Sphere Of Public Services Research Articles

State customs services quality: marketing model and assessment methodology transformation

The article studies the sphere of public services provided by customs authorities. The purpose of the study is to analyze the marketing model of customs services marketing model transformation under the conditions of the customer-centricity principles implementation and the customs administration system digital transformation. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity to elaborate the rendering services mechanism in order to improve their quality and satisfaction of the final consumer (interested citizens, participants of foreign economic activity) with the result of receiving the service. The main tasks of the study are to identify problematic factors of the rendering state customs services mechanism, to determine their essence, and to structure their sphere. The article used both theoretical (current normative-legal acts and modern researchers’ scientific works analysis) and empirical (practical substantiation of ways to improve the customs control efficiency and the state customs services quality) research methods. Based on the analysis of the customs value definition as a state customs unformalized service, the problematic aspects that reduce the service quality and the level of participants’ satisfaction in foreign economic activity have been identified. The study proposes possible options for solving the identified problematic aspects on the basis of the developed marketing model and methodology for assessing the customs services quality. Its fragment has been presented by the author on the example of goods customs value control and confirmation.

Place and application of the new Law "On Administrative Procedure" in the regulation of public e-services

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the place and application of the new Law "On Administrative Procedure" in regulating public electronic services in Ukraine. Enacted on December 15, 2023, the Law aims to establish a system of unified, understandable, and transparent interaction between public authorities and citizens and businesses. The article examines the main provisions of the Law, focusing on the principles of administrative procedure and norms regulating the resolution of administrative matters using electronic digital technologies. Based on the analysis of legislation texts, comparative analysis, and consideration of practical aspects of the new law's implementation, the conclusion is drawn regarding the importance of applying its norms to the sphere of public services, including those provided through digital technologies. It is found that the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" sets general standards for administrative procedure ensuring the observance of rights of individuals and legal entities in relations with administrative authorities, regardless of whether such interaction occurs through physical or electronic channels. Special legislation may define the specifics of providing certain types of public services, but the general standards of the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" must be adhered to. The article also highlights the main directions for further research and possible directions for further development of legislation in this area. The application of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" allows not just to copy the logic of the paper world into digital services, but to develop innovative approaches. This means that the right to participate in the administrative process can be implemented through online offices, the possibility to submit documents in electronic format, support for communication through digital channels and the creation of additional functions that complement the main service

ВПЛИВ ЦИФРОВИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ НА СФЕРУ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ

One of the strategic goals of the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine is to transfer 90% of public services to an online format by 2024 so that the majority of Ukrainians can use online services and other digital products. Providing public services in an online format increases their accessibility for the population, saves resources of the state and communities, reduces the influence of the "human" factor and reduces corruption risks. In Ukraine, a lot of work has already been done in this direction: a large number of public services have been transferred to the online format, mobile applications have been developed for them, and work is underway to popularize their use among the population. However, a number of issues related to the integration of existing and new services into a single web portal and increasing the level of digital literacy of the population remain unsolved. Such a situation actualizes the topic of the selected research. Purpose of the study is to study the impact of digital transformations on the sphere of public services of the national economy. The research hypothesis is the interpretation of the digital economy as an important tool for increasing the availability of public services for various population groups and promoting their inclusiveness. In the process of research, methods of a system approach and data summarization were used to study the impact of digital transformations on the sphere of public services. In addition, general scientific and empirical methods and tools of economic science, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, summary and grouping were used. The processes of penetration of digital technologies into the system of providing public services at the regional level have been studied, the most popular types of public services that can be obtained today with the help of digital technologies have been singled out: SRCSA services (state registration of civil status acts); registration of FOP; accrual for registration of e-pensions; electronic driver's office; HELSI (doctor's appointment, medical card, e-prescriptions and treatment plan); state land cadaster, etc. During the research, it was established that the vast majority of the analyzed types of electronic services were integrated into «Dia». But there are still a number of electronic services that work autonomously. It is proposed to focus further development of the field of electronic services on: systematic expansion of the list of services provided online; integration of online services for the provision of electronic services into a single portal «Dia»; system modernization of the mobile application of the single portal «Dia» taking into account innovations; increasing the level of cyber security; expanding the possibility of connecting to the Internet; increasing the level of digital literacy of citizens. Further research should be focused on assessing the level of accessibility and quality of electronic public services.

The Interaction of the Authority Bodies with Target Groups: the transformation of communication technologies in the era of digitalization (regional aspect)

The research is devoted to the analysis of the transformation of the technologies of authority bodies’ interaction with different target groups under the conditions of digitalization and mediatization of all life spheres of the society. In modern conditions the complex problem of optimizing authority’s interaction with the population is very acute. Scientists are laying emphasis on to the issues connected with the technologies of public opinion control as well as with the peculiarities of authority bodies’ communication with the population in the sphere of public services and providing feedback, and with anti-crisis communications in the sphere of authority bodies’ activities and others. Digitalization emphasizes the need for the transformation of communication technologies. In this situation the study of the principles of work with the latest channels of public authorities interaction (sites, internet media, online press centres, social network accounts) is becoming urgent. It arises the necessity of developing a conceptual model of modern communication of different level authorities with target groups.The task of this research is (a) to determine the principles underlying the authority bodies’ interaction with the audience under the conditions of digitalizing and mediatizing of all life spheres of the society, and (b) to develop the conceptual model of effective communication of different level authorities with target groups. The solving of this task is supposed to enable, first, to work out the principles of public opinion control by means of effective communication practices, PR-technologies; second, to develop methodological principles of authority bodies’ interaction with target groups under the conditions of population free access to the information flows of different directivity as well as practical guidelines on implementing effective practices into the spheres of digital transformation of public administration. The authors provide the basis to model of authority bodies’ interaction with target groups; systematize effective communication practices of interaction between authority bodies and target groups; provide the reasoning for methodological approaches to the development of the principles of interaction between authority bodies and different target audiences by using the latest communication technologies.

Modernization Issues of Staffing the Penal Enforcement System in the Context of Formation of an Administrative Constitutionalism Doctrine in Modern Russia

Introduction: today the state policy in the sphere of public service and PES staffing is focused on providing penitentiary institutions with competent and skilled specialists capable of performing state tasks in the field of execution of criminal penalties in difficult conditions. The processes of formation and development of the staffing system, meeting modern needs of the state and society development, are due to a variety of political, social, economic, legal and organizational factors that have both external and internal effects on its functioning. Neutralization of negative factors is possible only by increasing the efficiency of management activities in the PES as a whole and staffing in particular. The purpose of this article is to identify key directions for elaboration of administrative legislation in the field of public service and staffing the penal enforcement system in the framework of a new stage of constitutional transformations in modern Russia. The methodological basis of the work is formed by general scientific and private scientific (logical-legal, comparative-legal, descriptive, content analysis) methods of cognition of legal reality. Conclusions: the proposed directions for the formation of a theoretical doctrine of public service and PES staffing on the basis of integrative legal understanding of processes and phenomena of social development, improvement of administrative legislation on public service in the PES through its further constitutionalization, development of personnel policy through the adoption of the Concept for personnel policy in the penal enforcement system will lead to a systematic change in the mechanism of staffing the penal enforcement system, strengthening its resistance to countering threats of a criminal nature, and enhance performance of penitentiary institutions in general. The scientific and practical significance of the work consists in substantiating practical proposals for improving current administrative legislation in the field of public service and PES activities.

ABOUT THE RATIO OF ELEMENTS OF CRIMES PROVIDED FOR BY ARTICLES 201 AND 285 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Among the controversial issues of law enforcement is the problem of distinguishing between abuse of authority and abuse of official authority. This problem is caused by a significant similarity of the elements of crimes under article 201 and article 285 of the criminal code. In order to correct qualification called socially dangerous encroachments in the article conducted a comparative legal analysis of the major signs of compounds that characterize the object, objective side, subjective side and the subject of abuse. Proposed effects of any kind of abuse of power committed in the field of private services, and in the sphere of public services is considered a significant violation of rights and legitimate interests of citizens and (or) organizations or legally protected interests of society or state, which includes substantial harm. The type of composition by design is formal and material. The object and subject of abuse of authority and abuse of official powers are identified as the main criteria for distinguishing between criminal attacks under the current criminal legislation of Russia.

Comparative analysis of foreign experience ın creating new platform for social services

In the course of the country’s development, the sphere of public services is also growing up. Undoubtedly, the emergence of new platforms for the support of vulnerable groups and the types of assistance provided to them in accordance with the digitalization of society will increase the efficiency of social services. Given article is dedicated to social services’ platform that united into one single place. This process should be available in using and not wasting time for going and staying in queue for organizations, hospitals. There are lots of people with disabilities and their problem is concluded in opportunity to go out and get any service. It could be sometime problematic due to their health, abilities to go themselves, weather condition and transport. That is why, several countries and its cities and local administration constructed websites, applications and added to electronic government the online version of social services they can apply. From time to time, there are lots of researchers in sphere of digitalization who is writing about how digital technologies impact on people’s life what is the main reason to provide of creating one single acceptable platform in the network. We expected to find out all experiences of foreigners and compare it with pilot version done in Kazakhstan that would be the basics of creating the new one.

ДЕЯКІ АСПЕКТИ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАДАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОННИХ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ ОБ’ЄДНАНИМИ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИМИ ГРОМАДАМИ В УКРАЇНІ

Усесвітній розвиток інформаційних технологій, їх широке застосування у всіх сферах життя вимагають перетворення державних процесів відповідно до сучасних умов, зокрема надання адміністративних та інших публічних послуг в електронній формі. Головна мета переведення адміністративних послуг в електронний формат – зробити державне управління більш ефективним. А це вимагає оптимізації адміністративних послуг, перегляду процесів взаємодії між органами влади, налагодження електронної взаємодії державних реєстрів тощо. На сьогодні до сфери публічних послуг віднесені послуги, що надаються органами виконавчої влади, органами місцевого самоврядування, підприємствами, установами та організаціями, які належать до сфери їх управління, і є результатом здійснення ними владних повноважень. Важлива роль у розбудові України як соціальної, правової, демократичної держави належить запровадженню реформи з децентралізації влади, яка зумовлює відповідні процеси розвитку інституту об’єднаної територіальної громади як первинного суб’єкта місцевого самоврядування. Створення об’єднаних територіальних громад стало основою для формування сприятливого життєвого середовища, необхідного для всебічного розвитку людини, її самореалізації та захисту прав. У сучасних умовах поступу інформаційного суспільства реформа будь-якої галузі передбачає широке використання інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій (далі – ІКТ) для досягнення необхідного рівня ефективності та результативності. Запровадження ефективних інформаційно-комунікаційних інновацій у діяльність об’єднаних територіальних громад є актуальним, адже надає найкращі можливості сфокусуватися на потребах громадян. Саме завдяки використанню ІКТ місцева влада поліпшує умови, необхідні для забезпечення належної реалізації громадянами своїх прав та охоронюваних законом інтересів.

ЦИФРОВА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ: ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИХ ПРИНЦИПІВ

The article discusses the problems of digital transformation of public services. The article examines the European principles of digitalization in the public sector. The principles are analyzed: openness, transparency, technological neturality and data portability, user-centricity, inclusion and accessibility, security and privacy, administrative simplification, preservation of information, assessment of effectiveness and efficiency. Methods. Method of analysis and synthesis, generalization and explanation for a deeper understanding of the digital transformation of public services and their features. Special research methods were also used, in particular, formal-logical research of legal support of digital public services and comparative-legal. Results. The necessity of formation of legal regulation of digital transformation in the sphere of public services is substantiated. The development and adoption of a national strategy for digitalization of public administration is urgent. This strategy should take into account the current state of development of digital technologies, comply with the principles and trends that have developed at the EU level. Conclusions. Еlectronic public services are a change in approaches and methods of work, a change in the paradigm of interaction between public administration and society. and man, the final approval of the concept of “human-centeredness” in the activities of public authority.

Disharmony of legal regulation in the sphere of public service of Russia (technical and legal analysis)

Disharmony of legal regulation in the sphere of public service of Russia (technical and legal analysis)

Mechanism for improving the efficiency and quality of public services

This article discusses one of the mechanisms for improving the quality of public services, such as the development of personnel in this area. The search for a solution to the problem of developing the human resources potential of the public services sector is necessary in order to achieve a high level of public satisfaction with the quality of public services. For the studied sphere of public services, this paper describes the procedure for preparing a matrix of developmental actions for the development of human resources competencies. in particular, the ten most important competencies for the success of the employee's work are identified. The factors that most motivate employees to work in the organization with full dedication and strive for self-improvement are identified. The methods of developing staff competencies that are most applicable to staff in the field under study are highlighted, and the advantages and limitations of using a specific method are presented. The result of this work was directly drawing up a matrix of developmental actions for the development of human resources competencies. The action of the matrix is aimed at building an effective process of developing staff competencies. The matrix contains specific actions and activities aimed at developing the competencies of the personnel potential of the public services sector. The benefits that an employee can get by following the recommendations presented in the matrix of developing actions for the development of human resources competencies are presented. Conclusions about the usefulness of measures for personnel development for managers of organizations, as it affects the image of the organization, the microclimate in the organization, ability to achieve the goals of the enterprise, maintaining a highly efficient employees, the efficiency of the policy in the sphere of development of the resource potential of the public services.

НАУКОВІ ПІДХОДИ ДО РОЗУМІННЯ ОБ’ЄКТА ЗЛОЧИНУ КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ЗАПОДІЯННЯ ЙОМУ ШКОДИ

Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблеми розуміння об’єкта злочину у кримінальному праві та ме-ханізму завдання шкоди об’єкту злочину. Розглянуті основні наукові концепції вчених-криміналістів щодо розуміння об’єкта злочину у кримінальному праві. Встановлено, що проблема розуміння об’єкта злочину є однією з найважливіших і водночас найскладніших у науці кримінального права, а тому вибір, зроблений на підтримку того чи іншого підходу до розуміння об’єкта злочину, не може бути інтуїтивним або політично «забарвленим». Такий вибір має бути насамперед ретельно обґрунтованим, підкріпленим вагомими аргументами і зумовленим потребою дослідження конкретного соціально-правового явища. Останнім часом все більше вчених-юристів пропонують повернутися до концепцій, в основі яких лежить розуміння об’єкта злочину як охоронюваних кримінальним законом цінностей, інтересів і благ, проте, незважаючи на важливість зазначених цінностей, ототожнювати їх з об’єктом злочину не зовсім коректно у зв’язку з тим, що не в усіх злочинах законодавець ставить під охорону саме благо або інтерес (наприклад, злочини у сфері службової діяльності). Крім цього, злочини вчиняються не тільки стосовно чи у зв’язку з існуванням благ і цінностей, а і в деяких випадках стосовно явищ із певними негативними властивостями, так званих «антиблаг», «антицінностей». Найбільш обґрунтованою серед теорій розуміння об’єкта злочину крізь призму завдання йому шкоди варто вважати теорію суспільних відносин, адже таке розуміння об’єкта злочину надає можливість встановити характер і обсяг шкоди, що завдається правоохоронюваним відносинам, отже, визначити суспільну небезпечність злочину. Водночас характер і обсяг завданої шкоди тісно пов’язані зі структурою суспільних відносин. Саме триелементна структура суспільних відносин, яка складається з носіїв (суб’єктів) відносин, предмета, щодо якого існують відносини, та соціального зв’язку як змісту відносин, допомагає встановити механізм завдання шкоди об’єкту кримінально-правової охорони, адже під час учинення злочинів завжди відбувається посягання на той чи інший структурний елемент суспільних відносин.

ПРАКСЕОЛОГІЧНИЙ ПІДХІД ЯК ОСНОВА ЕФЕКТИВНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ КВАЛІФІКАЦІЇ ДЕРЖАВНИХ СЛУЖБОВЦІВ В УКРАЇНІ

У статті розглянуто сутність праксеологічного підходу у професійній підготовці державних службовців в Україні із урахуванням досвіду окремих європейських країн. Визначено особливості праксеологічного підходу при застосуванні такого виду професійної освіти, як підвищення кваліфікації.
 Зазначається, що у системі професійної підготовки державних службовців можна виокремити три складники – змістовий, технологічний і особистісний, у контексті дослідження яких необхідно акцентувати увагу на технологічному складнику як такому, що забезпечує реалізацію праксеологічного підходу. Саме праксеологічний підхід у контексті підготовки державного службовця являє собою найважливішу змістову характеристику професійної спрямованості особистості майбутнього професіонала.
 Акцентовано, що головним завданням праксеологічного підходу у процесі підготовки державних службовців є вивчення й упровадження необхідних знань для здійснення ефективної діяльності. Зауважено, що саме ефективність виступає як показник якості професійної підготовки, а також як якісна категорія, що сприяє розвитку та вдосконаленню професійної діяльності державного службовця. Використання праксеології у сфері професійної підготовки державних службовців є основою для розуміння та дослідження професійної службової діяльності з позиції практичних цінностей, зокрема ефективності та результативності. Це важливо у процесі оцінювання результатів службової діяльності.
 Визначено, що ефективність діяльності системи професійного навчання державних службовців може бути досягнута за умови відповідності професійної підготовки та післядипломної освіти вимогам освіти для суспільства, побудованого на знаннях і інформації. Цими вимогами є такі: освіта протягом усього життя; освіта без кордонів, що ґрунтується на інформаційно-комп’ютерних технологіях і доповнює традиційні методи і технології новими можливостями; освіта за креативними моделями навчання та індивідуальними освітніми траєкторіями; освіта, що розвивається на основі фундаментальних знань. Одним із таких видів професійного навчання, що покликаний забезпечити високу освіченість та професійну компетентність державних службовців, є саме підвищення кваліфікації. Варто пам’ятати, що проблему підвищення кваліфікації державних службовців можна розглядати й у межах безперервної освіти. Праксеологічний підхід таке дозволяє. Так, більшість розвинених держав здійснює політику безперервного продовження освіти й підготовки кадрів.
 Специфіка функціонування системи підвищення кваліфікації державних службовців у контексті праксеологічного підходу полягає в тому, що вона є підсистемою державної служби, обслуговує її, готуючи високопрофесійні кадри. Це відбувається через вирішення низки таких завдань: приведення рівня професійних знань, умінь і навичок державних службовців у відповідність до вимог теорії та практики публічного управління; вивчення й застосування на практиці передового світового досвіду й досягнень науки державного будівництва та науки управління; формулювання установок на оволодіння предметом діяльності у сфері державної служби; формування професійних здібностей державних службовців.

Law enforcement in the sphere of public services: prospects of adaptation of foreign experience in Russia

Law enforcement in the sphere of public services: prospects of adaptation of foreign experience in Russia

К ВОПРОСУ О ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИИ КОРРУПЦИИ В СФЕРЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ СЛУЖБЫ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ СТРАНАХ

The article discusses the issues of combating corruption in the field of public service in the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The reasons for the commission of corruption offenses by civil servants are studied. The article analyzes the administrative and legal means of combating corruption in the sphere of state power. The main directions of the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation are shown. The experience of foreign countries in the fight against corruption is characterized. It is said that in some states the fight against corruption has become a direction of domestic policy. Attention is drawn to the problems associated with corruption in the sphere of public service in Russia. The imperfection of the legal framework of the Russian Federation regulating the sphere of corruption is highlighted as the most important problem. The author analyzes the laws with the help of which it is possible to most effectively resolve the problems arising in this area. Conclusions are made about the prospects for improving measures to combat corruption of civil servants based on the experience of foreign countries.

СТАТИСТИКА ТА ДИНАМІКА ЗАХИСТІВ ДИСЕРТАЦІЙ ЗА НАУКОВОЮ СПЕЦІАЛЬНІСТЮ «ДЕРЖАВНА СЛУЖБА» В УКРАЇНІ

The article analyzes the features of development of academic specialty 25.00.03 “Public Service” in Ukraine. It is emphasized that such an academic specialty was formed in Ukraine in 2003. It is noted that despite this, the theses studying issues related to the scope of this specialty have been defended even before 2003. Since 2003, the number of defended theses and research study directions has been growing every year, and academic schools in the sphere of public service have been formed. The quantitative analysis of doctorate and candidate theses in specialty “Public Service” defended for 2003-2019 at the Specialized Academic Councils of the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine and Dnipropetrovsk Regional Institute of Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine was conducted. The ratio between doctorate and candidate theses is reflected, which made it possible to determine the following structure of defended theses: among 111 theses 17 doctorate and 94 candidate The dynamics of gender ratio of persons who defended theses in specialty 25.00.03 “Public Service” at the Specialized Academic Councils for Public Administration at the National Academy for Public Administration and Dnipropetrovsk Regional Institute of Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration was analyzed and it was revealed that a greater number of theses were defended by women (71.64%), while men defended 40 theses that is 36% of the total structure. The attention is paid to provision of scientific advice (guidance) to persons who defended their theses in specialty 25.00.03 “Public Service” at the Specialized Academic Councils for Public Administration at the National Academy for Public Administration and Dnipropetrovsk Regional Institute of Public Administration of the National Academy for Public Administration. It is emphasized that issues of civil service and activities of civil servant are studied not only within the specialty “Public Service”, but within other specialties of field of knowledge “Public Administration”, and other scientific fields. The conclusions are made and the prospects for further research studies in specialty “Public Service” are specified.

Аборигенки Австралии: от прислуги до большой политики. Часть 1. На службе обществу

The article attempts to give an overview of the women participation in the aboriginal human rights movement in Australia. It traces the path of women activists and their role in the social and political life of this country. In Part 1 the main attention is paid to the sphere of public service, which became the meaning of the life for the first generation of aboriginal women human rights defenders.

Possibilities of solving social problems of African countries by means of public-private partnership

The article considers the possibilities of the public-private partnership (PPP) in solving social-economic problems of African countries. The authors analyze the features and perspectives of the PPP mechanism in Africa for solving urgent social problems primarily in the sphere of public services. PPP means state-business cooperation in the spheres that are important for the population’s living standards and has large potential for the social development. Some African counties has already recognized the high efficiency of PPP and use this method for solving such problems as lack of social infrastructure and social development, low quality of the public utilities and poverty. The authors argue that the main sphere of implementing the PPP projects in Africa is the sector of information and telecommunication (IT). The majority of PPP infrastructure projects are implemented in the power economy (especially in Morocco and Egypt). Today, the African governments expand the PPP projects to the power networks development and construction, and to the renewable energy sources exploitation. The article provides some recent examples of the PPP projects in different spheres such as the development of social infrastructure in Africa, including education, public health and maintenance of public order. Due to the global trend of the infrastructure services digitalization and extension of information accessibility, African states take steps for the creation of electronic information portals for the PPP-projects (for example, in Nigeria and Ghana - with the World Bank assistance). Moreover, there are all-regional programs introduced to support initiative projects with the electronic platforms.

Legal Support for Participative Decision-Making as Part of ‘Service’ Model of Urban Governance in Russia

The research deals with urban governance in Russia from the perspective of the participative approach to decision-making. The authors used quantitative (semi-structured 'face-to-face' interview) and qualitative (in-depth semi-structured interview) sociological surveys in five cities of Russia over the period from 2001 to 2017 regarding the public expectations towards the service activity of the urban governance authorities. The respondents were the citizens over 18-years-old who live in Tomsk, Seversk, and Strezhevoy in Tomsk Region. The authors have analysed the official documents and the information of the federal and municipal level over the period from 1997 to 2018. It was stated that the citizens' preferences had changed from paternalistic to 'service' ones, but in most cases, the legal framework was based on the directive principle of decision-making and did not comply with public demands. The technology of participative decision-making in the sphere of public services in Russia, in particular, in the cities, gradually develop. The content of such decisions increasingly reflects public expectations. Taking into account the results of the sociological surveys and the analysis of the regulatory support for the public service delivery, the authors have developed the recommendations on the improvement of the legal regulation based on the participative principle.

THE STATUTORY DEFINITION OF GIFT VALUE AS A “FILTER” FOR EFFECTIVE STATE POLICY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE

The paper substantiates the importance of standardization of gift’s “value feature” for a public person as a reliable “filter” for eliminating threats for effective implementation of the state policy in the public service. Methodology. The analysis of regulatory and law enforcement experience of different countries allowed distinguishing three basic regulatory models of “gift relations” in the public service – prohibitive, permissive, and mixed. Clarification of the essence of each of them led to the conclusion on the expediency to choose the mixed model as an optimal alternative for an effective counteraction to the unlawful, non-purpose use of gift resource in the public service under the conditions of modern reformation state-building and law-enforcement processes. This model due to a simultaneous regulation of the principles of “prohibitive gift” relations, “permissive gift” relations envisages determination of the limits for possible reception of other gifts by public servants. It ensures elimination of the prerequisites as for waking “gift relations” in the public service, so for unreasonable use of the gift as a source for enrichment, encouragement means, and “instrument for influence” on the professional official activity of a public servant. Results. A unique character of the gift in the public-official relations is caused, first of all, by its trifling “symbolic” value. Due to this fact it can be considered as a “symbolic manifestation” of respect, gratitude to a public servant for his competent, honourable, lawful professional official activity. Its symbolic “value feature” is its central feature that causes the need for its obligatory complete regulatory determination. On the basis of the comparative legal analysis of rule-making and law-enforcement experience of different countries, a number of basic approaches to the definition of “value feature” of a gift are distinguished (in a completely determined amount, in a multiple of the guaranteed rates established by the state, in a multiple to the salary of a public servant, in a generalized form without any quantitative indicators and with the list of possible external forms of gift’s manifestation etc.), and it is justified the feasibility of its binding to a certain number of the national currency (“solid”, “constant” indicator). Practical implications. Standardisation of this gift feature along with others which carry out an additional role (frequency of reception and source) should be at the level of the basic legislative act, which consolidates principles of “gift relations” in the sphere of public service in its entirety. Taking into account the importance of this gift feature, any sub-legislative “alternative” in relation to the determination of gift value can’t exist eliminating the grounds for a controversial nature of regulation of relevant relations. Value/originality. It will help to unify the regulatory standards for using gift’s resource in the public service as a whole, regulatory “filtering” effectiveness of the implementation of public policy in the sphere of public service as a whole.