive distribution within crude oil is of paramount importance in MEOR. While microscale models have been valuable for studying bacterial strain behavior in reservoirs, they are typically limited to 2D representations of porous media, making them inadequate for simulating actual reservoir conditions. Consequently, there is a critical need for 3D models and dependable visualization methods to observe bacterial transport and metabolism within these complex reservoir environments. Bacterial cellulose (bc) is a water-insoluble polysaccharide produced by bacteria that exhibits biocompatibility and biodegradability. It holds significant potential for applications in the field of MEOR as an effective means for selective plugging and spill prevention during oil displacement processes. Conditionally cellulose-producing strain, FY-07-G, with green fluorescent labeling, was engineered for enhanced oil recovery. 3D micro-visualization model was constructed to directly observe the metabolic activities of the target bacterial strain within porous media and to assess the plugging interactions between cellulose and the medium. Additionally, X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) technology was employed for a comprehensive analysis of the transport patterns of the target strain in oil reservoirs with varying permeabilities. The results indicated that FY-07-G, as a microorganism employing biopolymer-based plugging principles to enhance oil recovery, selectively targets and seals regions characterized by lower permeability and smaller pore spaces. This work provided valuable insights into the transport and metabolic behavior of MEOR strains and tackled the limitation of 2D models in faithfully replicating oil reservoir conditions, offering essential theoretical guidance and insights for the further application of oil-displacing bacterial strains in MEOR processes.

Adverse Impacts of Oil Spills on Marine, Lowland and Upland Ecosystems of Niger Delta of Nigeria and the Control Measures

An oil spill is the accidental or deliberate release of oil into the environment whether terrestrial or marine. Oil spill pollution is a growing environmental concern that harms both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria is a plausible victim of these frequent oil spillages caused by equipment failures, corrosion, human errors, willful damages of pipelines and installations and accident etc. The released oil impacts the soil fertility of the region, the surface water, ground water aquifer and the entire marine habitats leading to health challenges, diseases and death, unemployment, and poverty in the region. Pollution sometimes traverses through the food chain to the human consumers. Possible remedial actions include prevention of oil spills, prompt intervention when they occur by containment, recovery and clean up of the spills. Environmental restoration may be required to resuscitate the soil fertility to continue to support agricultural efforts of the local communities in the region.

The preparation of antifouling and superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge by grafting Econea to diisocyanate monomer for durable continuous oil/water separation and cleanup of oil spills

The oil-absorbent sponge is effective in the prevention and cleanup of offshore oil spills. However, biofouling in marine environments will significantly reduce its oil absorption capacity. Herein, a novel type of antifouling and superhydrophobic polyurethane (PU) sponge was successfully prepared via grafting Econea (antifouling agent) to diisocyanate monomer and hydrophobic modification of PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) and SiO2. The prepared PDMS-SiO2@PU-Econea sponge shows not only super-hydrophobicity with a WCA of 154.5° but also excellent antifouling properties with more than 99% of inhibition to Escherichia coli after immersed in artificial seawater (salinity ≈35‰) for 50 days. It can absorb 133.9 times of trichloromethane than its own weight and still maintain 98.5% of absorption after 50 cycles. In addition, the PDMS-SiO2@PU-Econea sponge exhibits excellent continuous oil–water separation performance. The separation fluxes of n-hexane and dichloromethane are 151.0 and 136.3 L·h−1·g−1, respectively, and the oil–water separation efficiency is up to 99.9%, it can absorb 50 times of crude oil than its own weight in 75 s. Therefore, the antifouling and superhydrophobic PDMS-SiO2@PU-Econea sponge is a promising and applicable oil absorbent sponge for long-term oil/water separation and cleanup of oil spills in marine environment.

Legal Protection of the Marine Environment from Oil and Petroleum Product Spills

The article deals with social relations arising in the process of preventing and eliminating emergency oil and petroleum product spills in the marine environment. The danger of pollution of the marine environment by oil and petroleum products is reviewed, two major accidents related to the spill of oil and petroleum products are mentioned: the release of oil from the Exxon Valdez tanker and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The methods used to eliminate accidents in the Baltic Sea, as well as some features of this region, are considered. The special role of the Polar Code in the prevention of pollution of polar waters by oil and petroleum products is considered. The article also discusses the requirements for the prevention of accidental spills contained in international acts. The article notes that most of the existing international legal norms, as well as legal acts of national legislation, are aimed at ensuring compliance with the established rules for the transportation of oil and petroleum products, requirements for the operation of ships, their design features, as well as for the proper operation of equipment. It is necessary to eliminate gaps in legislation regarding the regulation of oil collection under ice in the polar region. It seems necessary to legislatively regulate the use of special means for monitoring oil spills. Legislation in the field of forecasting, accident prevention, as well as taking into account the natural features of the region of production and transportation of petroleum products needs further improvement

Effect of Wind-Wave-Current Interaction on Oil Spill in the Yangtze River Estuary

Oil spills are major threat to marine ecosystem and have long-lasting effect on marine life and water quality. In this study, a two-dimension hydrodynamic and oil spill transport model of the Yangtze River Estuary is established based on MIKE21 with a special attention to wind-wave-current interaction (WWCI). The model agrees well with the observed data on water level, current velocity, and the real oil spill event during Typhoon Fongwong. This study is mainly focused on the oil particle trajectory and spread. The model results show: (1) when the oil spill occurs during a typhoon period, the oil film can rapidly deposit under high WWCI, decreasing the swept area to about 20% compared with the normal weather condition; (2) strong current and large wave enlarge the oil film coverage whereas high wind speeds cause the oil particles to deposit in the shallow water area; and (3) the oil particles move farther and the swept area is far greater under the winter wind than under the summer wind, and the two times of the winter wind show the greatest effect on the oil spill. This study considers the drift, dispersion, evaporation, and emulsification of oil during the moving period under different wind, wave and current conditions, providing a good guidance for the oil spill prevention and mitigation in other estuaries.

Implementation of Marpol 73/78 Annex I to prevent oil spills at Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya

The increase in shipping activities is directly proportional to the threat of oil spills in the ocean, both from operational activities and ship accidents. Port of Tanjung Perak Surabaya has heavy traffic and continues to increase every year. This condition can pose a threat of increasing the risk of oil spills. Appropriate actions are needed to minimize the percentage of oil spill threats, one of which is by enforcing MARPOL 73/78 regulations which are intended for tankers. Specifically, MARPOL 73/78 Annex 1 is a regulation regarding marine pollution caused by oil or its derivatives from ship operational activities or accidental discharge of oil. This problem is the basis for the need to carry out research regarding the study of the implementation of MARPOL 73/78 Annex I to prevent oil spills at the Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya, especially at the Nilam Terminal. Through distributing questionnaires, it was discovered that the prevention of oil spills at the Nilam Terminal-Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya, carried out by 5 tankers, had an average assessment score of 18.4 or 92%, which means that the majority of oil tankers were very good at implementing international standards. MARPOL regulation 73/78 Annex I at Tanjung Perak Port, Surabaya.

Анализ методов оценки площади пролива жидкости при квазимгновенном разрушении резервуара

Introduction. The normative method provides for the estimation of the spill area of flammable liquid in the case of quasi-instantaneous destruction of a vertical steel tank taking into account its spread both within the boundaries of the fence and outside it with a possible partial overflow with spreading over the surface depending on the spill factor. At the same time, the shape of the area of the liquid spill outside the fence is conservatively taken to be equally distributed along its entire perimeter, acquiring the outlines of a super ellipse. However, an analysis of the statistics of destruction of vertical steel tank showed that the actual areas of the straits had geometric shapes that differed significantly from the normative ones, and their quantitative value was mainly influenced by the slope of the terrain, which is not taken into account in the method. Thus, it is relevant to analyze the results of the assessment of the desired shape and area of the liquid spill, obtained on the basis of the normative method and the proposed alternative, which is based on the processing of statistical data on tank failures. Goals and objectives. To propose an alternative method for estimating the area of the spillage of flammable liquid and its shape in the quasi-instantaneous destruction of vertical steel tank. To develop a computer program "RVS - Wave". do a verification of the method based on a comparative analysis of the results with the actual area of the strait during the destruction of vertical steel tank RVS-2000 with bitumen. Methods. To develop an alternative method, data on the consequences of the destruction of the vertical steel tank at production facilities for the period from 1951 to 2010 were collected, analyzed, summarized and statistically processed. Methods of empirical research were also used: observation, experiment, comparison, description, measurement. Results and discussion. The use of the provisions of the alternative method makes it possible to obtain more reliable results, both in assessing the area of the liquid spill during the destruction of vertical steel tank, and in its geometric shape, and the developed program "RVS - Wave", significantly reduce the time for performing multivariate calculations of the desired parameters, depending on the direction of destruction of vertical steel tank and slope of the terrain. Conclusion. The proposed alternative method can be successfully applied to oil and petroleum product storage facilities in vertical steel tank in the classification of a possible emergency situation, the development of plans for the prevention and elimination of oil or oil spills, fire extinguishing plans, the assessment of fire and industrial risks, including for the purpose of developing additional fire prevention measures in advance and determining the number of forces and means necessary to localize the predicted accident and elimination of its consequences. Keywords: tank; quasi-instantaneous destruction; breakthrough wave; earthen collapse; enclosing wall; overflow; area of the strait; evaluation methods; analysis.

Problems of Environmental and Technogenic Safety Regulation in the Arctic Region: Oil Spills

The article analyzes the changes in the regulatory and legal framework related to the development of the main document on oil spill response planning. the key points of the regulatory and methodological framework applied until January 1, 2021, which should have been given special attention, are highlighted. The second part of the article analyzes the updated regulatory and legal framework for preventing and responding to spills. the third part provides a comparative analysis of the old and new legislation governing the development of oil and petroleum product spill prevention and response plan, and also discusses some methodological aspects. The results of the analysis are formulated in the conclusion. It is noted that despite innovations, scientific and methodological support of development remains insufficient.

Selection of sorbent in case emergency spills of oilfield liquids on the territory of the Kambarsky oil field

During the development and operation of oil and gas fields, all components of the natural environment (atmospheric air, surface and underground waters, relief, soil and vegetation cover, fauna) undergo significant transformation. Therefore, to prevent and reduce negative impacts on these natural objects, modern technologies and technical means should be used that are most environmentally acceptable for the specific conditions of the territory where the projected man-made structures are located. When planning appropriate technologies aimed at restoring the components of the natural environment, one should take into account the economic assessment of the damage caused during the prevention and elimination of emergency oil spills. This article proposes the selection of a new sorbent in case of emergency spills of oil-field fluids on the territory of the Kambarsky oil field, as well as conducting economic calculations of the prevented damage.

Spatial variation of coastal wetland vulnerability to oil spill stress in the Bohai Sea

Due to their position at the land–sea interface, coastal wetlands are extremely vulnerable to oil spills. However, few studies have focused on the vulnerability of coastal wetlands to oil spill hazards. In this study, we developed a spatial vulnerability approach and assessment based on the vulnerability scoping diagram in the Chinese Bohai Sea, where oil spill events are serious and frequent, and aimed to assess the spatial heterogeneity of the vulnerability of coastal wetlands under oil spill stress by integrating various indicators for exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity into a composite index. This study normalized and aggregated data across sub-indices and combined related information with a geographic information system (GIS) model. The weighted results indicated that oil spill sources, as well as the natural environment in which the wetlands were located, dominated the degree of vulnerability of various coastal wetlands. The vulnerability assessment results suggest that there are obvious spatial variations among the different wetlands surrounding the Bohai Sea and each wetland had a different level of vulnerability, and highlights the need to enhance adaptive capacity to reduce vulnerability. This paper provides a quantitative assessment method for determining the spatial variation of coastal wetland vulnerability under oil spill stress, which can be used to better understand potential oil spill risks in coastal wetlands to support spill prevention and improve response readiness in the future.

ESG Certifications Gain Momentum in the Industry

Responsibly sourced gas (RSG), differentiated natural gas (DNG), independently certified gas (ICG)—these are some of the terms energy professionals might be hearing or reading about lately. As the international community sets itself upon a path to net-zero emissions as part of the fight against climate change, natural gas is seen as a great enabler of the energy transition to nonemitting sources. Experts believe natural gas could help drastically reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by replacing coal—when burned, it emits about half the carbon dioxide (CO2) compared to coal. However, that comes with a caveat: The assumption of lower emissions from natural gas holds true only when the issues of methane leaks and flaring are addressed. Methane is a very potent GHG. Its global warming potential (GWP), defined as a GHG’s ability to trap heat in the atmosphere compared to CO2, is more than 80 on a 20-year timespan, as shown in the figure. In other words, a single molecule of methane can trap 80 times more heat than an equivalent molecule of CO2. Luckily, methane dissipates from the atmosphere much more quickly than CO2. Its GWP goes down to 28 in a 100-year timespan and so on. This phenomenon presents a great opportunity for the oil and gas industry to drastically reduce overall emissions that are typically reported on a CO2-equivalent basis, while improving operations. After all, methane emissions represent leaks of a valuable commodity that could otherwise be sold. So, while regulators across the globe are coming up with ever more stringent methane policies, some industry participants opt to showcase their good performance in more proactive ways. One such way is by getting their production certified via voluntary certification programs. Currently, there are four main voluntary certifications tailored to the oil and gas industry that have at least some kind of methane emissions requirements. - Project Canary’s TrustWell - The MiQ Standard - Equitable Origin’s EO100 Standard for Responsible Energy Development - S&P Global Platts/Xpansiv Methane Performance Certificate (MPC) Independent Energy Standards Corporation (IES) was the original developer of the TrustWell certification and its origins date back to 2016. IES subsequently merged with Colorado-based continuous emissions monitoring company Project Canary in August 2020. TrustWell certification evaluates data points within 24 operational categories covering such aspects as environmental programs, spill prevention, waste management, emergency response, and well integrity. This certification is often paired with Canary-manufactured methane-continuous-monitoring sensors, although the company claims to be technology-agnostic. The TrustWell Low-Methane Verified Attribute covers the methane emissions aspects of the certification such as the requirement for methane intensity to be below a certain level and leak detection and repair requirements, among others. TrustWell was a pioneering certification framework with first certificates issued in 2018. Since then, many companies have certified at least some of their assets with TrustWell. Among them are Southwestern Energy, Range Resources, Flywheel Energy, Antero Resources, Seneca Resources, and others. The MiQ Standard was created and is maintained by MiQ, a not-for-profit partnership between RMI (formerly the Rocky Mountain Institute) and SYSTEMIQ, a global sustainability consultancy. MiQ started working on its standard in 2019 and, after several rounds of stakeholder reviews, the first MiQ certificates covering upstream onshore production were issued in late 2021.

Laparoscopic Technique for Extraction of Large Abdominopelvic Masses

<h3>Study Objective</h3> To review preoperative evaluation of a patient presenting with an abdominopelvic mass. To discuss methods of drainage and spill prevention during surgical management of large abdominopelvic masses and to demonstrate an efficient laparoscopic method for extraction of large adnexal masses. <h3>Design</h3> N/A <h3>Setting</h3> In the operating room with patient in dorsal lithotomy position with both arms tucked. Five-millimeter ports were placed in the umbilicus, the right lower quadrant and the left mid-abdomen. The specimen was extracted through an 8 mm port in the left lower quadrant. <h3>Patients or Participants</h3> 27-year-old female with a 15 × 13 cm abdominopelvic mass who presented with right lower quadrant and low back pain and mild right hydronephrosis. She had a benign appearing cyst on ultrasound and her tumor markers were negative. <h3>Interventions</h3> We employ a morcellation method we refer to as apple-peeling to cut the cyst into a long strip of 1 inch width to allow easy removal through an 8 mm laparoscopic port without spill or struggle. <h3>Measurements and Main Results</h3> N/A <h3>Conclusion</h3> Large abdominopelvic masses can be managed via laparoscopic approach with proper pre-operative work-up to ensure benign status. The apple-peeling morcellation technique demonstrated in this video allows efficient extraction of abominopelvic masses > 10 cm through small laparoscopic ports (8mm)

PETROLEUM OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT IN OFFSHORE

Oil spills are disasters occurring because of human activities. Due to harmful effects of oil spill to environment similarly as marine life, it becomes essential to search out suitable solution both for oil spill prevention and oil spill response. However, preventing oil spill is certainly better option. Nevertheless, when a spill occurs, the simplest approach for controlling the spill is to require action quickly and in a very wellorganized and efficient manner. This paper discusses about oil spill and related factors. It will also present potential solutions for prevention of oil spill.