Spermidine Derivatives Research Articles

Purification and separation of caffeoyl spermidine derivatives from goji leaf tea with ion exchange resin and the mechanisms involved

Goji leaf (Lycium barbarum leaves, LBL) tea is a well-known beverage that has been developed and utilized for its numerous health benefits. Recently, we have successfully extracted four caffeoyl spermidines derivatives from LBL (LBLS), namely N-caffeoylputrescine, N-acetyl-N′-caffeoylputrescine, N1-dihydrocaffeoyl-N10-caffeoylspermidine and N1, N10-dicaffeoylspermidine. Given the diverse bioactivities exhibited by LBLS, our study aimed to develop a precise separation method and explore the possible purification mechanism. Firstly, the extraction process was optimized, followed by the selection of 001×7 resin for the enrichment and purification of LBLS from six resins. Subsequently, the adsorption mechanism was comprehensively examined using FT-IR, DSC, XRD, and XPS techniques. Additionally, investigations into the adsorption kinetics, isotherm models, and adsorption thermodynamics revealed the adsorption process of LBLS on 001×7 resin was spontaneous and exothermic, followed a monolayer adsorption mechanism, and conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model. The optimal procedure involved adsorbing a 25 mg/mL LBL extract onto a 3.5 BV (bed volume) at 2 BV/h, then eluting with an 8 % NaCl-55 % ethanol solution for 5 BV at the same rate. Finally, LBLS was separated using PHPLC to obtain monomer compounds. This process yields 1.57 %±0.1 % LBLS, and four monomers with purity range from 90.7 % to 100 % were obtained.

A systematic UHPLC Q-ToF MS approach for the characterization of bioactive compounds from freeze-dried red goji berries (L. barbarum L.) grown in Serbia: Phenolic compounds and phenylamides

The aim of this study was to identify and characterise different classes of bioactive compounds from freeze-dried red goji berries (RGB) grown in Serbia, using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC Q-ToF MS). In addition, this study aims to demonstrate the importance of applying the advanced UHPLC Q-ToF MS technique in the identification of various biocompounds. The analysis showed the presence of 28 phenolic compounds, 3 organic acids, and 26 phenylamides. The 2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-l-ascorbic acid (AA-2βG) was identified by UHPLC Q-ToF MS and quantified by standardised UHPLC-DAD method. Most of the compounds detected were derivatives of caffeic acid and ferulic acid, followed by quercetin derivatives. Among the phenylamides, several glucosylated caffeoyl and/or dihydrocaffeoyl derivatives of spermidine and spermine were characterized, confirming their recent characterization. Some glycosylated/non-glycosylated putrescine derivatives and caffeoyl-dihydrocaffeoyl-feruloyl spermidines were identified in goji berriesfor the first time. Their tentative structures and fragmentations were proposed.

Anticholinesterase Activity of Methanolic Extract of Amorpha fruticosa Flowers and Isolation of Rotenoids and Putrescine and Spermidine Derivatives.

Five putrescine and spermidine derivatives (1-5) together with five rotenoids (6-10) were isolated from a methanolic extract of the flowers of A. fruticosa that displayed promising inhibition of 76.0 ± 1.9% for AChE and 90.0 ± 4.0% for BuChE at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. Although the anticholinesterase activities of the isolated compounds did not reach that of galantamine, molecular docking revealed that all-trans-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine and trans-trans-cis-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine showed binding poses mimicking the known inhibitor galantamine and thus could serve as model molecules in future searches for new AChE and BuChE inhibitors.

Monofloral Corn Poppy Bee-Collected Pollen-A Detailed Insight into Its Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties.

The aim of this study was to compile a detailed phytochemical profile and assess the antioxidant properties of bee-collected pollen (PBP) obtained from corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) plants. To achieve this, a lipid fraction was prepared for quantifying fatty acids using GC-FID. Extractable and alkaline-hydrolysable PBP fractions (obtained from a defatted sample) were used to determine the qualitative and quantitative profiles of phenolic compounds, phenylamides and alkaloids using UHPLC/Q-ToF-MS. Additionally, various spectrophotometric assays (TAC, FRP, CUPRAC, DPPH⦁) were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant properties. Phenolic compounds were more present in the extractable fraction than in the alkaline-hydrolysable fraction. Luteolin was the predominant compound in the extractable fraction, followed by tricetin and various derivatives of kaempferol. This study presents one of the first reports on the quantification of tricetin aglycone outside the Myrtaceae plant family. The alkaline-hydrolysable fraction exhibited a different phenolic profile, with a significantly lower amount of phenolics. Kaempferol/derivatives, specific compounds like ferulic and 5-carboxyvanillic acids, and (epi)catechin 3-O-gallate were the predominant compounds in this fraction. Regarding phenylamides, the extractable fraction demonstrated a diverse range of these bioactive compounds, with a notable abundance of different spermine derivatives. In contrast, the hydrolysable fraction contained six spermine derivatives and one spermidine derivative. The examined fractions also revealed the presence of seventeen different alkaloids, belonging to the benzylisoquinoline, berberine and isoquinoline classes. The fatty-acid profile confirmed the prevalence of unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, both fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the extractable fraction showing particularly high activity. Among the assays conducted, the CUPRAC assay highlighted the exceptional ability of PBP's bioactive compounds to reduce cupric ions.

C-Methylated Spermidine Derivatives: Convenient Syntheses and Antizyme-Related Effects.

The biogenic polyamines, spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm), are present at millimolar concentrations in all eukaryotic cells, where they participate in the regulation of vitally important cellular functions. Polyamine analogs and derivatives are a traditional and important instrument for the investigation of the cellular functions of polyamines, enzymes of their metabolism, and the regulation of the biosynthesis of antizyme-a key downregulator of polyamine homeostasis. Here, we describe convenient gram-scale syntheses of a set of C-methylated analogs of Spd. The biochemical properties of these compounds and the possibility for the regulation of their activity by moving a methyl group along the polyamine backbone and by changing the stereochemistry of the chiral center(s) are discussed.

3-Amino-Substituted Analogues of Fusidic Acid as Membrane-Active Antibacterial Compounds.

Fusidic acid (FA) is an antibiotic with high activity against Staphylococcus aureus; it has been used in clinical practice since the 1960s. However, the narrow antimicrobial spectrum of FA limits its application in the treatment of bacterial infections. In this regard, this work aims both at the study of the antimicrobial effect of a number of FA amines and at the identification of their potential biological targets. In this way, FA analogues containing aliphatic and aromatic amino groups and biogenic polyamine, spermine and spermidine, moieties at the C-3 atom, were synthesized (20 examples). Pyrazinecarboxamide-substituted analogues exhibit a high antibacterial activity against S. aureus (MRSA) with MIC ≤ 0.25 μg/mL. Spermine and spermidine derivatives, along with activity against S. aureus, also inhibit the growth and reproduction of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and have a high fungicidal effect against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The study of the membrane activity demonstrated that the spermidine- and spermine-containing compounds are able to immerse into membranes and disorder the lipidsleading to a detergent effect. Moreover, spermine-based compounds are also able to form ion-permeable pores in the lipid bilayers mimicking the bacterial membranes. Using molecular docking, inhibition of the protein synthesis elongation factor EF-G was proposed, and polyamine substituents were shown to make the greatest contribution to the stability of the complexes of fusidic acid derivatives with biological targets. This suggests that the antibacterial effect of the obtained compounds may be associated with both membrane activity and inhibition of the elongation factor EF-G.

Escherichia coli YgiC and YjfC Possess Peptide─Spermidine Ligase Activity.

Polyamines and polyamine-containing metabolites are involved in many cellular processes related to bacterial cell growth and survival. In Escherichia coli, the bifunctional enzyme glutathionylspermidine synthetase/amidase (GspSA) controls the production of glutathionylspermidine, which has a protective role against oxidative stress. E. coli also encodes two enzymes with homology to the synthetase domain of GspSA, YgiC, and YjfC; however, these do not catalyze the formation of glutathionylspermidine, and their catalytic function remained unknown. Here, we detail the structural and functional characterization of YgiC and YjfC. Using X-ray crystallography, the high-resolution crystal structures of YgiC and YjfC were obtained. This revealed that YgiC and YjfC possess multiple substitutions in key residues required for binding of glutathione in GspSA. Despite this difference, these enzymes share a similar active site structure to GspSA, suggesting that they catalyze the formation of an alternate peptide─spermidine conjugate. As the physiological substrates of YgiC and YjfC are unknown, this was probed using the peptide triglycine as a model substrate. A combination of enzyme activity assays and mass spectrometry revealed that YgiC and YjfC can function as peptide-spermidine ligases, forming a triglycine-spermidine conjugate. For both enzymes, conjugate formation was only observed in the presence of spermidine, but not other common polyamines, supporting that spermidine or a spermidine derivative is the physiological substrate. Importantly, since YgiC and YjfC are widely distributed in Gram-negative bacterial species, this suggests that these enzymes function in a conserved cellular process, representing a currently unknown aspect of bacterial polyamine metabolism.

Antioxidant pectins from eggplant (Solanum melongena) fruit exocarp, calyx and flesh isolated through high-power ultrasound and sodium carbonate

Dried and milled eggplant fruit peel and calyces (PC) and mesocarp, placenta and core (Mes) were utilized as natural sources of valuable chemicals. Pectins were extracted with 0.1 M Na2CO3 (1 h; 23 °C). A high-power ultrasound (US) pretreatment (10 min net time; 12.76 W/cm2 power intensity) in 10:200 (g/mL) powder:water ratio led to the lowest solvent and energy consumptions after the subsequent 0.1 M Na2CO3 stirring, permitting the highest recoveries of uronic acid (UA) from PC and Mes (80.25 and 93.8 %, respectively). Homogalacturonans (>65 % w/w UA) of low degree of methylesterification, of acetylation, and 90,214–138,184 Da molecular weights with low polydispersity (≈1.32–1.40) were obtained. They included released ferulate (≈3.5 mg/100 g) esterified pectins. Antioxidants (caffeoylquinic acid, putrescine and spermidine derivatives, β-carotene, lutein) gave additional technological value to their thickening effect as pectins protected tryptophan, tyrosine, alkyl side chains and sulfhydryl of skim milk proteins from UV-C photo-oxidation.

An analytical investigation of hydroxylated cinnamoyl polyamines as biomarkers of commercial bee pollen botanical origin

SummaryIn this study, the phytochemical profile of commercial pollen samples was investigated using different analytical approaches. The samples pollen composition was monitored by optical microscopy. The infrared spectrum of the ethanol extractable material form different pollen samples indicated the specific presence of an aromatic portion in samples dominated by pollens from arboreal species of sweet chestnut pollen grains (e.g. Castanea sativa Mill. and Prunus). In addition, the UPLC‐PDA analysis showed the ubiquitarian presence of an array of different derivatives confirmed as hydroxylated cinnamoyl derivatives of spermidine (major) and of spermine (minor). This profile appeared to be associated with the sample botanical origin. Samples dominated by chestnut honey pollen grains showed the highest content in total amount of these derivatives, with a peculiar profile dominated by the presence of N1, N5, N10‐tricaffeoyl spermidine. The results showed that their average chemical composition is quantitatively and qualitatively correlated to their botanical origin, suggesting the feasibility of this approach as a practical tool to monitor plant population using honeybee pollen as a bioindicator of the impact of natural and anthropic processes at the local and global level.

Genetic mapping of sexually dimorphic volatile and non-volatile floral secondary chemistry of a dioecious willow.

Secondary chemistry often differs between sexes in dioecious plant species, a pattern attributed to its possible role in the evolution and/or maintenance of dioecy. We used GC-MS to measure floral volatiles emitted from, and LC-MS to quantitate non-volatile secondary compounds contained in, female and male Salix purpurea willow catkins from an F2 family. Using the abundance of these chemicals, we then performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to locate them on the genome, identified biosynthetic candidate genes in the QTL intervals, and examined expression patterns of candidate genes using RNA-seq. Male flowers emitted more total terpenoids than females, but females produced more benzenoids. Male tissue contained greater amounts of phenolic glycosides, but females had more chalcones and flavonoids. A flavonoid pigment and a spermidine derivative were found only in males. Male catkins were almost twice the mass of females. Forty-two QTL were mapped for 25 chemical traits and catkin mass across 16 of the 19 S. purpurea chromosomes. Several candidate genes were identified, including a chalcone isomerase associated with seven compounds. A better understanding of the genetic basis of the sexually dimorphic chemistry of a dioecious species may shed light on how chemically mediated ecological interactions may have helped in the evolution and maintenance of dioecy.

Phytochemical content, especially spermidine derivatives, presenting antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in Thai bee pollens.

BackgroundBee pollen (BP) is full of useful nutrients and phytochemicals.Its chemical components and bioactivities depend mainly on the type of floral pollen.MethodsMonofloral BP from Camellia sinensis L., Mimosa diplotricha, Helianthus annuus L., Nelumbo nucifera, Xyris complanata, and Ageratum conyzoides were harvested. Crude extraction and partition were performed to yield solvent-partitioned extracts of each BP. Total phenolic content (TPC) was assayed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the flavonoid content (FC) was measured by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant capacity was measured by the (i) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, (ii) 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity and its Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and (iii) ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All samples were tested for lipoxygenase inhibitory (LOXI) activity. The most active sample was enriched by silica gel 60 column chromatography (SiG60-CC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), observing the chemical pattern of each fraction using thin layer chromatography. Chemical structure of the most active compound was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.ResultsDichloromethane (DCM)-partitioned BP extracts of H. annuus L. and M. diplotricha (DCMMBP) showed a very high TPC, while DCMMBP had the highest FC. In addition, DCMMBP had the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (as a TEAC value), as well as FRAP value. Also, DCMMBP (60 µg/mL) gave the highest LOXI activity (78.60 ± 2.81%). Hence, DCMMBP was chosen for further enrichment by SiG60-CC and HPLC. Following this, the most active fraction showed higher antioxidant andLOXI activities with an EC50 for DPPH and ABTS of 54.66 ± 3.45 µg/mL and 24.56 ± 2.99 µg/mL (with a TEAC value of 2,529.69 ± 142.16 µmole TE/g), respectively, and a FRAP value of 3,466.17 ± 81.30 µmole Fe2+/g and an IC50 for LOXI activity of 12.11 ± 0.36 µg/mL. Triferuloyl spermidines were revealed to be the likely main active components.ConclusionsTPC, FC, and spermidine derivatives played an important role in the antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in M. diplotricha bee pollen.

Consecutive action of two BAHD acyltransferases promotes tetracoumaroyl spermine accumulation in chicory.

Fully substituted phenolamide accumulation in the pollen coat of Eudicotyledons is a conserved evolutionary chemical trait. Interestingly, spermidine derivatives are replaced by spermine derivatives as the main phenolamide accumulated in the Asteraceae family. Here, we show that the full substitution of spermine in chicory (Cichorium intybus) requires the successive action of two enzymes, that is spermidine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase-like proteins 1 and 2 (CiSHT1 and CiSHT2), two members of the BAHD enzyme family. Deletion of these genes in chicory using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology evidenced that CiSHT2 catalyzes the first N-acylation steps, whereas CiSHT1 fulfills the substitution to give rise to tetracoumaroyl spermine. Additional experiments using Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed these findings. Expression of CiSHT2 alone promoted partially substituted spermine accumulation, and coexpression of CiSHT2 and CiSHT1 promoted synthesis and accumulation of the fully substituted spermine. Structural characterization of the main product of CiSHT2 using nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that CiSHT2 preferentially catalyzed N-acylation of secondary amines to form N5,N10-dicoumaroyl spermine, whereas CiSHT1 used this substrate to synthesize tetracoumaroyl spermine. We showed that spermine availability may be a key determinant toward preferential accumulation of spermine derivatives over spermidine derivatives in chicory. Our results reveal a subfunctionalization among the spermidine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase that was accompanied by a modification of free polyamine metabolism that has resulted in the accumulation of this new phenolamide in chicory and most probably in all Asteraceae. Finally, genetically engineered yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was shown to be a promising host platform to produce these compounds.

Metabolomics reveals that phenolamides are the main chemical components contributing to the anti-tyrosinase activity of bee pollen

Bee pollen, which is known as a “full-nutrient food”, has outstanding anti-tyrosinase activity. However, the chemical components contributing to this activity remain unknown. To comprehensively elucidate the chemical components of bee pollen inhibiting tyrosinase, we performed the anti-tyrosinase activity evaluation of bee pollen extract (BPE) of eight species, metabolomic analysis of chemical composition, multivariate statistical analysis and correlation analysis. The results revealed that the anti-tyrosinase activity of eight BPEs was significantly different (p < 0.05), with IC50 value ranging from 10.08 to 408.81 μg/mL. A total of 725 metabolites were detected from these BPEs, and 40 differential metabolites were identified, all of which were phenolamides. All these phenolamides were positively correlated with the anti-tyrosinase activity, among which 26 phenolamides (21 spermidine derivatives and five spermine derivatives) showed particularly high correlations (r > 0.7). This is the first report to reveal the main contributor to the anti-tyrosinase activity of bee pollen.

Function of hydroxycinnamoyl spermidines in seedling growth of Arabidopsis.

Hydroxycinnamic acid amides are involved in various developmental processes as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Among them, the presence of spermidine derivatives, such as N1,N8-di(coumaroyl)-spermidine and N1,N8-di(sinapoyl)-spermidine, and their biosynthetic genes have been reported in Arabidopsis, but their functions in plants are still unknown. We chemically synthesized the above-mentioned spermidine derivatives to assess their physiological functions in Arabidopsis. We evaluated the growth and development of chemically treated Arabidopsis and demonstrated that these compounds inhibited seed germination, hypocotyl elongation, and primary root growth, which could be due to modulation of plant hormone homeostasis and signaling. The results suggest that these compounds are regulatory metabolites that modulate plant growth and development.

Identification of Food Compounds as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations

SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly emerged as a global pandemic with high infection rate. At present, there is no drug available for this deadly disease. Recently, Mpro (Main Protease) enzyme has been identified as essential proteins for the survival of this virus. In the present work, Lipinski's rules and molecular docking have been performed to identify plausible inhibitors of Mpro using food compounds. For virtual screening, a database of food compounds was downloaded and then filtered using Lipinski's rule of five. Then, molecular docking was accomplished to identify hits using Mpro protein as the target enzyme. This led to identification of a Spermidine derivative as a hit. In the next step, Spermidine derivatives were collected from PubMed and screened for their binding with Mpro protein. In addition, molecular dynamic simulations (200 ns) were executed to get additional information. Some of the compounds are found to have strong affinity for Mpro, therefore these hits could be used to develop a therapeutic agent for SARS-CoV-2.

A structurally unique Fusobacterium nucleatum tannase provides detoxicant activity against gallotannins and pathogen resistance.

Colorectal cancer pathogenesis and progression is associated with the presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and the reduction of acetylated derivatives of spermidine, as well as dietary components such as tannin-rich foods. We show that a new tannase orthologue of F. nucleatum (TanBFnn ) has significant structural differences with its Lactobacillus plantarum counterpart affecting the flap covering the active site and the accessibility of substrates. Crystallographic and molecular dynamics analysis revealed binding of polyamines to a small cavity that connects the active site with the bulk solvent which interact with catalytically indispensable residues. As a result, spermidine and its derivatives, particularly N8 -acetylated spermidine, inhibit the hydrolytic activity of TanBFnn and increase the toxicity of gallotannins to F. nucleatum. Our results support a model in which the balance between the detoxicant activity of TanBFnn and the presence of metabolic inhibitors can dictate either conducive or unfavourable conditions for the survival of F. nucleatum.

Strawberry pollen as a source of UV-B protection ingredients for the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

A new physical control method using ultraviolet-B (UV-B) lamps and light-reflecting sheets (UV method) significantly suppressed a spider mite population on greenhouse strawberries. Although UV-B radiation may adversely affect the survival of phytoseiid mites, previous research has suggested that Neoseiulus californicus can improve its survival on exposure to UV-B irradiation by consuming antioxidants contained in tea and peach pollen. In this study, we evaluated strawberry pollen as an alternative food source for N. californicus and examined whether antioxidants in the pollen mitigated UV-B damage to N. californicus. The fecundity of N. californicus females reared on Tetranychus urticae decreased on shifting their diet to pollen. By contrast, females reared continuously on strawberry pollen produced as many eggs as females reared continuously on T. urticae. Survival and fecundity after UV-B irradiation were higher in females on the pollen diet. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity analysis revealed that the high antioxidant activity of strawberry pollen was due to four hydroxycinnamoyl spermidine derivatives. Strawberry pollen was an adequate alternative food source for N. californicus. Feeding on strawberry pollen, which contains spermidine derivatives with high antioxidant activity, mitigated UV-B damage. This shows the potential of combining the UV-method with N. californicus for controlling T. urticae in strawberries.

Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and diuretic effect of Moroccan fresh bee pollen in rats.

Aim:This study investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and diuretic effect of Moroccan aqueous extract of fresh bee pollen (AEFBP) in normal rats.Materials and Methods:The chemical composition of the extracted bioactive compounds was assessed using liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (LC/DAD/ESI-MSn). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and the reducing power were used to assess the antioxidant properties of the extract, together with the determination of total phenols and flavonoids. To assess the diuretic effect, 20 normal rats were divided into five groups: The first was a control group administered by distilled water (10 mL/kg body weight), the second group received furosemide (10 mg/kg body weight), the third group received 100 mg/kg body weight of AEFBP, the fourth group received 250 mg/kg body weight of AEFBP, and the fifth group received 500 mg/kg body weight of AEFBP for 30 days. Toward the end of this experiment, urine output was measured, and plasma and urine were sampled to analyze creatinine, potassium, chloride, and sodium levels.Results:N1,N5,N10-tri-p-coumaroylspermidine is a spermidine derivative and was the main compound in this sample, in a total of 19 compounds identified, including flavonoids, glucoside flavonoids, and methylated derivatives. Force feeding with the AEFBP induced a significant increase in urine output and urinary electrolyte levels with a dependent dose-effect without changes in plasma electrolytes, whereas furosemide decreased plasma potassium.Conclusion:Moroccan fresh bee pollen extract contains flavonols and spermidines that induce a potential antioxidant activity related to significant diuretic effect without changes in plasma composition.

Anthocyanin and spermidine derivative hexoses coordinately increase in the ripening fruit of Lycium ruthenicum

The Lycium ruthenicum (Lr) fruit is a widely used nutritional food that contains various bioactive components such as anthocyanin and spermidine derivatives. In the present study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was utilized to profile the metabolic dynamics of four developmental stages of Lr fruit. A total of 49 compounds, including anthocyanin, alkaloids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and amino acids, were tentatively identified. Principal component analysis distinguished the fruit at four developmental stages using 15 (9 were tentatively identified) potential marker compounds. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that anthocyanin and spermidine derivative hexoses had a strong positive correlation coefficient. A glucosyltransferase (HG27071) was confirmed to glucosylate both anthocyanidin and spermidine derivative in vitro. Our results provide insight into the metabolic linkages among bioactive components in Lr fruits. The glucosyltransferase identified in this study will promote its potential use in functional foods and natural pigment resources.

Change in serum polyamine metabolome pattern after bariatric surgery in obese patients with metabolic syndrome.

Recent works have reported that bariatric surgery has remarkable effects on the metabolome, which might be potentially associated to the metabolic improvement of this procedure in patients with obesity. Serum polyamines, metabolites derived from amino acid metabolism, have been recently related to the metabolic status in obese individuals. However, the impact of bariatric surgery on the circulating levels of polyamines remains elusive. To evaluate the effect of bariatric surgery on serum polyamine levels and to evaluate the association of changes in these molecules with metabolic improvement in patients with morbid obesity. Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Malaga, Spain. This study included 32 morbidly obese patients (weight index ≥40 kg/m2) with metabolic syndrome, who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. Serum levels of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), acetylpolyamines, and polyamine-related amino acids (arginine and ornithine) were assessed at baseline and 6 months after bariatric surgery, and were analyzed in an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platform. Our metabolomic analysis revealed a significant rise in several metabolites related to the polyamine metabolism, such as putrescine and acetyl derivatives of spermidine and spermine in serum samples from morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery. Changes in serum levels of both putrescine and acetylputrescine were associated to the resolution of metabolic syndrome after surgery. Our study indicates that bariatric surgery affects the serum polyamine pattern and the resolution of metabolic syndrome after bariatric surgery is associated to specific changes in the serum polyamine metabolome.