Sphere Of International Relations Research Articles

Trade and economic cooperation of the EAEU: state, dynamics, ensuring national security

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that in the context of international political and economic tensions, the role of regional integration is more important than ever. Despite the fact that the EAEU is one of the youngest integration associations in the world, the history of its existence testifies to the importance for both participating countries and third countries and the global economy, as well as conducting joint policies in various spheres of international relations. The article provides an analysis of trade and economic cooperation between the EAEU countries from the point of view of studying the history and causes of its appearance, the current state and development prospects. The current state and features of trade and economic cooperation between the EAEU countries, the main macroeconomic and trade and economic indicators of the EAEU member states are considered. It is shown that since the creation of the EAEU in 2015, measures have been taken and successfully implemented aimed at identifying and gradually eliminating factors hindering the development of integration processes. With the help of the created strategies for the development of the grouping, supranational bodies strive to minimize the influence of internal and external factors on the growth of the economies of the member countries of the union. The EAEU has significant economic and trade, as well as investment potential. According to the authors, it is important for the EAEU countries and the association as a whole to more actively implement measures aimed at maintaining the economic security of the association and the participating countries, which requires new unified approaches to training at the country and regional levels.

The Legal and Normative Framework of International Activities of Subnational Parliaments: a Case of St. Petersburg Parliament

Purpose. The article engages in a comprehensive analysis of the legal and normative foundations of international activities of the Russian sub-state regions with an emphasis on regional parliaments.Methods. In order to compile the study, the author draws upon a case-oriented research design and engages in two approaches namely comparative and political-legal. The case of the study is St. Petersburg, a Russian region, and its supreme legislative body namely the Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg.Results. The author has defined the general normative-legal foundations of the international activity of the Russian regions, outlined the general normative-legal foundations of the international activity of the legislative authorities of the Russian regions and analysed the normative-legal foundations of the international activity of the representative authority of the Russian regions and their proportion with the executive branch of power in the case of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg and the system of executive authorities of St. Petersburg. In addition, the author outlined the problems of legal regulation of international activities of Russian regions.Conclusions. Firstly, in terms of legal basis, the regions of the Russian Federation have a limited range of freedom in the sphere of international relations, consisting in the maintenance of cultural and economic ties, and the international activity of the regions itself is under the control of the federal authorities. Secondly, the federal legislation of Russia contains legal uncertainties regarding the interpretation of concepts and the definition of specific mechanisms and forms of international activities of the regions. Thirdly, federal legislation, while not defining the clear competences of regional parliaments, provides the Russian regions to independently determine the specific powers of their authorities within the framework of federal and regional legislation. Fourthly, the competences of international activities of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg are limited to the status-value, normative-recommendary and advisory-expert nature. Fifthly, the structure of the powers of public authorities in St. Petersburg shows a prevalence in the powers of international activities between the legislative and executive authorities in favour of the second one

Political and Military Implications of Private Military Contractors in Russia

The topic, which is of personal interest, makes an impression that contractors are only a marginal part of the modern security studies, the academic community of international relations and the public interest. The world is in constant evolution, dominated by more urgent topics and the previous ones are pushed into the background, which specifically in this case poses a great threat. Article focuses on the issue of private military contractors as an alternative to modern privatisation of military and overview of their main differences to the known mercenaries, ethics, and their restrictions with the aim to showcase timelessness and adequate usability of these contractors with the focus on characterising the Russian Private Military Companies and their recent operations. We intend to look at the role of Russian Private Military Contractors and analyse the possible impact that these companies may have and continuously still have in the sphere of international relations and security studies. We offer an updated viewpoint on their place in the current global governance order, and we showcase why and how have they achieved their status. Such findings are crucial for understanding the role of non-state actors in the current security environment.

Противоречия системы миграционных отношений: методология исследования

Introduction. Modern conditions in the sphere of international relations are characterized by the growth of global instability, confrontation and competition of world powers, the conduct of hostilities during the special military operation in Ukraine caused by the need to protect the national and state interests of Russia. In the sphere of migration relations for Russia, these conditions are reflected both in the mass “anti-war” emigration from Russia and in the large-scale influx of refugees from the war-torn territories of Ukraine. All this has actualized the problem of migration relations, including their regulation in the process of implementing migration policy. The need to regulate the current migration situation makes it necessary to identify migration contradictions and find adequate forms of resolving these contradictions. Theoretical analysis. The article proposes a methodology for studying the contradictions of the migration relations system, based on the unity of systemic and dialectical methods. Consideration of migration relations as a system consisting of political, legal, economic, psychological, cultural, ethical and other relations made it possible to define the migration relations’ contradiction object, which lies in the population’s territorial displacement, and to characterize the subjects and objects of contradictions in relation to each specific element of the migration relations system. The application of a categorical approach to the study of migration causes and consequences allowed us to show the specific features of various categories of migrants, including forced migrants, political and ideological emigrants, labor migrants. Results. The study of the migration relations system contradictions in relation to each element and to each level of this system allowed us to come to the conclusion that, due to the interdisciplinarity of the problem, finding adequate forms of resolving the contradictions of this system in the process of developing and implementing migration policy involves consolidating the efforts of various social science representatives and those of all the migration relations system elements’ subjects, of civil society institutions and public authorities at all levels.

Rearticulating the Italian right’s perception of Russia: legitimacy and rupture in the post-invasion landscape

ABSTRACT Russia’s renewed aggression against Ukraine caught many by surprise. This is especially true among those on the centre and far-right of the political spectrum who had previously referred to Russia as a patron of social conservatism and a paradigm of strong leadership and independent actorship in the sphere of international relations. Such a view had been especially prevalent among the right-wing parties in Italy. This article seeks to elucidate how the Italian right has rearticulated its relationship with Russia in the first 100 days after the onset of full-scale war with Ukraine through a critical engagement with the concepts of discursive rupture, legitimacy, and empty signifiers in its logic. By arguing that Russia’s previous position as a referent sign of social conservatism and traditionalism has become unfixed in this post-war paradigm, this article posits that those electorally viable actors of the Italian right who were once amenable to Russia in the past will not employ it as a discursive reference for legitimacy in the future, while those on the fringes of the political spectrum will redouble their legitimation of Russia. These findings carry broader implications within the milieu of the European right, as other political actors grapple with analogous challenges of redefining their positions towards Russia.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL LEGAL APPROACHES TO THE STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

In the article, some actual problems of the status of international non-governmental organizations in the theoretical and practical direction are extensively analyzed based on the existing diversity of opinions in the legal literature and international practice. The activity of international non-governmental organizations is already felt in various spheres of international relations, as well as having an important influence. Their activity is accepted not only by the international community, but also by individual states, and at the same time, it also leads to the quick resolution of relevant problems. Furthermore, the creation and operation of international non-governmental organizations are more convenient and easier than international intergovernmental organizations. One of the main features of international non-governmental organizations is characterized by their solving important problems of the international society and international law as a whole, and the activity in this direction is expanding even more. In addition, the role of international non-governmental organizations in the management of international society is strengthened, in other words, they act as the main mechanism of international cooperation and control. The article consists of several interrelated parts. In the introductory part of the article, the main research directions are defined. Then, the relevance, scientific novelty, and purpose of the research are justified by the main characteristics and new approaches of international non-governmental organizations. Then, a basic analysis of the problem is carried out. Finally, the article concludes with a presentation of scientific innovations and important conclusions. Scientific coherence and connections have been established between all parts of the article. What was mentioned was directly reflected in the scientific results. The scientific innovations and results obtained in the article can be defined in the main directions as follows: the need to adopt universal and regional international agreements related to various aspects of the activities of international non-governmental organizations; strengthening of international legal subjectivity of international non-governmental organizations in the system of modern international relations; further activation of the activities of international non-governmental organizations in the process of international law creation; formation of the role of international non-governmental organizations in the law enforcement process; strengthening of cooperation relations between states and international non-governmental organizations; the need to establish close relations of international non-governmental organizations with universal and regional international organizations; strengthening the role of international non-governmental organizations in the international control system; existence of international obligations of international non-governmental organizations; the need to adopt a universal international document in the field of international non-governmental organizations and the approximation of national legislative acts of states.

Colonial injustice, legitimate authority, and immigration control

There is lively debate on the question if states have legitimate authority to enforce the exclusion of (would-be) immigrants. Against common belief, I argue that even non-cosmopolitan liberals have strong reason to be sceptical of much contemporary border authority. To do so, I first establish that for liberals, broadly defined, a state can only hold legitimate authority over persons whose moral equality it is not engaged in undermining. I then reconstruct empirical cases from the sphere of international relations in which what I call ‘colonial norms’ continue to play significant structuring roles. I argue that it is sometimes only by unveiling these colonial norms and the roles they play that we can understand how some states today culpably contribute to undermining the moral equality of persons over whom they will come to claim immigration-related authority. I thus contend that paying attention to colonial norms distinctly enables us to reveal a set of instances in which all liberals should agree that states forfeit legitimate authority over would-be immigrants.

INTERNATIONAL AND FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AGREEMENTS OF THE SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: PROBLEMS OF LEGAL REGULATION

The article analyzes the legal nature of the agreements of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the sphere of international relations and foreign economic activity. Using analytical methods, formal-legal and historical-legal approaches, the author has come to a number of conclusions of practical importance for the improvement of federal relations in the field of coordination of international activities of Russian regions. In particular, the problem of ensuring control over such forms of international interaction as agreements and other bilateral acts of international cooperation between the subjects of the Russian Federation and foreign partners is posed.

The Role of Treaty Bodies in Monitoring Compliance with International Environmental Obligations

INTRODUCTION. A large number of international treaties regulating various spheres of international relations have already entered into force. As current practice shows, the emphasis has shifted from the need to regulate an increasing number of relationships to the importance of improving the efficiency of existing international treaties. The article analyzes the implementation of this process in international environmental law. The authors show that a number of global and regional environmental agreements have established quasi-judicial procedures (so-called "non-compliance procedures") in the form of implementation and compliance committees serving as international control mechanisms. The purpose of such mechanisms is to identify and resolve both local and systemic theoretical and practical issues of non-compliance arising from the provisions of international treaties.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article is based on a large amount of material, including international binding legal acts, acts of advisory nature, and modern doctrinal research of Russian and foreign authors. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific (methods of logical and system analysis, dialectical method, methods of deduction and induction) and private scientific (historical and legal, comparative legal, formal-legal methods, the method of legal modeling and forecasting) methods of cognition.RESEARCH RESULTS. In their research, the authors analyzed various international binding and non-binding instruments, summarized doctrinal positions made by Russian and Western legal scholars, presented in domestic and foreign scientific literature, and identified the main issues of compliance committees of international environmental agreements.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The authors have tried to give answers to the following questions: is it necessary to fix in the text of international environmental agreements the provisions establishing the compliance committee, or can this be done later: at the annual meetings of the conferences of the parties; what should be the composition and mandate of the compliance committee; and how efficiently do these committees function? As a result of the conducted research, the authors have drawn conclusions about the need fo detailed monitoring of changes in the various international environmental agreements in order to improve the effectiveness of compliance committees in exercising their mandates and to identify violations of the mandates of these committees.

AL JAZEERA FRAMING ON ARAB SPRING ISSUES IN MIDDLE EAST REGION

International Relations is a branch of political science is a study of the problems of foreign and global issues at among States in the International system, including the roles of the State, organizations exist between government and non-government organizations and companies on a multinational. One issue that has become a global phenomenal in international relations is the Arab Spring. Arab Spring, known as the Arab Spring is the wave of demonstrations and protests revolution is happening in the Arab world. Since December 18, 2010, to oppose the authoritarian regimes in the MENA region, namely Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Yemen that lasted from 2010 until early 2012.
 Methods to strengthen information obtained in support of this study is a qualitative descriptive way that is composed of several literature and informants indirectly so as to form a framework of analysis with factual evidence. Data were collected entirely by literature on framing analysis and reporting Arab Spring and is obtained in Arab online media sites www.aljazeera.com.
 One issue that is influenced by the Findings of Media Framing is the "Arab Spring" which is where the media's role is important in changing the situation in the middle east region. Al Jazeera is one of the media play an active role in the problems that exist in the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa). Al Jazeera is one of the international media based in Doha, Qatar. The center is also focused to know the Role of Media Framing contained in the news becomes one of the strategic studies prepared by the events of a conflict and issues in the sphere of international relations in which Media Framing also merupkan the effect of the case of the analysis of authors.

Россия vs Европа: версия Н.Я. Данилевского. Возможности современной медийной интерпретации

The relevance of N.Y. Danilevsky’s work “Russia and Europe” is analyzed, which presents a study of the relations of these two subjects of history and geopolitics. The context of the analysis is both the tradition of Russian philosophical thought and journalism, and the media practice of the media in our time. The relevance of this issue is obvious today due to the dramatic geopolitical circumstances caused by the confrontation between Russia and the collective West in possible spheres of international relations: from military and informational to cultural and media. We consider the ontology of such relations on the example of cultural content and comes to the conclusion about the possibility and importance of introducing the theoretical premises of the Russian philosopher into the practice of modern domestic media. In his opinion, the current producers of domestic on-screen TV content are missing activation opportunities, relying mainly on up-to-date information and not delving, with rare exceptions, into the historical prerequisites for the emergence of antagonism between Russia and the West, Russia and Ukraine. Meanwhile, as the domestic experience of using historical ideologies shows, their actualization in the dominant public discourse, such a factor can play a decisive role in correcting mass consciousness in the direction of greater stabilization on the basis of distinct self-identification of citizens, which is based on a patriotic idea.

Внешнеполитическая элита Европейского союза в контексте миграционного процесса: кейс украинские беженцы

The article provides an analysis of the long-term difficult migration situation in the European Union in the era of a pandemic around the world. The main factors influencing the growth of migration flows are substantiated, namely, such reasons as the military-political situation, the example of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which contributed to the growth of Ukrainian refugees in European countries, destructive migration policy, shortcomings in the foreign policy of the European Union, economic problems of neighboring states. The article indicates the positions and decisions of the EU foreign policy elite on the issue of complex migration. Based on the analysis of the decisions made by the EU foreign policy elite, it can be argued that the migration situation at this stage is only the beginning of further reforms that should and will take place both in the migration system of the European Union and in the sphere of international relations

Geopolitical world map with respect to the Involvement of European Continent in wars and armed conflicts (detailed political and sociological analysis)

The relevance of this study stems from the fact that since the beginning of the 21st century, the European Union has become more actively involved in conflict prevention and peacekeeping in hot spots of the world; this is, in particular, determined by a wide range of instruments and mechanisms of the security system of the EU states, which, however, has its shortcomings and obsolete structural elements. The purpose of this study is to provide a brief analysis on the emergence and dynamics of the most significant armed conflicts and wars of the 21st century; to qualitatively and quantitatively characterise the degree of participation of European states in conflict resolution; to outline the main issues in conflict resolution at the level of the European Union; and to identify ways to improve coordination of actions in the area of maintaining peace and stability in the world with the participation of the European community states. The main scientific method used in writing this paper is the method of political and sociological research, which helped to identify the main hotspots on the geopolitical map of the world in the twenty-first century, to establish and characterise the level of influence and involvement of the European continent in modern military conflicts, and to define the main difficulties faced by European countries in preventing and resolving armed conflicts. The main results obtained from the study are as follows: identification of active centres of conflict and armed confrontation in the world; characterisation of the level of involvement and activities of the European Union in resolving military conflicts; emphasis on the basic problems of European countries in conflict resolution; and proposals for improving the pan-European system of conflict prevention and resolution in the world. The findings and conclusions of the study can be used as a basis for further research on this topic, including in areas that have a common basis with this topic; in the sphere of international relations – as a basis for choosing a scheme for resolving certain armed conflicts in the region; in historical sciences – as part of a course on the history of the outbreak and development of conflicts and wars in Europe and the world in the 21st century; in higher education, in particular, for the specialities of political science, conflict studies, basics of diplomacy, where certain factors, characteristics, signs and events identified in the study serve as a tool for research

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF KAZAKHSTAN

The importance of international organizations has been signifi-cantly changed over the last century. The League of Nations, which proposed by then US President Woodro Wilson has laid foundation to the modern system of international organizations. International organizations these dats one of the main legal and organizational forms of international cooperation in the modern world; voluntary organizations in various spheres of internation-al relations (economic, political, cultural) International organiza-tions play an important role in modern international relations. States consider membership in these organizations as one of the main directions of their foreign economic policies and activities. Such organizations are under the special care of governments: each country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has departments deal-ing with international organizations, membership fees to in-ternational and intergovernmental organizations account for a significant part of the state budget’s foreign policy and foreign economic activity. The importance of this category of interna-tional organizations lies in the formal participation of states and governments in their work. In this article authors analyses the role and impact of international organizations in the foreign policy agenda of Kazakhstan since the independence. Authors strongly believes that international organizations has become one of the important vectors of the foreign policy of Kazakhstan. In order to analyse the role of the International organiztions of the foreign policy of Kazakstans, authors first will discuse con-ceptual definitions about foreign policy and its links with inter-national organizations. Second, authors divide into three group organizations by theirs sphere of interactions with Kazakhstan. At last but not least, will be given a theoretical framework and analyses on the role of the regional, global, specialized interna-tional organizations on the foreign policy of Kazakhstan.

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF KAZAKHSTAN

The importance of international organizations has been significantly changed over the last century. The League of Nations, which proposed by then US President Woodro Wilson has laid foundation to the modern system of international organizations. International organizations these dats one of the main legal and organizational forms of international cooperation in the modern world; voluntary organizations in various spheres of international relations (economic, political, cultural) International organizations play an important role in modern international relations. States consider membership in these organizations as one of the main directions of their foreign economic policies and activities. Such organizations are under the special care of governments: each country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has departments dealing with international organizations, membership fees to international and intergovernmental organizations account for a significant part of the state budget’s foreign policy and foreign economic activity. The importance of this category of international organizations lies in the formal participation of states and governments in their work. In this article authors analyses the role and impact of international organizations in the foreign policy agenda of Kazakhstan since the independence. Authors strongly believes that international organizations has become one of the important vectors of the foreign policy of Kazakhstan. In order to analyse the role of the International organiztions of the foreign policy of Kazakstans, authors first will discuse conceptual definitions about foreign policy and its links with international organizations. Second, authors divide into three group organizations by theirs sphere of interactions with Kazakhstan. At last but not least, will be given a theoretical framework and analyses on the role of the regional, global, specialized international organizations on the foreign policy of Kazakhstan.

Contemporary Russian-Chinese relations and the US position

Russia's relations with China occupy one of the most important places in Russian politics. This is due to geographic proximity, the place of the People's Republic of China in the world economy and its potential, and its influence on the international situation. At the current stage, relations with China are becoming increasingly important for the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China are building their strategic partnership on the basis of common national interests, as well as on the basis of historical experience. The article discusses the relationship between Russia and China, describes the nature of the interaction between the two countries at the present stage, and considers the challenges and problems that arise in the future in the economic and political sphere of international relations between Russia and China. Since the United States of America, the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation, today's main geopolitical players and leading military powers, are in a complex triangle of relationships, the position of the United States is considered.

Estimating the potential willingness of the state to use military force based on the Sugeno fuzzy integral

Estimation of the potential willingness of the state to use military force is an integral part of the analysis of international relations and the preparation of key decisions in in security sphere. Our problem was to develop a method for numerically estimating the potential willingness of any state to use military force. This method should take into account a large number of quantitative and qualitative criteria, the uncertainty of their relationships, as well as the uncertainty of the initial data, some of which can only be obtained with the help of experts. Our analysis has shown that the known methods have a number of serious shortcomings. We proposed to solve this problem based on the representation of partial estimations of states in the form of fuzzy sets, and the importance of criteria in the form of a fuzzy measure. We also proposed to aggregate the partial estimations using the Sugeno fuzzy integral. We developed a hierarchical structure of estimation criteria, determined the importance of the criteria, built an observation channel based on the Harrington curve to obtain input estimations, and also developed an aggregation algorithm. As a result, we calculated estimations for 137 states and examined their potential willingness to use military force. The results disclose new aspects of using fuzzy-integral calculus to construct hierarchical models of multi-criteria estimating, and also demonstrate the possibility of using artificial intelligence methods to obtain numerical estimations in the sphere of international relations.

Soviet Medicine in the Cold War: the Experience of International Cooperation and Geopolitical Influence (Second Half of the 1940s — 1970s)

The article is devoted to the transformation of Soviet medical science and practice under the conditions of the development of international relations after World War II. The main attention was placed on the study of scientific and social medical projects, which were implemented by the USSR during the Cold War under the influence of foreign policy trends and priorities. The analysis of foreign, Soviet and Russian historiography shows that researchers have made serious progress in the study of medicine in the sphere of international relations. At the same time, the Soviet medical global project has not been sufficiently examined, which is due both to the source base and to the lack of a sociopolitical context in these works. The main documents for this article are recently declassified materials held in the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History, the Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, and the Russian State Archive of Economics. The authors analyze the development of Soviet medical projects during the period of “late” Stalinism, in the 1950s and 1960s, and in the 1970s. The authors conclude that the Soviet global medical project constantly sought to expand. Thus, the first postwar years provided the foundations for the sustainability of the Soviet project within the socialist bloc, in the 1960s it would begin to spread to the Third World, and in the 1970s it would compete in the leading countries of the world. An important component of the Soviet medical project was the fight against epidemic and infectious diseases in post-colonial countries, the prevention of socially significant diseases and non-communicable diseases, as well as intensive scientific-medical and medical-technical exchanges through bilateral and multilateral partnerships. The Soviet medical project made possible not only competition between the two superpowers, but also cooperation in such important areas as the fight against smallpox or cooperation in shaping the international public dialogue on denuclearization. In general, the authors believe that an analysis of Soviet medicine during the Cold War allows us to show its role in the Soviet geopolitical construct, thus evaluating its ideological and applied components.

ABOUT FORMS AND METHODS OF INTERNATIONAL VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

The forms and methods of international verification, their varieties and related categories are considered in the paper. It is determined that the key feature of verification forms is a body carrying out verification activities. Consequently, it is proposed to understand the verification form as a way of organization and particularities of this activity. It has been found that the category of subject is often also used for a simple division of verification into types, which does not fully reflect the specifics of verification activities. Two main forms of international verification are distinguished: simple (without the formation of a special body) and institutional (with the formation of a special control body). It is also suggested to distinguish between technologies, methods and procedures of international verification as well, defining verification technologies as tools, mechanisms, devices necessary for control activities, verification methods as ways of applying its means and verification procedures as modes for implementing a verification method or several methods in a combination. The mechanism of international verification is proposed to be seen as the most general term. It comprises not only methods and technologies, but also procedures of international verification, which determine the implementation mode of a verification method or its several methods in the context of a special verification form. Methods and tools of international verification are characterized by different level of efficiency, which is due to different factors, such as: the sphere of international relations, the form of international verification, the scope of powers of verification body, the international legal act, which is the source of international obligation. In this regard, a distinction must be made between the international obligations, the source of which is an international treaty, and other international obligations.

NEW TRENDS IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The specific of international relations in recent years has demonstrated the instability of the world system, lack of trust, a trend towards increasing confrontation between international actors. Undermining of the internal political situation in some states of the world system influenced the regional and global level of security and stability. But the vulnerability of the international relations in 2020 has shown the beginning of new geopolitical shifts. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the international system's transformation, reducing the space for building international cooperation, increasing the conflict in the sphere of international relations. Preservation or reaching a new level of international trends characteristic of the last decade, new trends appear that change the entire system of international communication and interaction at the regional, international and global levels.