Spillover Hypothesis Research Articles

Testing the Spillover Effect of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization on Emotionally Abusive and Harsh Parenting Practices: The Application of Propensity Score Matching.

Prior research reported a significant association between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and negative parenting, but there was an overreliance on U.S. samples and families from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. Therefore, this quasi-experimental study examined the association between recent IPV victimization and abusive parenting practices in a sample of community-based women from Poland. Participants were mothers of children aged 2 to 5 years (N = 610) attending an outpatient clinic located in a city in south-eastern Poland. Mothers were asked about their IPV experiences in the past 12 months and were classed as either IPV positive or IPV negative. Outcome measures assessed emotionally abusive and harsh parenting practices. All data were collected online. To reduce bias in background characteristics (i.e., age, education, employment status, financial distress, self-esteem, childhood violence history, alcohol problems, current mental distress, social support, exposure to COVID-19-pandemic-related stressors, and child sex), we applied the propensity score matching (PSM) technique. Group differences before and after matching were examined using independent samples t-tests. Prematching analyses revealed that IPV-positive mothers used significantly more emotionally abusive and harsh parenting practices than IPV-negative mothers. However, the two samples differed substantially on six background characteristics which are known risk factors for IPV and child maltreatment (financial distress, self-esteem, childhood violence history, current mental distress, social support, and exposure to COVID-19-pandemic-related stressors). PSM was successful in reducing those imbalances. Postmatching group comparisons were statistically nonsignificant for emotionally abusive and harsh parenting, disproving the spillover hypothesis. We conclude that IPV victimization is not related to emotionally abusive and harsh parenting practices when controlling for confounding variables.

The New Racial Spillover: Donald Trump, Racial Attitudes, and Public Opinion Toward Accountability for Perpetrators and Planners of the January 6 Capitol Attack

Abstract Since the violent January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol, federal authorities have sought to hold participants and organizers accountable for their assault on American democracy. Troublingly, however, a substantial fraction of the public opposes the prosecution of participants in the assault on the Capitol and rejects charging former president Trump with crimes relating to the planning and execution of the attack. Why does a substantial fraction of the American public oppose accountability for perpetrators of the January 6 attack? In this article, we argue that racial attitudes play a central role in determining individuals' attitudes toward accountability for the Capitol attack. Elaborating on the theory of “racial spillover,” we argue that former president Trump's frequent use of racial rhetoric—which established a racialized identity and cemented a close relationship between negative racial attitudes and support for his presidency among members of the mass public—created conditions in which these attitudes were likely to “spill over” into the ostensibly non-racialized domain of attitudes toward holding perpetrators, planners, and inciters accountable for the attack. Because attitudes toward accountability for the Capitol attack are inextricable from Trump's racialized persona, we hypothesize that negative racial attitudes should be associated with increased opposition to accountability for those responsible for the attack. Using data from four original, nationally representative surveys fielded between 2021 and 2023, we find strong evidence for our racial spillover hypothesis and show that individuals with more negative racial attitudes are more opposed to accountability for those responsible for the Capitol attack.

Life Satisfaction Among Chinese Aged Workers: Interplay of Organizational Justice, Workplace Emotions, and Subjective Age Perception.

Organizational justice, as a multifaceted construct, plays an essential role in shaping organizational behaviors vital for boosting productivity. Previous research has underlined its influential role in both task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. Importantly, positive emotions stemming from perceptions of both distributive and procedural justice have been associated with heightened levels of life satisfaction. This study aimed to elucidate the mediating role of these emotions in the connection between organizational justice perceptions and life satisfaction. Participants (N= 588) in two waves of multisource data from fifteen private firms in China, have been aged workers from 40 to 60 years old. The findings revealed a significant mediation effect of positive emotions linking employees' perceptions of justice and their overall life satisfaction. In alignment with the Spill-over hypothesis, our findings underscore the importance of cultivating an equitable work environment. Such an environment does not only drive job-specific outcomes but also deeply influences employees' broader well-being and happiness. By grasping the intricacies of organizational justice and its myriad effects on employee satisfaction, organizations can devise precise interventions, thereby elevating both employee well-being and overall productivity.

Strengths-based spillover models: Constructive interparental conflict, parental supportive problem solving, and development of child executive functioning.

Empirical research examining the Spillover Hypothesis has largely substantiated that interparental conflict comprised of hostility and anger has negative implications for parenting behaviors and cascading effects on children's development. However, less is known about how constructive forms of interparental conflict may operate in spillover processes. Toward this, the present study examined how interparental supportive and problem-solving approaches to conflict were associated with parental guided learning in the caregiving context and by extension young children's executive functioning. Participants included 231 families (mothers, fathers, and their child). Assessments of constructive interparental conflict were derived from both observational tasks and multi-informant report. Parental supportive problem solving was assessed observationally during a goal-directed parent-child interaction. Children's inhibitory control, working memory, and visual-spatial reasoning were assessed using validated tasks. Analyses were conducted in a structural equation modeling framework, and significance of indirect paths were tested using RMediation. Results showed constructive interparental conflict was associated with increases in maternal supportive problem solving, which in turn predicted increases in children's working memory. Furthermore, constructive interparental conflict was indirectly associated with increases in children's inhibitory control via paternal supportive problem solving. These findings were significant over two waves of data collection after controlling for child sex, maternal and paternal age, and maternal and paternal education. Findings underscore the potential utility of family resilience theory and domain approaches to parenting for increasing specificity and precision in identifying spillover processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

BLTR1 Is Decreased in Steroid Resistant Pro-Inflammatory CD28nullCD8+ T Lymphocytes in Patients with COPD-The Spillover Hypothesis Explained?

Pro-inflammatory CD8+ T cells are increased in the lungs and also in the peripheral circulation of both smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The reason for this is unclear but has been described as a spillover from cells in the lungs that may cause the systemic inflammation noted in COPD. We have recently shown an increase in steroid-resistant CD28nullCD8+ senescent lymphocytes in the lungs and peripheral blood in COPD. Leukotreine B4 (LB4) receptor 1 (BLTR1) is involved in recruitment of CD8+ T cells to sites of inflammation, and we hypothesized that it may be involved in the migration of these senescent lymphocytes from the lungs in COPD. Via flow cytometry and Western blot BLTR1, IFNγ, and TNFα expression were measured in peripheral blood, BAL, and large proximal and small distal airway CD28±, CD8± T, and NKT-like cells from COPD patients and healthy control subjects (±prednisolone) following in vitro stimulation. Chemotaxis of leucocyte subsets was determined (±LB4 ± prednisolone). There was an increase in BLTR1-CD28nullCD8+ lymphocytes in the lungs and blood in patients with COPD compared with controls. BLTR1-CD28nullCD8+ T and NKT-like cells produce more IFN/TNF than BLTR+ cells and fail to migrate to LTB4. Treatment with 1 µM prednisolone in vitro resulted in upregulation of BLTR1 expression in pro-inflammatory CD28nullCD8+ cells and migration to LB4. Loss of BLTR1 is associated with an increased inflammatory potential of CD28nullCD8+ T cells and may allow these pro-inflammatory steroid-resistant cells to migrate to peripheral blood. Treatment strategies that upregulate BLTR1 may reduce systemic inflammation and associated co-morbidity in patients with COPD.

A longitudinal study of home-based involvement and dyadic adjustment during the transition to early elementary school.

Home-based involvement refers to caregivers' active efforts to create learning opportunities for their children at home and in the community. Across child development, home-based involvement is a positive influence on children's social-emotional and academic functioning. Findings have suggested that home-based involvement tends to decline during elementary and middle school, but the extent to which home-based involvement changes over time during the transition to early elementary school is less clear. Dyadic adjustment is the quality of the relationship between two partners. Grounded in family systems theory, the spillover hypothesis suggests that dyadic adjustment is an important influence on home-based involvement. However, there is limited research on the extent to which dyadic adjustment predicts home-based involvement. The present study used latent growth curve analysis to examine the trajectory of home-based involvement during the transition to early elementary school, as well as the extent to which dyadic adjustment predicts home-based involvement during this transition. Participants were 157 primary caregivers of children in kindergarten through second grade. Results suggest that home-based involvement has a negative, linear trajectory between kindergarten and second grade, and that dyadic adjustment predicts higher levels of home-based involvement at kindergarten, first grade, and second grade. Implications of study findings for research and practice are discussed, with a focus on preventive interventions that aim to promote dyadic adjustment and home-based involvement during the transition to early elementary school. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of House Flips on Local Housing Transactions

This study explores the possible impacts of short-term house trades, often called “house flips,” on local housing markets. Using nationally representative data across multiple U.S. housing markets during 2000–2013, we test the Spillover Hypothesis and the alternative Competition Hypothesis for the influences of flips on the neighborhood non-flip house transactions. We find that the local flip tendency, our measurement for local flip activity, is negatively associated with the holding durations of neighborhood houses experiencing non-flip resales, and positively associated with their resale prices, after we control for market conditions that affect both flip and non-flip transactions as well as other potential determinants for holding duration and price. The effects are generally more prominent when the local flip tendency is measured for a longer run, supporting the Spillover Hypothesis. These effects are also persistent regardless of whether the local flip tendency is defined as the proportion of flips in the local resales by transaction number or by transaction volume, or whether it is measured continuously or discretely. The results also hold when we endogenize the local flip tendency, or when we change the neighborhood size. These findings demonstrate the substantial influences of flip activities to the local housing market turnover and price movements.

Co-Parenting and Dysfunctional Parenting: A Systematic Review

Literature underscored that parenting and co-parenting are both important for children's adjustment. Although the spillover hypothesis had explained associations between co-parenting and parenting, the relationship between co-parenting and dysfunctional parenting is a topic worthy of exploration. This systematic review aims to analyze the relationship between co-parenting and dysfunctional parenting to better understand the state of the art of literature. The two databases used were: The EBSCOhost Research Database to locate stud-ies in APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, and MEDLINE and SCOPUS. One hundred fifty papers published between 2004 and 2022 were detected. After duplicate removal, screening, and eligibility assessment, 15 articles were selected. The reviewed articles showed associations between co-parenting and some forms of dysfunctional parenting, such as coercive or harsh parenting, psychological control, and child abuse potential. These studies emphasized that conflictual co-parenting relationships could spill over into parent-child relationships, increasing dysfunctional parenting. This review reinforced the im-portance of developing other empirical studies that would explore the effects of conflictual co-parenting on dysfunctional parenting.

Absence of Staphylococcus aureus in Wild Populations of Fish Supports a Spillover Hypothesis.

Staphylococcus aureus is a human commensal and opportunistic pathogen that also infects other animals. In humans and livestock, where S. aureus is most studied, strains are specialized for different host species. Recent studies have also found S. aureus in diverse wild animals. However, it remains unclear whether these isolates are also specialized for their hosts or whether their presence is due to repeated spillovers from source populations. This study focuses on S. aureus in fish, testing the spillover hypothesis in two ways. First, we examined 12 S. aureus isolates obtained from the internal and external organs of a farmed fish. While all isolates were from clonal complex 45, genomic diversity indicates repeated acquisition. The presence of a φSa3 prophage containing human immune evasion genes suggests that the source was originally human. Second, we tested for S. aureus in wild fish that were isolated from likely sources. In particular, we sampled 123 brown trout and their environment at 16 sites in the remote Scottish Highlands with variable levels of exposure to humans, birds, and livestock. This screen found no S. aureus infection in any of the wild populations or their environment. Together, these results support that the presence of S. aureus in fish and aquaculture is due to spillover from humans rather than specialization. Given the trends of increasing fish consumption, a better understanding of the dynamics of S. aureus spillover in aquaculture will mitigate future risks to fish and human health. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a human and livestock commensal but also an important pathogen responsible for high human mortality rates and economic losses in farming. Recent studies show that S. aureus is common in wild animals, including fish. However, we do not know whether these animals are part of the normal host range of S. aureus or whether infection is due to repeated spillover events from true S. aureus hosts. Answering this question has implications for public health and conservation. We find support for the spillover hypothesis by combining genome sequencing of S. aureus isolates from farmed fish and screens for S. aureus in isolated wild populations. The results imply that fish are unlikely to be a source of novel emergent S. aureus strains but highlight the prominence of the spillover of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from humans and livestock. This may affect both future fish disease potential and the risk of human food poisoning.

Maternal adult attachment and mother-adolescent attachment: the chain mediating role of marital satisfaction and harsh parenting.

This study explored the relationship between maternal adult attachment and mother-adolescent attachment based on the attachment theory and spillover hypothesis of family systems theory. A survey research was conducted on 992 mothers and adolescents using a convenience sampling method. A survey research was conducted on 992 Chinese mothers and adolescents using a convenience sampling method. The results indicated that (1) maternal adult attachment avoidance and anxiety were significantly negatively related to maternal marital satisfaction and mother-adolescent attachment, and significantly positively related to maternal harsh parenting; maternal adult attachment anxiety was a significant direct predictor of mother-adolescent attachment; (2) Maternal marital satisfaction and maternal harsh parenting mediated the significant effect between maternal adult attachment and mother-adolescent attachment, specifically pathways contained three: a separate mediating effect of maternal marital satisfaction, a separate mediating effect of maternal harsh parenting, and a chain mediating effect of maternal marital satisfaction and maternal harsh parenting. The findings suggest that maternal adult attachment, marital satisfaction, and harsh parenting behaviors can have significant effects on adolescents' mother-adolescent attachment.

Parasite Spillover from Domestic Sheep to Wild Reindeer—The Role of Salt Licks

Attraction sites are important for environmental pathogen transmission and spillover. Yet, their role in wildlife disease dynamics is often poorly substantiated. Herein, we study the role of salt licks as potential attraction sites for the spillover of gastrointestinal parasites from domestic sheep to wild reindeer. Eggs from the introduced sheep nematode Nematodirus battus were found in faecal samples of both species, suggestive of spillover. DNA metabarcoding of soil, collected at salt licks, revealed that N. battus, in addition to Teladorsagia circumcincta, were the most frequently occurring parasitic nematodes, with a significantly higher prevalence of nematodal DNA in salt lick soil compared to soil from control sites nearby. The finding of similar DNA haplotypes of N. battus in sheep, reindeer, and salt lick soil supports the hypothesis of spillover to reindeer via salt licks. More detailed investigation of the genetic diversity of N. battus across these hosts is needed to draw firm conclusions. Infection with these sheep nematodes could potentially explain a recently observed decline in the calf recruitment rate of the Knutshø reindeer herd. This study also supports the hypothesized role of artificial salt licks as hot spots for the transmission of environmentally persistent pathogens and illustrates the importance of knowledge about such attraction points in the study of disease in free-roaming animals.

Pair analyst coverage and return comovement: Evidence from China

This paper examines whether pair analyst coverage strengthens return comovement in the Chinese stock market. We verify two impact mechanisms. First, consistent with the Coverage-Specific Spillover Hypothesis in Muslu et al. (2014), we find that analyst report conveys coverage-specific information that emphasizes commonalities among stocks in coverage and spillovers to prices of other stocks covered by the issuing analyst. Second, we develop and validate a new channel, the Related-News Diffusion Hypothesis, which argues that analysts expedite information flow across connected stocks in their coverage more greatly than they do across connected stocks outside their coverage. Furthermore, we find that stock pairs with greater pair analyst coverage display higher return comovement. Our findings have important implications for the information intermediary role of Chinese analysts in producing coverage-specific information and expediting inter-firm information flow.

Contrasting parental roles shape sex differences in poison frog space use but not navigational performance.

Sex differences in vertebrate spatial abilities are typically interpreted under the adaptive specialization hypothesis, which posits that male reproductive success is linked to larger home ranges and better navigational skills. The androgen spillover hypothesis counters that enhanced male spatial performance may be a byproduct of higher androgen levels. Animal groups that include species where females are expected to outperform males based on life-history traits are key for disentangling these hypotheses. We investigated the association between sex differences in reproductive strategies, spatial behavior, and androgen levels in three species of poison frogs. We tracked individuals in natural environments to show that contrasting parental sex roles shape sex differences in space use, where the sex performing parental duties shows wider-ranging movements. We then translocated frogs from their home areas to test their navigational performance and found that the caring sex outperformed the non-caring sex only in one out of three species. In addition, males across species displayed more explorative behavior than females and androgen levels correlated with explorative behavior and homing accuracy. Overall, we reveal that poison frog reproductive strategies shape movement patterns but not necessarily navigational performance. Together this work suggests that prevailing adaptive hypotheses provide an incomplete explanation of sex differences in spatial abilities.

Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A/B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19

Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A/B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19

Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A-B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19

Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A-B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19

Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A/B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19

Unwarranted exclusion of intermediate lineage A/B SARS-CoV-2 genomes is inconsistent with the two spillover hypothesis of the origin of COVID-19

Interparental conflict and mindful parenting practices: Transactional effects between mothers and fathers

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the transactional relations between mothers' and fathers' destructive interparental conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.BackgroundAccording to family systems theory and spillover hypothesis, interparental conflict sets the stage for parents' future levels of conflict as well as parenting difficulties. However, research on the link between conflict and mindful parenting practices remains scarce. The present study aims to investigate the longitudinal relations between mothers' and fathers' interparental conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.MethodParticipants were 386 families involving mothers and fathers of adolescent children at 12–17 years old. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaire reports of destructive interparental conflict and mindful parenting at two time points spanning 12 months apart. A structural equation model was conducted to examine the relations between conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.ResultsFindings indicated that mothers' and fathers' destructive conflict predicted their own and their spouses' subsequent destructive conflict, as well as mindful parenting practices. Mothers' and fathers' mindful parenting predicted their own mindful parenting longitudinally, but did not predict the other variables.ConclusionSupporting the spillover hypothesis, this study revealed the longitudinal effect of interparental conflict on mindful parenting, regardless of parent gender. Findings suggested dyadic effects between mothers and fathers, in that destructive conflict tactics were associated with future conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices employed by themselves and their spouses.

Interparental Conflict and Early Adulthood Depression: Maternal Care and Psychological Needs Satisfaction as Mediators.

Previous research has identified exposure to interparental conflict (IPC) in childhood as a risk factor for young adults’ depression. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the underlying mediating mechanisms of this association. Driven by the spillover hypothesis, the present study investigated whether maternal antipathy and neglect, and in turn unmet psychological needs, mediated the relation between IPC and early adulthood depression in a sample of 347 undergraduate students (M = 23.27 years; SD = 0.86; 57.05% women) in China. The participants completed self-report measures of IPC, maternal care, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and depression. Structural equation modeling revealed that: (a) IPC was positively associated with early adulthood depression; (b) this association was sequentially mediated by inadequate maternal care (i.e., antipathy and neglect) and by unsatisfied psychological needs. These findings suggest that efforts to prevent depression should focus on reducing not only IPC, but also inadequate maternal care and unmet psychological needs.

Implications of parental stress on worsening of behavioral problems in children with autism during COVID-19 pandemic: "the spillover hypothesis".

Implications of parental stress on worsening of behavioral problems in children with autism during COVID-19 pandemic: "the spillover hypothesis".

Is the Spillover Hypothesis of Neofunctionalism Functional in an Asian Context? The China–Central Asia and China–Southeast Asia Pipelines in Comparative Perspective

To secure an oil and gas supply, China has built several types of energy infrastructure near its borders and developed energy cooperation with regional partners based on this infrastructure. However, not all energy cooperation projects develop at an equal pace or are equally successful. This study employs the neofunctionalist spillover hypothesis—one of several key discourses applied to explaining European integration—to account for the difference in regional cooperation between two China-driven energy megaprojects in Asia: the China–Central Asia Pipelines and the China–Southeast Asia Pipelines. After investigation into the so-called spillover hypothesis, including “functional spillover,” “political spill-over,” and “cultivated spillover,” the more successful of the two projects was also found to be more significant in terms of its spillover effect. Thus, this article finds that regional cooperation in the Chinese context also supports the spill-over hypothesis, which has conventionally been regarded as a Europe-based discourse.